Scheduling Optimization of Space Object Observations for Radar

An optimizing method of observation scheduling based on time-division multiplexing is proposed in this paper,and its efficiency is verified by outdoor experiments. The initial observation scheduling is first obtained by using a semi-random search algorithm,and secondly the connection time pair( CTP) between adjacent objects is optimized by using a genetic algorithm. After obtaining these two parameters,the final observation scheduling can be obtained. According to pre-designed tracks between each adjacent objects in observation order,the seamless observation of neighboring targets is derived by automatically steering the antenna beam,so the observation efficiency is improved.

Method for Collision Avoidance in Spacecraft Rendezvous Problems with Space Objects in a Phasing Orbit

As the number of space objects(SO)increases,collision avoidance problem in the rendezvous tasks or reconstellation of satellites with SO has been paid more attention,and the dangerous area of a possible collision should be derived.In this paper,a maneuvering method is proposed for avoiding collision with a space debris object in the phasing orbit of the initial optimal solution.Accordingly,based on the plane of eccentricity vector components,relevant dangerous area which is bounded by two parallel lines is formulated.The axises of eccentricity vector system pass through the end of eccentricity vector of phasing orbit in the optimal solution,and orientation of axis depends on the latitude argument where a collision will occur.The dangerous area is represented especially with the graphical dialogue,and it allows to find a compromise between the SO avoiding and the fuel consumption reduction.The proposed method to solve the collision avoidance problem provides simplicity to calculate rendezvous maneuvers,and possibility to avoid collisions from several collisions or from“slow”collisions in a phasing orbit,when the protected spacecraft and the object fly dangerously close to each other for a long period.

Re-Entry of Space Objects from Low Eccentricity Orbits

This paper deals with the re-entry predictions of the space objects from the low eccentric orbit. Any re-entering object re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere with a high orbital velocity. Due to the aerodynamic heating the object tends to break into multiple fragments which later pose a great risk hazard to the population. Here a satellite is considered as the space object for which the re-entry prediction is made. This prediction is made with a package where the trajectory path, the time of re-entry and the survival rate of the fragments is done. The prediction is done using DRAMA 2.0—ESA’s Debris Risk Assessment and Mitigation Analysis Tool suite, MATLAB and Numerical Prediction of Orbital Events software. The predicted re-entry time of OSIRIS 3U was found to be on 7th March 2019, 7:25 (UTC), whereas the actual re-entry time was on 7th March 2019, 7:03 (UTC). The trajectory path found was 51.5699 deg. (Lat), −86.5738 deg. (Long.) with an altitude of 168.643 km. But the actual trajectory was 51.76 deg. (Lat), −89.01deg. (Long.) with an altitude of 143.5 km.

Compressive sensing for small moving space object detection in astronomical images

It is known that detecting small moving objects in astronomical image sequences is a significant research problem in space surveillance.The new theory,compressive sensing,provides a very easy and computationally cheap coding scheme for onboard astronomical remote sensing.An algorithm for small moving space object detection and localization is proposed.The algorithm determines the measurements of objects by comparing the difference between the measurements of the current image and the measurements of the background scene.In contrast to reconstruct the whole image,only a foreground image is reconstructed,which will lead to an effective computational performance,and a high level of localization accuracy is achieved.Experiments and analysis are provided to show the performance of the proposed approach on detection and localization.

An analysis of close approaches and probability of collisions between LEO resident space objects and mega constellations

With the undergoing and planned implementations of mega constellations of thousands of Low Earth Orbiting(LEO)satellites,space will become even more congested for satellite operations.The enduring effects on the long-term space environment have been investigated by various researchers using debris environment models.This paper is focused on the imminent short-term effects of LEO mega constellations on the space operation environment concerned by satellite owners and operators.The effects are measured in terms of the Close Approaches(CAs)and overall collision probability.Instead of using debris environment models,the CAs are determined from integrated orbit positions,and the collision probability is computed for each CA considering the sizes and position covariance of the involving objects.The obtained results thus present a clearer picture of the space operation safety environment when LEO mega constellations are deployed.Many mega constellations are simulated,including a Starlink-like constellation of 1584 satellites,four possible generic constellations at altitudes between 1110 km and 1325 km,and three constellations of 1584 satellites each at the altitudes of 650 km,800 km,and 950 km,respectively,where the Resident Space Object(RSO)spatial density is the highest.The increases in the number of CAs and overall collision probability caused by them are really alarming.The results suggest that highly frequent orbital maneuvers are required to avoid collisions between existing RSOs and constellation satellites,and between satellites from two constellations at a close altitude,as such the constellation operation burden would be very heavy.The study is not only useful for satellite operators but a powerful signal for various stakeholders to pay serious attention to the development of LEO mega constellations.

