The developments in power transmission via HVDC networks are fast,especially in Western Europe and China.The challenges that we are confronted with are huge and considerable research and development efforts are requir...The developments in power transmission via HVDC networks are fast,especially in Western Europe and China.The challenges that we are confronted with are huge and considerable research and development efforts are required.Special attention is needed for high voltage direct current(HVDC)and ultra-high voltage dc(UHVDC)underground cables.For the highest voltage levels,we are still dependent upon classic technology based on mass-impregnated paper used in line commutated converter(LCC)systems.Gradually,more and more polymeric type cables are appearing on the market,as yet mainly for voltage source converter(VSC)systems.For financial,environmental and technical reasons the full focus is now on polymeric type cables,for use in LCC or VSC systems.In this paper,a closer look is taken at the interfaces in polymeric cable systems,i.e.in the cables and in the cable accessories.In the design process,we are challenged by the presence of interfaces from an electrical and thermal point of view.In the field of electrical insulation,the interfaces between different materials are generally considered the weakest parts of the equipment and under DC stresses the situation becomes even more complex due to the charge dynamics at the interface.Indeed,the design of(U)HVDC accessories has become a challenge if not a problem.This paper focuses on some of the important electrical and thermal aspects of interfaces in HVDC polymeric cables.It is discussed where we lack knowledge and where we may benefit from other scientific展开更多
The characteristic modifications are reported on the surface of polymeric waveguide film in the process of volume-grating fabrication. The light from a mode-locked 76 MHz femtosecond laser with pulse duration of 200 f...The characteristic modifications are reported on the surface of polymeric waveguide film in the process of volume-grating fabrication. The light from a mode-locked 76 MHz femtosecond laser with pulse duration of 200 fs and wavelength of 800 nm is focused normal to the surface of the sample. The surface morphology modifications are ascribed to a fact that surface swelling occurs during the process. Periodic micro-structure is inscribed with increasing incident power. The laser-induced swelling threshold on the grating, which is higher than that of two-photon initiated photo-polymerization(TPIP)(8 mW), is verified to be about 20 mW. It is feasible to enhance the surface smoothness of integrated optics devices for further encapsulation. The variation of modulation depth is studied for different values of incident power and scan spacing. Ablation accompanied with surface swelling appears when the power is higher. By optimizing the laser carving parameters, highly efficient grating devices can be fabricated.展开更多
文摘The developments in power transmission via HVDC networks are fast,especially in Western Europe and China.The challenges that we are confronted with are huge and considerable research and development efforts are required.Special attention is needed for high voltage direct current(HVDC)and ultra-high voltage dc(UHVDC)underground cables.For the highest voltage levels,we are still dependent upon classic technology based on mass-impregnated paper used in line commutated converter(LCC)systems.Gradually,more and more polymeric type cables are appearing on the market,as yet mainly for voltage source converter(VSC)systems.For financial,environmental and technical reasons the full focus is now on polymeric type cables,for use in LCC or VSC systems.In this paper,a closer look is taken at the interfaces in polymeric cable systems,i.e.in the cables and in the cable accessories.In the design process,we are challenged by the presence of interfaces from an electrical and thermal point of view.In the field of electrical insulation,the interfaces between different materials are generally considered the weakest parts of the equipment and under DC stresses the situation becomes even more complex due to the charge dynamics at the interface.Indeed,the design of(U)HVDC accessories has become a challenge if not a problem.This paper focuses on some of the important electrical and thermal aspects of interfaces in HVDC polymeric cables.It is discussed where we lack knowledge and where we may benefit from other scientific
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China/the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Joint Research Scheme a grant for NSFC/RGC(No.50218001)the National Science Foundation of China(No.50173015)
文摘The characteristic modifications are reported on the surface of polymeric waveguide film in the process of volume-grating fabrication. The light from a mode-locked 76 MHz femtosecond laser with pulse duration of 200 fs and wavelength of 800 nm is focused normal to the surface of the sample. The surface morphology modifications are ascribed to a fact that surface swelling occurs during the process. Periodic micro-structure is inscribed with increasing incident power. The laser-induced swelling threshold on the grating, which is higher than that of two-photon initiated photo-polymerization(TPIP)(8 mW), is verified to be about 20 mW. It is feasible to enhance the surface smoothness of integrated optics devices for further encapsulation. The variation of modulation depth is studied for different values of incident power and scan spacing. Ablation accompanied with surface swelling appears when the power is higher. By optimizing the laser carving parameters, highly efficient grating devices can be fabricated.
