Comparison of Precipitation Observations from a Prototype Space-based Cloud Radar and Ground-based Radars

A prototype space-based cloud radar has been a precipitation system over Tianjin, China in July developed and was installed on an airplane to observe 2010. Ground-based S-band and Ka-band radars were used to examine the observational capability of the prototype. A cross-comparison algorithm between different wavelengths, spatial resolutions and platform radars is presented. The reflectivity biases, correlation coefficients and standard deviations between the radars are analyzed. The equivalent reflectivity bias between the S- and Ka-band radars were simulated with a given raindrop size distribution. The results indicated that reflectivity bias between the S- and Ka-band radars due to scattering properties was less than 5 dB, and for weak precipitation the bias was negligible. The prototype space-based cloud radar was able to measure a reasonable vertical profile of reflectivity, but the reflectivity below an altitude of 1.5 km above ground level was obscured by ground clutter. The measured refiectivity by the prototype space-based cloud radar was approximately 10.9 dB stronger than that by the S-band Doppler radar （SA radar）, and 13.7 dB stronger than that by the ground-based cloud radar. The reflectivity measured by the SA radar was 0.4 dB stronger than that by the ground-based cloud radar. This study could provide a method for the quantitative examination of the observation ability for space-based radars.

SPACE-TIME ADAPTIVE PROCESSING FOR AIRBORNE RADAR:A CONVENIENT IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH

A convenient implementation approach to space-time adaptive processing for airborne radar has been proposed, which is added by some auxiliary array elements in the area of main-lobe clutter on the basis of 2-D Capon approach . It is of practical use for its small computational load. This approach possesses the ideal performance in the area of main-lobe clutter . In addition, the approach which is added by some auxiliary beams in the area of main-lobe clutter has also been discussed.

Impacts of space-time-frequency synchronization errors onwide-band target echo characteristics of bistatic/multistatic radar

Bistatic/multistatic radar has great potential advantages over its monostatic counterpart. However, the separation of a transmitter and a receiver leads to difficulties in locating the target position accurately and guaranteeing space-timefrequency synchronization of the transmitter and the receiver.The error model of space-time-frequency synchronization in a motion platform of bistatic/multistatic radar is studied. The relationship between the space synchronization error and the transmitter platform position, receiver platform position, moving state, and beam pointing error, is analyzed. The effect of space synchronization error on target echo power is studied. The target scattering characteristics are restructured by many separate scattering centers of the target in high frequency regions. Based on the scattering centers model of the radar target, this radar target echo model and the simulation method are discussed. The algorithm of bistatic/multistatic radar target echo accurately reflects the scattering characteristics of the radar target, pulse modulation speciality of radar transmitting signals, and spacetime-frequency synchronization error characteristics between the transmitter station and the receiver station. The simulation of bistatic radar is completed in computer, and the results of the simulation validate the feasibility of the method.

Adaptive coherence estimator based on the Krylov subspace technique for airborne radar

A novel adaptive detector for airborne radar space-time adaptive detection （STAD） in partially homogeneous environments is proposed. The novel detector combines the numerically stable Krylov subspace technique and diagonal loading technique, and it uses the framework of the adaptive coherence estimator （ACE）. It can effectively detect a target with low sample support. Compared with its natural competitors, the novel detector has higher proba- bility of detection （PD）, especially when the number of the training data is low. Moreover, it is shown to be practically constant false alarm rate （CFAR）.

Multi-dimensional ambiguity function for subarray-based space-time coding radar

Space-time coding radar has been recently proposed and investigated.It is a radar framework which can perform transmit beamforming at the receiver.However,the range resolution decreases when the number of the transmit element increases.A subarray-based space-time coding(sub-STC)radar is explored to alleviate the range resolution reduction.For the proposed radar configuration,an identical waveform is transmitted and it introduces a small time offset in different subarrays.The multidimensional ambiguity function of sub-STC radar is defined by considering resolutions in multiple domains including the range,Doppler,angle and probing direction.Analyses on properties of the multi-dimensional ambiguity function of the sub-STC radar with regard to the spatial coverage,resolution performance and low sidelobes are also given.Results reveal that the range resolution and low sidelobes performance are improved with the proposed approach.

Application Research on Space Laser Communication in Bistatic Radar System

There exist three synchronizing problems in the bistatic radar system that some signals of the radar receiver must be synchronized with those of the radar transmitter. Several methods realizing data transmission, which are used to complete the synchronization existing in the bistatic radar system, are described. Then a new idea is brought forward that employs space laser communication in the bistatic radar system to realize its data transmission. The theoretic analysis of the idea's usability and its merits are discussed in details. Finally the latest development of space laser communication is introduced, and the utility of the idea is pointed out further.