Research of Underwater Bottom Object and Reverberation in Feature Space

批评技术问题在水下底部对象察觉为回响信号正在成立一个稳定的特征空格分类。更多在特征空间和回响在目标回响的特征上集中的过去的文学仅仅被当作干扰。在这篇论文，回响与稳定的特征，并且在频率聚类回响被看作一种信号分离小浪变换(FDWT ) 特征空格被学习。为了提取回响信号，特征压缩和簇的识别信息，分析在在目标回响之间的可分性的这篇论文，和标准被采用，回响被给。处理回响举办的结果表演的试验性的数据在不同于对象的 FDWT 特征空格的稳定的模式回应。在回响和目标回响之间有可分性，这被证明。

Multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation based on kernel regression

The application of high-performance imaging sensors in space-based space surveillance systems makes it possible to recognize space objects and estimate their poses using vision-based methods. In this paper, we proposed a kernel regression-based method for joint multi-view space object recognition and pose estimation. We built a new simulated satellite image dataset named BUAA-SID 1.5 to test our method using different image representations. We evaluated our method for recognition-only tasks, pose estimation-only tasks, and joint recognition and pose estimation tasks. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-arts in space object recognition, and can recognize space objects and estimate their poses effectively and robustly against noise and lighting conditions.

Study on Logical Relations amongUnderground Survey Objects Using Quotient Topological Space

A soitable data model and data structure make underground survey objects maintained and operated easier. This paper gives a formal definition for underground survey objects. By making use of the quotient topological space, the author studies the logical relations among underground survey objects, a partiallyordered space uuder some conditions. An example is given to show the data model’s possible applications.

Multi-objective Collaborative Optimization for Scheduling Aircraft Landing on Closely Spaced Parallel Runways Based on Genetic Algorithms

A scheduling model of closely spaced parallel runways for arrival aircraft was proposed,with multi-objections of the minimum flight delay cost,the maximum airport capacity,the minimum workload of air traffic controller and the maximum fairness of airlines′scheduling.The time interval between two runways and changes of aircraft landing order were taken as the constraints.Genetic algorithm was used to solve the model,and the model constrained unit delay cost of the aircraft with multiple flight tasks to reduce its delay influence range.Each objective function value or the fitness of particle unsatisfied the constrain condition would be punished.Finally,one domestic airport hub was introduced to verify the algorithm and the model.The results showed that the genetic algorithm presented strong convergence and timeliness for solving constraint multi-objective aircraft landing problem on closely spaced parallel runways,and the optimization results were better than that of actual scheduling.

Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm Based on Target Space Partitioning Method

Considering the defects of conventional optimization methods, a novel optimization algorithm is introduced in this paper. Target space partitioning method is used in this algorithm to solve multi-objective optimization problem, thus achieve the coherent solution which can meet the requirements of all target functions, and improve the population's overall evolution level. The algorithm which guarantees diversity preservation and fast convergence to the Pareto set is applied to structural optimization problems. The empirical analysis supports the algorithm and gives an example with program.

PartLabeling:A label management framework in 3D space

Background In this work,we focus on the label layout problem:specifying the positions of overlaid virtual annotations in Virtual/Augmented Reality scenarios.Methods Designing a layout of labels that does not violate domain-specific design requirements,while at the same time satisfying aesthetic and functional principles of good design,can be a daunting task even for skilled visual designers.Presenting the annotations in 3D object space instead of projection space,allows for the preservation of spatial and depth cues.This results in stable layouts in dynamic environments,since the annotations are anchored in 3D space.Results In this paper we make two major contributions.First,we propose a technique for managing the layout and rendering of annotations in Virtual/Augmented Reality scenarios by manipulating the annotations directly in 3D space.For this,we make use of Artificial Potential Fields and use 3D geometric constraints to adapt them in 3D space.Second,we introduce PartLabeling:an open source platform in the form of a web application that acts as a much-needed generic framework allowing to easily add labeling algorithms and 3D models.This serves as a catalyst for researchers in this field to make their algorithms and implementations publicly available,as well as ensure research reproducibility.The PartLabeling framework relies on a dataset that we generate as a subset of the original PartNet dataset consisting of models suitable for the label management task.The dataset consists of 10003D models with part annotations.

