Comparison of Precipitation Observations from a Prototype Space-based Cloud Radar and Ground-based Radars

A prototype space-based cloud radar has been a precipitation system over Tianjin, China in July developed and was installed on an airplane to observe 2010. Ground-based S-band and Ka-band radars were used to examine the observational capability of the prototype. A cross-comparison algorithm between different wavelengths, spatial resolutions and platform radars is presented. The reflectivity biases, correlation coefficients and standard deviations between the radars are analyzed. The equivalent reflectivity bias between the S- and Ka-band radars were simulated with a given raindrop size distribution. The results indicated that reflectivity bias between the S- and Ka-band radars due to scattering properties was less than 5 dB, and for weak precipitation the bias was negligible. The prototype space-based cloud radar was able to measure a reasonable vertical profile of reflectivity, but the reflectivity below an altitude of 1.5 km above ground level was obscured by ground clutter. The measured refiectivity by the prototype space-based cloud radar was approximately 10.9 dB stronger than that by the S-band Doppler radar （SA radar）, and 13.7 dB stronger than that by the ground-based cloud radar. The reflectivity measured by the SA radar was 0.4 dB stronger than that by the ground-based cloud radar. This study could provide a method for the quantitative examination of the observation ability for space-based radars.

METHOD OF MULTI-TARGET TRACKING IN WIDE AREA SURVEILLANCE AIRBORNE RADAR SYSTEM BASING ON CLUSTERING ANALYSIS

This paper proposed a robust method based on the definition of Mahalanobis distance to track ground moving target. The feature and the geometry of airborne ground moving target tracking systems are studied at first. Based on this feature, the assignment relation of time-nearby target is calculated via Mahalanobis distance, and then the corresponding transformation formula is deduced. The simulation results show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method.

IMPROVEMENT ON ALGORITHM OF CONFIDENCE DECLARATION OF MODE S SECOND SURVEILLANCE RADAR

Mode S Second Surveillance Radar (SSR) is very important means for Air Traffic Control (ATC) now and future,all the responding data which the radar receives need parity processing. Bit and confidence declaration is an vital step before error detection and error correction. Based on the commonly used baseline multi-sample algorithm,different conditions are presented and analyzed,the conditions under which error happens are pointed out,and the algorithm in which two statistical variables are added to avoid false declaration. In addition,the moving average method is used to preprocess the sampled data,so as to reduce the influence of noise. The merits the baseline multi-sample technique owes are preserved,and the added computation is small. The declaration veracity is improved,and consequently makes error detection and error correction be facilitated suc-cessfully.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF AIR DEFENSE SURVEILLANCE RADARS

This paper is a study of the quantitative evaluation on the cost-effectiveness of air defense surveillance radars. The composition of life cycle cost of the radar is analysed at first. Then the radar performance and effectiveness formulas are derived. By calculating the values of many radars' cost, performance and effectiveness, tendency curves are plotted. The application of cost-effectiveness calculation and the tendency curves in radar system analysis is discussed at last.

Review on strategies of space-based optical space situational awareness

Space-based optical(SBO)space surveillance has attracted widespread interest in the last two decades due to its considerable value in space situation awareness(SSA).SBO observation strategy,which is related to the performance of space surveillance,is the top-level design in SSA missions reviewed.The recognized real programs about SBO SAA proposed by the institutions in the U.S.,Canada,Europe,etc.,are summarized firstly,from which an insight of the development trend of SBO SAA can be obtained.According to the aim of the SBO SSA,the missions can be divided into general surveillance and space object tracking.Thus,there are two major categories for SBO SSA strategies.Existing general surveillance strategies for observing low earth orbit(LEO)objects and beyond-LEO objects are summarized and compared in terms of coverage rate,revisit time,visibility period,and image processing.Then,the SBO space object tracking strategies,which has experienced from tracking an object with a single satellite to tracking an object with multiple satellites cooperatively,are also summarized.Finally,this paper looks into the development trend in the future and points out several problems that challenges the SBO SSA.