The Fundamental Definitions in Radar Measurement Principle and Theory of Space and Time

Fundamental definitions of distance and velocity in radar measurement principle are examined and revised from strict theoretical point of view. Synchronization scheme - for clocks in uniform, translatory relative motion is introduced as theoretical foundation for GPS and GLONASS type navigation and positioning technology. Traditional definitions of two-way radar measurement, based on arithmetic mean vlaue concept, turn out to be special cases of revised definitions for one-way radar measurement, based on geometric mean concept, derived from synchronization of moving clocks in accordance with the principle of relativity. The essential physical meaning of Lorentz transformation is interpreted in terms of radar measured parameters. Invariance or absoluteness of four dimensional interval turns out to be invariance or absoluteness of geometric mean time interval. The Lorentz factor turns out to be ratio of geometric mean and arithmetic mean time intervals in terms of radar measured parameters. Theoretical results are illustrated transparently by numerical examples. A crucial experiment for direct testing of the second postulate of special relativity by means of GPS of GLONASS type technology is proposed in this paper.

考虑综合性能最优的非短视快速天基雷达多目标跟踪资源调度算法

合理有效的资源调度是天基雷达效能得以充分发挥的关键。针对天基雷达多目标跟踪资源调度问题,建立了综合考虑目标威胁度、跟踪精度与低截获概率(LPI)的代价函数;考虑目标的不确定、天基平台约束以及长远期期望代价,建立了多约束下的基于部分可观测的马尔可夫决策过程(POMDP)的资源调度模型;采用拉格朗日松弛法将多约束下的多目标跟踪资源调度问题转换分解为多个无约束的子问题;针对连续状态空间、连续动作空间及连续观测空间引起的维数灾难问题,采用基于蒙特卡罗树搜索(MCTS)的在线POMDP算法—POMCPOW算法进行求解,最终提出了一种综合多指标性能的非短视快速天基雷达多目标跟踪资源调度算法。仿真表明,与已有调度算法相比,所提算法资源分配更合理,系统性能更优。

合成孔径雷达在深空探测任务中的应用与发展趋势

合成孔径雷达以飞机、卫星等运动物体为载体,具备全天候、全天时观测能力,俨然成为一种高效的遥感探测手段,在深空探测、军事侦察、地形测绘、灾害监测、农林生长监测和洋流观测等众多领域广泛应用。对几个国外深空探测器携带的SAR系统的技术状态、科学目标和探测成果进行了梳理,并作出了相应的比较分析,希望能够对中国未来深空探测任务提供一定的帮助。同时,对未来深空探测星载SAR发展趋势进行分析,星载SAR逐渐向着高分辨率、多参数、多模式、多基成像和轻量化等多方面发展,终将在更丰富的应用领域中发挥重要的作用。

地基深空探测雷达研究进展与展望

地基深空探测雷达通过主动发射电磁波,并接收反射信号,实现对深空目标的精确测量,是研究月球、近地小行星、类地行星等深空目标的重要手段。地基深空探测雷达可以高精度测量深空目标的轨道、自转、形貌等特征,具有全天时全天候观测、精确测距、高分辨率成像等优势,对近地小行星防御和行星科学研究具有重要意义。本文介绍了地基深空探测雷达的概念内涵,梳理了地基深空探测雷达系统的国内外发展现状,回顾了地基深空探测雷达过去数十年间取得的重要历史贡献,包括月球表面高分辨率成像与永久阴影区水冰探测、近地小行星精细形貌特征获取、近地小行星轨道与自转等物理特性精确测量、近地小行星撞击防御任务处置效果快速评估、类地行星表面高分辨率成像与地质结构研究等一系列重要研究成果。在此基础上,本文介绍了分布孔径深空探测雷达的创新机理,通过多部雷达单元协同观测,可突破传统集中式体制地基深空探测雷达的口径和发射功率物理极限,形象称之为“中国复眼”雷达。最后,本文介绍了分布孔径深空探测雷达系统研制与观测实验等最新研究进展,展示了分布孔径深空探测雷达对月球二维成像和三维成像的实验结果,并对地基深空探测雷达的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