Additional Space Dimension in Bound Spaces Created by a Central Object

Space is a common entity in any static or dynamic system of objects whether the system is a bound system or an open system. Space is described by either measured or abstract dimensions. All motions, momentum and energy transfers take place in space in any given system of objects. By understanding space we understand many physical phenomena happening in space. One method is to observe similarities among phenomena, deduce possible relations and validate the relations through known results. De Broglie wavelength for matter waves is a typical theorized abstract dimension existence of which is established through experiments later. In this paper, the author studies two bound spaces in two bound systems, namely, atomic bound systems and gravitationally bound systems. Both these bound systems have similar characteristics;they have inertial masses in motion with constant kinetic energies for a given orbital distance around the respective central object. In atomic bound space, the central object is the central positive charge which plays the role of creating the bound space around it. In gravitationally bound space, it is the central mass that plays the same role. Thus for these two bound systems a common constitutive relation between the energies of inertial masses in kinetic state, their distance from central object could be present. By noticing the similarities of the two systems, the author proposes such a relation through introduction of an additional space dimension. The existence of the proposed additional dimension is proved in this paper by considering hydrogen atom for atomic bound space and by considering any gravitational system for gravitationally bound space. Though the magnitude of the additional space dimension is different in both the situations, the additional space dimension exists. It is observed that in hydrogen atom the additional space dimension is a constant for the given positive charge of hydrogen atom when electron is in any energy state having principal quantum number of any value from 1 to 5 and with the orbital quantum number zero. For other quantum numbers additional space dimension exists. In the case of gravitational bound space, the additional space dimension is constant for a given mass of the central object for any energy of orbiting inertial mass. The author concludes that total mass energy of an inertial mass having a constant kinetic energy in any bound space is related to an additional space dimension defined by the constitutional property of the central object creating that bound space. As the relation is generic, it throws opportunity to examine other known similar macro, micro or quantum bound spaces created by central objects with different constitutive properties.

Application of camera calibrating model to space manipulator with multi-objective genetic algorithm

The multi-objective genetic algorithm(MOGA) is proposed to calibrate the non-linear camera model of a space manipulator to improve its locational accuracy. This algorithm can optimize the camera model by dynamic balancing its model weight and multi-parametric distributions to the required accuracy. A novel measuring instrument of space manipulator is designed to orbital simulative motion and locational accuracy test. The camera system of space manipulator, calibrated by MOGA algorithm, is used to locational accuracy test in this measuring instrument. The experimental result shows that the absolute errors are [0.07, 1.75] mm for MOGA calibrating model, [2.88, 5.95] mm for MN method, and [1.19, 4.83] mm for LM method. Besides, the composite errors both of LM method and MN method are approximately seven times higher that of MOGA calibrating model. It is suggested that the MOGA calibrating model is superior both to LM method and MN method.

Multi-Scale Object Perception with Embedding Textural Space

This paper mainly focuses on the issues about generic multi-scale object perception for detection or recognition. A novel computational model in visually-feature space is presented for scene & object representation to purse the underlying textural manifold statistically in nonparametric manner. The associative method approximately makes perceptual hierarchy in human-vision biologically coherency in specific quad-tree-pyramid structure, and the appropriate scale-value of different objects can automatically be selected by evaluating from well-defined scale function without any priori knowledge. The sufficient experiments truly demonstrate the effectiveness of scale determination in textural manifold with object localization rapidly.