GS-orthogonalization OMP method for space target detection via bistatic space-based radar

A space-based bistatic radar system composed of two space-based radars as the transmitter and the receiver respectively has a wider surveillance region and a better early warning capability for high-speed targets,and it can detect focused space targets more flexibly than the monostatic radar system or the ground-based radar system.However,the target echo signal is more difficult to process due to the high-speed motion of both space-based radars and space targets.To be specific,it will encounter the problems of Range Cell Migration(RCM)and Doppler Frequency Migration(DFM),which degrade the long-time coherent integration performance for target detection and localization inevitably.To solve this problem,a novel target detection method based on an improved Gram Schmidt(GS)-orthogonalization Orthogonal Matching Pursuit(OMP)algorithm is proposed in this paper.First,the echo model for bistatic space-based radar is constructed and the conditions for RCM and DFM are analyzed.Then,the proposed GS-orthogonalization OMP method is applied to estimate the equivalent motion parameters of space targets.Thereafter,the RCM and DFM are corrected by the compensation function correlated with the estimated motion parameters.Finally,coherent integration can be achieved by performing the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)operation along the slow time direction on compensated echo signal.Numerical simulations and real raw data results validate that the proposed GS-orthogonalization OMP algorithm achieves better motion parameter estimation performance and higher detection probability for space targets detection.

基于ADS-B数据的一次雷达系统误差配准方法

针对大误差一次雷达测量过程中雷达配准方法的精度提升问题,分析了一次雷达误差分布特性,以广播式自动相关监视系统的航迹数据为真值,提出了基于改进轨迹跟踪滤波的实时雷达配准方法。采用点云配准方法中随机抽样一致性的迭代最近点法,对基于期望增加模型的变结构交互式多模型算法中的偏置函数进行了改进,有效减少了随机误差在配准过程中的影响,并获得最优的偏置参数,以提升大误差一次雷达配准的精度。算例分析结果表明,该方法配准后可使所选一次雷达俯仰角平均绝对误差降低至0.04°,方位角平均绝对误差降低至0.07°,为雷达系统误差配准提供新方法支撑。

基于YOLO的航管一次雷达目标检测方法

针对传统恒虚警率(constant false alarm rate,CFAR)检测方法检测率低的问题,提出一种基于YOLO(you only look once)的深度学习雷达目标检测方法。首先,利用同相正交(in-phase/quadrature,I/Q)数据匹配滤波后形成的雷达原始图像自建雷达目标图像数据集。然后,改进YOLO检测模型的网络结构、特征融合策略和损失函数以提高模型的精度,并引入迁移学习思想,利用预训练的深度学习网络提取图像特征,降低了检测模型对训练样本量的要求。最后,在自建数据集上对YOLO目标检测方法进行了实验验证。航管一次雷达实测数据的实验证明:与传统CFAR检测方法和两阶段的快速区域卷积神经网络(region convolutional neural networks,R-CNN)检测方法相比,所提方法的目标检测率大幅提高,虚警率明显降低,且实现了实时检测。

地基空间目标监视雷达大气折射误差修正方法研究

大气介质垂向非均匀分布会使穿行其中的电磁波发生折射现象,尤其是其中的对流层和电离层,可造成电磁波传播延迟及路径弯曲,进而导致地基空间目标监视雷达测距和测角误差。本文基于射线追踪法实现了大气折射误差建模,推导了雷达测距和测角误差关于大气折射指数垂向分布的精确表达式,并详细阐述了地基空间目标监视雷达大气折射误差修正原理及流程,相比于传统的误差近似模型及修正方法,本文所提出的误差模型更准确、修正方法更有效。基于对流层和电离层模型获取大气折射指数垂向分布特性曲线,进行大气折射误差数值仿真,结果表明,本文方法在大气分层不同间隔取值下的误差补偿精度更高、性能更稳健,特别是在低仰角情况下,其性能优势更加明显。

分布式多基无源雷达信号级协同目标定位技术

利用空间已有电磁信号,采取分布式无源协同探测手段对目标进行零功率静默侦察,可有效提升我方雷达的低截获和抗干扰性能,是多雷达协同探测技术领域重点发展方向之一。目前,无源协同定位主要面临着目标回波弱、非合作外辐射源参数未知、直达径干扰等挑战。针对上述问题,文中提出了一种分布式多基无源协同的信号级高精度目标定位方法。该方法通过联合多基无源雷达双通道接收信号,建立信号级目标位置估计问题,以实现联合直达波干扰抑制和外辐射源及目标位置高精度估计,形成分布式多基无源雷达的零功率静默协同探测能力。此外,采用序贯估计策略和交替迭代估计策略将高维估计问题降低为多个低维估计问题,以降低算法的计算复杂度,强化实时定位能力。仿真结果表明,相较传统数据级定位,所提信号级方法在低信噪比和直达波干扰环境中表现出更好的定位性能。该无源协同定位方法可用于无人机前突静默侦察、反低空突防、反隐身等探测场景,能显著提升对敌目标的监视和打击效果。