无人驾驶车辆感知空间的构建及可感知性判别

无人驾驶车辆的传感器代替人眼感知道路空间的信息,保障一定感知空间的可感知性,是无人驾驶安全运行的重要前提。因此,该文在国内外研究文献调研以及相关软硬件技术分析的基础上,分析了当前无人驾驶车辆感知技术的局限性,包括激光雷达、摄像头和毫米波雷达等传感器的识别范围和特性;利用激光雷达和组合导航系统对道路的现实信息进行采集,进一步利用收集到的点云数据、定位信息、同步定位与建模算法构建无人驾驶车辆的三维感知空间,实现了道路的三维数字模型构建。同时在三维点云地图中进行测距能力、水平视场角和垂直视场角等参数数学表达模型构建,利用空间坐标变换方法,将传感器识别范围内的三维点云数据进行分离,并转换到统一的坐标系下。最后利用Delaunay三角化方法,构建出能够反映感知空间特性的三维模型,从而实现三维感知空间的可感知性的判定方法。为验证该文方法的实用性和准确性,利用实地采集的数据对算法进行了测试。测试结果表明,该文提出的方法具有良好的鲁棒性,能够在复杂的道路环境中稳定工作,可以准确评估无人驾驶车辆的感知能力。这一研究成果不仅为无人驾驶车辆的道路设计和安全评估提供了科学依据,也为无人驾驶技术的进一步发展和应用提供了强有力的技术支持。

曲靖非相干散射雷达观测研究进展与展望

本文介绍了我国曲靖非相干散射雷达的主要技术方案,结合实测数据分析表明该雷达具备了电离层电子密度与等离子体温度观测、空间碎片凝视探测与月球二维成像探测等能力,可用于研究电离层F层气候学特征、电子密度暴时变化与异常增强等天气事件、E-F谷区结构与变化、约3 cm以上尺寸空间碎片的分布特征与模型、月球不同区域的散射回波特性等.下一步将重点开展低电离层与北驼峰结构及演化过程、电离层暴时与扰动特性观测.

煤矿巷道空间毫米波雷达测量特性与重建方法

【目的】煤矿井下空间测量是煤矿透明地质建模的重要组成,然而煤矿巷道环境复杂、信息获取不全、感知数据精度不足等难题亟待解决。【方法】首先,深入研究粉尘、水雾、围岩结构等复杂环境因素下毫米波雷达信号特性,建立煤矿巷道围岩毫米波信号衰减模型,对比分析复杂环境因素毫米波雷达的影响机理。其次,针对煤矿复杂环境下毫米波雷达的巷道数字建模问题,提出巷道空间毫米波雷达点云泊松表面重建方法。通过实验测试与模拟巷道环境验证,在揭示煤矿复杂环境条件下的毫米波雷达感知机理基础上,实现了煤矿巷道空间测量与数字建模重构。【结果和结论】结果表明:(1)毫米波雷达能够适应煤矿井下多粉尘、多水雾、围岩粗糙的巷道环境,为煤矿巷道空间重建提供有效数据。(2)泊松表面重建方法能够充分展示真实巷道围岩信息,重建巷道整体宽度的平均绝对误差百分比为0.59%,巷道整体高度的平均绝对误差百分比为0.78%。煤矿复杂环境下毫米波雷达空间测量特性与重建方法的研究,为煤矿井下透明地质建模提供巷道空间测量数据,对推动煤矿智能开采具有重要意义。

天基分布式雷达海面目标跟踪应用总体技术研究

天基雷达在广域目标监视方面具有独特优势,利用天基雷达实现广域海面目标跟踪具有重大现实意义和特殊难度。针对天基分布式雷达体制,在分析其用于海面多目标跟踪场景所存在的区域非均衡覆盖、低/超低回访周期、实时处理等特殊问题影响基础上,提出了星间接力跟踪处理方式和栅格化跟踪处理框架,并给出了相应的多目标跟踪性能评估指标体系。仿真评估结果表明了所提栅格化跟踪处理框架相对常规全域处理框架的优越性以及评估指标的合理性。

空天基合成孔径雷达多域抗干扰技术综述

合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)是现代雷达技术发展的主要成就之一,具有全天候、全天时、高分辨率的特性,广泛应用于空基及天基各类平台。现代战场电磁环境日趋恶劣,电子战装备可以在多维度产生高强度、多样式和有针对性的电子干扰,极大制约了SAR作战效能的发挥,如何提高SAR抗干扰能力已成为当前国内外该领域研究热点。本文探讨了SAR常规抗干扰思路和优缺点,并以雷达信号发射和信号接收两个方面为主线,围绕空域、时域、频域、能量域、极化域以及数据处理域等多域,结合仿真和试验数据分析了典型空天基SAR抗干扰方法的实施效果,最后分析其未来的发展趋势,为以后的相关技术研究提供参考。