全球空间安全治理视域下临近空间飞行监管研究

临近空间作为全球一体化的重要连接点,是实现长期驻空侦察、全球精准打击的军事战略高点。受空天划界论争的影响,临近空间飞行的监管规则仍依附于国内立法,在国际层面尚未实现有效规制和协调。在临近空间法律地位不清、监管主体不明、监管客体不定、监管内容复杂、飞行活动存有争议的情况下,现有国际航空航天法律制度已无法满足调整此类新型利益关系的实践需要。构建针对性的监管制度不仅是行业有序发展的基础,也是确保地面国国防安全和临近空间资源有序开发利用的重要保障。在国内立法层面,中国可参鉴《临近空间管制公约(草案)》的相关条款,积极推进临近空间融入航空法或航天法的制度设计,或制定单行的临近空间法,以国内立法引领国际立法;在国际立法层面,应以国际民用航空组织为主导,通过修订《国际民用航空公约》(又称《芝加哥公约》)相关附件或增设临近空间飞行的新附件标准,推进国际统一规则的构建。

载人航天商业化的国际损害责任制度:困境与应对

载人航天商业化的发展需要平衡外层空间的公共性和商业载人航天的私营性,国际损害责任制度对管控商业载人航天的成本和风险至关重要。国际外空法对国际损害责任进行了一般性、原则性规定,部分航天国家在国内法中对商业载人航天的损害责任予以明确。基于外空领域的现有责任规则,构建国际损害责任制度面临着责任主体和索赔主体不明、过失作为例外要件存在不合理、国际保险标准难统一、责任分配制度待完善的困境。对此,可考虑通过关联性确认责任主体和索赔主体、对损害统一适用绝对责任、引入强制责任保险、形成双重责任制度,为国家载人航天商业化发展提供制度构建思路;同时,促进国际社会达成共识,推动人类命运共同体理念在外空领域的进一步实现。

基于快速局部对比度和目标特征的星图弱小目标检测算法

为了解决局部对比度方法在用于星图空间目标检测时存在运算量大和去除背景噪声困难的问题,提出了一种基于快速局部对比度和目标特征的方法来检测目标。在对比度计算前、对比度计算中和对比度计算后3个环节,分别提高了算法实时性、对复杂背景的抑制和去除噪声。首先,通过中值滤波去除高频噪声;然后,通过快速局部极大值滤波确定目标区域,通过局部对比度计算抑制背景,突出目标成像特征;最后,根据目标成像特征,设置目标能量分布、目标能量集中和目标能量传递3个特征函数,通过设置特征阈值去除噪声,提取真实目标。实验结果表明,本文所提方法在检测率和时间消耗上均具有优越性,对于信噪比为1.5的目标有95%的检测率,平均耗时仅为某些对比方法的1/30~1/6。本文所提方法更适用于星图复杂背景条件下的目标快速检测,满足星图空间目标检测算法鲁棒性强、实时性高的要求。

自适应地平线约束下的车辆三维检测

目前较为常用的基于单目视觉的车辆三维检测方法是目标检测结合几何约束的方法,但是几何约束中消失点的位置对结果影响很大。为了获取更加准确的约束条件,提出一种基于地平线检测的车辆三维检测算法。首先,利用车辆图片获取消失点的相对位置,将车辆图片预处理至合适大小;然后,将经过预处理的车辆图片送入消失点检测网络,获得消失点信息热力图组,回归出消失点信息,并计算得出地平线信息;最后,根据地平线信息构建几何约束,在约束空间内对车辆初始尺寸迭代优化计算精确的车辆三维信息。实验结果表明,所述地平线求解算法能够获得更准确的地平线,与随机森林的方法相比,曲线下面积(AUC)提升1.730个百分点;同时,所提地平线约束能够有效地限制车辆三维信息,与使用对角线和消失点约束的算法相比,车辆三维信息的平均精度提升2.201个百分点。可见地平线可以作为几何约束在路侧单目相机的场景下求解车辆三维信息。

Review on strategies of space-based optical space situational awareness

Space-based optical(SBO)space surveillance has attracted widespread interest in the last two decades due to its considerable value in space situation awareness(SSA).SBO observation strategy,which is related to the performance of space surveillance,is the top-level design in SSA missions reviewed.The recognized real programs about SBO SAA proposed by the institutions in the U.S.,Canada,Europe,etc.,are summarized firstly,from which an insight of the development trend of SBO SAA can be obtained.According to the aim of the SBO SSA,the missions can be divided into general surveillance and space object tracking.Thus,there are two major categories for SBO SSA strategies.Existing general surveillance strategies for observing low earth orbit(LEO)objects and beyond-LEO objects are summarized and compared in terms of coverage rate,revisit time,visibility period,and image processing.Then,the SBO space object tracking strategies,which has experienced from tracking an object with a single satellite to tracking an object with multiple satellites cooperatively,are also summarized.Finally,this paper looks into the development trend in the future and points out several problems that challenges the SBO SSA.