基于粒子群算法的低轨重点卫星雷达协同探测任务规划方法

为提升定轨、成像、目标特性测量等多种模式下的观测效率,基于粒子群算法提出了一种低轨重点卫星雷达观测任务规划方法。相较基于优先级的任务规划方法,文中方法可对所有卫星按给定观测频次无丢失观测,满足雷达视场、时间窗口、任务切换等约束。使用雷达仰角、斜距、雷达截面积构建权值对基于观测时长的目标函数进行修改,并使用粒子群优化算法求解最大总观测时长或最快完成时间。仿真场景为两部假想地面雷达协同对30颗低轨重点卫星做24 h~72 h观测。结果表明,所有卫星无丢失观测,最大总观测时长和最快完成时间分别为18622 s和15 h 16 min(场景时间:24 h)。使用带有权值的目标函数可获得平均观测仰角、斜距的改善,而总观测时长基本一致。

短相干处理间隔条件下机载监视雷达风电场杂波抑制方法

风能作为一种清洁能源已受到各国关注。风电场的存在除对地基雷达产生影响外,还可能对机载监视雷达等工作性能产生影响。短相干处理间隔(Coherent Processing Interval,CPI)导致的机载监视雷达回波信号谱分辨率降低及风电场杂波微动特征不明显等问题,会影响杂波抑制性能,考虑到载机平台运动对雷达回波频谱的调制作用及地杂波的影响,利用瞬态雷达回波在频域的稀疏特性,提出基于增广拉格朗日优化及分裂变量(Augmented Lagrangian Method and Variable Splitting,ALM-VS)的机载雷达风电场回波特征恢复方法,首先对短CPI机载监视雷达回波信号滑窗,得到多个雷达回波信号分量,其次利用分裂增广拉格朗日方法迭代求解各分量的最优表示系数,恢复各个信号分量,利用恢复后的各个信号分量逆滑窗重构完整数据,以此提升短CPI机载监视雷达风电场雷达回波频谱分辨率及微动特征,在此基础上进一步利用形态成分分析(Morphological Component Analysis,MCA)和低秩矩阵优化(Low-Rank Matrix Optimization,LRMO)相结合的方法实现短CPI机载监视雷达非平稳动态风电场杂波的抑制。实验结果表明,ALM-VS特征恢复方法在目标与杂波处于相同距离单元和不同距离单元情况下均可提升短CPI机载监视雷达回波信号谱分辨率,增强其微动特征,实现风电场杂波抑制。在相同条件下,与迭代自适应(Iterative Adaptive Approach,IAA)特征恢复方法相比,所提的ALM-VS特征恢复方法的运算效率提升85.6%。

SSR零中频收发前端电路的设计与实现

二次雷达(Secondary Surveillance Radar,SSR)收发机是保证航空安全的重要通信设备。给出了一种采用零中频架构作为SSR射频收发机的硬件结构设计,取代了传统的超外差架构,使得硬件系统整体结构变得简洁、功耗更低、体积更小。对SSR硬件系统的收发结构提供理论上的可行性分析,并通过先进设计系统(Advanced Design System,ADS)仿真软件提前评估射频电路的预算增益和信道选择性。在此基础上完成了SSR射频收发前端的设计,对射频预处理模块的实际电路板测试。结果表明,在发射端输入0 dBm(1030 MHz)信号时,发射机输出功率大于20 dBm;在接收端输入−30 dBm(1090 MHz)的信号时,其信道选择输出端功率为大于−8 dBm。相比于传统单独AD9361系统,加上射频预处理模块后,整机系统的输出信噪比至少提升3 dB,噪声系数至少降低3 dB。