雷达波形对抗技术发展预见

随着雷达、电子侦察等传感器技术的进步,对电磁空间的操控从能量、频率向更高维度的波形发展,雷达波形对抗应运而生。阐述雷达波形对抗技术产生的背景、概念内涵和发展现状,同时提出可利用博弈思维建立雷达波形“OODA”回路,通过对雷达波形进行伪装、扰乱和利用以达成制造战场迷雾、创造新质杀伤链的效果。此外,介绍实现雷达波形对抗的波形隐匿、波形重建与利用、波形捷变反侦察等关键技术及原理。从波形管控等3个方面提出雷达波形对抗制胜电磁空间的发展建议。

基于空间网格划分的地杂波建模新方法

雷达型空空导弹具有全天候、全空域作战能力,具有较强的低空下视能力。在导弹下视攻击时,地面多普勒杂波会影响导引头对真实目标的检测。针对高重频脉冲多普勒雷达导引头,提出了一种基于空间网格划分建立地杂波模型的新方法,以天线波束指向为中心,围绕天线主瓣在三维空间划分网格,之后计算投影到地面的网格面积,根据雷达方程建立回波信号模型。通过理论推导,给出了影响地杂波强度的主要因素,包括导弹距地面高度、导引头波束擦地角和地面反射率等。最后通过建立数字仿真模型验证了方法的正确性。该方法可以在保证杂波形态一样的同时减少仿真时间。

基于KA-SRCN-pSTAP的低空风切变风速估计方法

针对由于独立同分布(IID)样本严重不足,导致极化空时自适应(pSTAP)处理性能下降,进而导致低空风切变风速估计不准确的问题,本文提出了一种基于知识辅助的稀疏表示杂波零陷极化空时自适应(KA-SRCN-pSTAP)的低空风切变风速估计方法。该方法首先利用杂波脊的先验知识辅助构造极化空时稀疏字典,然后利用极化空时稀疏字典,通过SRCN算法挑选原子并对到杂波线性子空间补空间上的投影矩阵进行估计,从而得到pSTAP权矢量,最后构造pSTAP滤波器对地杂波进行抑制,准确估计低空风切变风速。该方法仅使用少量IID样本,将SRCN算法与极化-空时域相结合,完成对风切变风速的有效估计。仿真实验结果证明该方法可以有效实现少样本情况下的风速准确估计。

一种联合TDCM和PFA的空间目标大转角ISAR成像方法

空间目标态势感知是当前航天技术领域的研究热点,逆合成孔径雷达(Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar, ISAR)是空间目标感知的一种有效手段。为了得到利于目标鉴别的高分辨二维ISAR图像,需要通过增大积累转角来提高方位向分辨率。但是,随着转角的增大,平动与转动之间的耦合增大,使得传统的先平动补偿、后利用转动成像的两步式成像方法不再适用。本文提出了一种结合时域信号共轭相乘(Time Domain Conjugate Multiplication, TDCM)处理与极坐标格式算法(Polar Format Algorithm, PFA)的成像算法,首先利用雷达回波的二维相干性,通过TDCM处理进行平动粗补偿,然后借助PFA的插值操作校正大转角引起的散射点越分辨单元走动(Motion Through Resolution Cell, MTRC)并估计目标相对转动参数。通过迭代处理,持续对平动和转动参数进行优化,提升运动补偿效果。仿真验证了所提成像算法的有效性,与传统算法相比,成像聚焦性更好。

基于空域自适应单脉冲的抗干扰雷达多目标参数估计算法

基于空时级联单脉冲的多目标参数高效估计算法(M-STCMP)是一种高效的雷达多目标参数估计算法,但在干扰环境下其参数估计性能将严重下降。文中提出了基于空域自适应单脉冲的抗干扰多目标参数估计(AM-STCMP)算法。首先,将空域自适应单脉冲技术引入M-STCMP算法,自适应形成和差波束抑制干扰信号,提高各目标的信干噪比,并迭代修正自适应和差波束的鉴角曲线;其次,采用空时级联单脉冲技术估计各目标的距离-速度两维参数;最后,采用Relax算法高精度迭代估计各目标的角度-速度-距离三维参数。理论分析和仿真结果验证了AM-STCMP算法的有效性,其参数估计性能接近无干扰情形。