DLD-100C型空管二次雷达可靠性设计

空管二次雷达在保障航空安全和空中交通管理中发挥着关键作用,其可靠性至关重要。本文详细阐述了空管二次雷达可靠性计算的方法和流程,包括可靠性指标的确定、系统建模、故障模式及影响分析,以及可靠性计算和评估。通过实际案例分析,展示了可靠性计算在空管二次雷达系统设计和维护中的重要应用,为提高系统的可靠性提供了理论支持和实践指导。

空管一次监视雷达信号处理方法研究

空管一次雷达获取的雷达数据由于包含异常值、存在干扰或数据点缺失,需选取合适的处理方法,以获取有效测量值。本文设计并验证了4种雷达信号处理方法,即基于线性回归的方法、巴特沃斯低通滤波、零相移滤波、分段滤波。利用基于线性回归的方法进行了异常数据的剔除和补偿;利用巴特沃斯低通滤波后去除了高频噪声,曲线光滑无毛刺,但结果存在滞后且开始部分有扰动;零相移滤波解决了高频噪声的干扰,但同时抑制了波形和信号的峰值。最终设计了分段滤波的方法,结合低通滤波和线性回归,将数据分段,峰值部分采用线性回归,其他部分低通滤波。既保留了雷达信号的峰值,避免波形被抑制,同时去除了高频噪声,为后续的计算奠定基础。

S模式二次雷达监视协同技术研究与应用

在新一代S模式二次雷达设计中,为了减少空中异步干扰(FRUIT)和利用有限的S模式Ⅱ/SI码,通常一组S模式二次雷达地面站会被分配同一个询问机识别码(Ⅱ码)或监视识别码(SI码),由网络连接起来,组成一个集群,建立监视协同网络,所有S模式二次雷达地面站之间通过移交相邻的威力覆盖范围内的飞机,保证雷达的监视性能。本文对S模式二次雷达监视协同技术进行深入研究,并通过模拟环境进行功能测试和效果验证,拓展了二次雷达S模式的应用。

ASTERIX Category017数据格式分析与应用

文章介绍了ASTERIX标准协议的结构框架,依据实例详细给出了ASTERIX Category017数据格式的解析过程,并阐述了该格式协议在S模式二次雷达协同监视组网中的重要应用。

基于多目标航迹起始算法的船舶雷达监视系统设计

针对海面机动目标实时跟踪难、定位精度低等问题,为进一步拓宽近海领域监管,保证邻海安全,船舶雷达监视系统的优化设计与实现是值得深入研究的方向。通过对船舶雷达监视系统的架构分析和功能设计等研究,利用多源数据融合技术实现对近海船舶目标的实时、动态、立体的区块化智能监控。并针对船舶机动目标跟踪这一核心问题,提出了一种基于非线性无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)的多目标航迹起始算法,能有效提高目标探测概率并降低虚假航迹,并通过仿真验证了算法的有效性。该研究具有一定的参考价值。

S模式二次雷达询问策略的研究和改进

通常常规二次雷达(SSR)工作在A/C模式,S模式二次雷达工作在交互模式,通过不同的询问策略获得应答信号。在实际应用中发现,特殊应答机对于交互模式的应答存在丢点问题。本文通过对现有S模式二次雷达询问策略的分析和研究,在国际民航组织二次雷达规范的基础上提出了改进的询问策略,解决了S模式二次雷达与传统A/C模式二次雷达兼容过程中偶尔出现的目标丢失问题,为S模式二次雷达的运用提供了建设性意见。

A method of correlation analysis for space-based GEO object surveillance

A method of correlation analysis to determine the correlation between two too-short arcs is presented to monitor geosynchro- nous earth orbit objects on a space-based surveillance system. The necessary condition for a geosynchronous earth orbit object to be observed by a space-based visible sensor in two successive orbital periods is derived, and the principle for the selection of search fence parameters is proposed. The processing procedure of the correlation analysis for the two too-short arcs as well as two correlation judgment methods is given and the selection of the threshold value for the judgment is analyzed. Finally, a simulation is performed to demonstrate the applicability of the presented methods. Simulation results ir^dicate that a surveil- lance system can acquire two observation arcs in two successive orbital periods by selecting the suitable search fence parame- ters, and that the two correlation judgment methods and the selected threshold are valid. The initial orbit of the uncorrelated objects can be determined by two observation arcs, and the accuracy of the initial orbit meets the requirements of re-acquiring the object.