CLOSED-FORM SPACE-TIME CHANNEL BLIND ESTIMATION FOR SPACE-TIME CODED MC-CDMA SYTEMS WITH UNIFORM LINEAR ARRAY

This paper proposes a closed-form joint space-time channel and Direction Of Arrival （DOA） blind estimation algorithm for space-thne coded Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access （MC-CDMA） systems equipped with a Uniform Linear Array （ULA） at the base station in frequency-selective fading environments. The algorithm uses an ESPRIT-like method to separate multiple co-channel users with different impinging DOAs. As a result, the DOAs for multiple users are obtained. In particular, a set of signal subspaces, every one of which is spanned by the space-time vector channels of an individual user, are also obtained. From these signal subspaces, the space-time channels of multiple users are estimated using the subspace method. Computer simulations illustrate both the validity and the overall performance of the proposed scheme.

SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT SPACE-TIME CHANNEL AND DOA ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN TD-SCDMA SYSTEMS

In this paper, a simple method is presented for multi-user space-time channel estimation in Time Division-Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) systems. The method is based on a spe- cific midamble assignment strategy, which results in a cyclic Toeplitz midamble-matrix in the linear equation of the received data vectors. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-based algorithm is used to obtain the estimate of the uplink multi-user space-time channels. Furthermore, the estimated space-time channel is applied to the identification of multi-paths for each user, and Direction Of Arrival (DOA) estimation for each path is carried out by using the extracted spatial signature vector. Aside from the simplicity in computation, the proposed di- rection of arrival estimation method can effectively resolve multi-paths regardless of the correlation and angle separations of the multi-paths.

2-D RAKE RECEIVER BASED ON SPACE-TIME CHANNEL PARAMETER ESTIMATION

2-D RAKE receiver is an efficient way to realize the space-time processing for CDMA systems with aperiodic spreading codes. The Direction Of Arrival (DOA) and the relative time delay of every user's multipath must be known to realize the 2-D RAKE receiver. In the third generation CDMA mobile communication system, auxiliary pilot channel is used in the uplink channels The different user's Vector Channel Impulse Response (VCIR) can be estimated from the pilotichannel easily. The VCIR contains spatial and temporal information. In this paper,by utilizing the known pulse shape function, a parameter matrix method used to estimate the Spatial Signature Vector (SSV) and the relative time delay is proposed in frequency domain.The DOA can be estimated from the SSV. By reconstructing the SSV and utilizing approximate Capon space filter, the performance of the 2-D RAKE receiver with uniform circular array can be improved with a little additional computation work.

A new layered space-time detection algorithm for frequency selective fading multiple-input multiple-output channels based on particle filter

In this paper, a new observation equation of non-Gaussian frequency selective fading Bell Labs layered space time （BLAST） architecture system is proposed, which is used for frequency selective fading channels and non-Gaussian noise in an application environment of BLAST system. With othogonal matrix triangularization （QR decomposition） of the channel matrix, the static observation equation of frequency selective fading BLAST system is transformed into a dynamic state space model, and then the particle filter is used for space-time layered detection. Making the full use of the finite alphabet of the digital modulation communication signal, the optimal proposal distribution can be chosen to produce particle and update the weight. Incorporated with current method of reducing error propagation, a new space-time layered detection algorithm is proposed. Simulation result shows the validity of the proposed algorithm.

ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE DIFFERENTIAL ENTROPY FOR A STATIONARY ERGODIC SPACE-TIME RANDOM FIELD ON A BOUNDED AREA

In this paper,we mainly discuss a discrete estimation of the average differential entropy for a continuous time-stationary ergodic space-time random field.By estimating the probability value of a time-stationary random field in a small range,we give an entropy estimation and obtain the average entropy estimation formula in a certain bounded space region.It can be proven that the estimation of the average differential entropy converges to the theoretical value with a probability of 1.In addition,we also conducted numerical experiments for different parameters to verify the convergence result obtained in the theoretical proofs.

A simple channel estimator for space-time coded OFDM systems in rapid fading channels

A simple channel estimator for space-time coded orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in rapid fading channels is proposed. The channels at the training bauds are estimated using the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm, while the channels at the data bauds are estimated based on the method for modelling the time-varying channel as the linear combination of several time-invariant " Doppler channels". Computer simulations showed that this estimator outperforms the decision-directed tracking in rapid fading channels and that the performance of this method can be improved by iteration.

Extended Kalman filtering-based channel estimation for space-time coded MIMO-OFDM systems

A space-time coded multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （MIMO-OFDM） system is considered as a solution to the future wideband wireless communication system. This paper proposes an extended Kalman filtering-based （EKF-based） channel estimation method for space-time coded MIMO-OFDM systems. The proposed method can exploit pilot symbols and an extended Kalman filter to estimate channel without any prior knowledge of channel statistics. In comparison with the least square （LS） and the least mean square （LMS） methods, the EKF-based approach has a better performance in theory. Computer simulations demonstrate the proposed method outperforms the LS and LMS methods. Therefore it can offer draznatic system performance improvement at a modest cost of computational complexity.

Space-time spreading and space-time coding for correlated frequency-selective channel in the presence of interference

The space-time spreading （SIS）, superimposed training sequences and space-time coding （STC） are adopted to obtain a closed-form of average error probability upper bound and maximum likelihood esti- mation expression for multiple input and multiple output （MIMO） correlated frequency-selective channel in the presence of interference （colored interference）. Moreover, the correlation at both ends of the wire- less link that can be incorporated equivalently into correlation at the transmit end is derived. Finally, the mean square error （MSE） of the maximum likelihood estimate is also derived.

Robust Space-Time Adaptive Track-Before-Detect Algorithm Based on Persymmetry and Symmetric Spectrum

Underwater monopulse space-time adaptive track-before-detect method,which combines space-time adaptive detector(STAD)and the track-before-detect algorithm based on dynamic programming(DP-TBD),denoted as STAD-DP-TBD,can effectively detect low-speed weak targets.However,due to the complexity and variability of the underwater environment,it is difficult to obtain sufficient secondary data,resulting in a serious decline in the detection and tracking performance,and leading to poor robustness of the algorithm.In this paper,based on the adaptive matched filter(AMF)test and the RAO test,underwater monopulse AMF-DP-TBD algorithm and RAO-DP-TBD algorithm which incorporate persymmetry and symmetric spectrum,denoted as PSAMF-DP-TBD and PS-RAO-DP-TBD,are proposed and compared with the AMF-DP-TBD algorithm and RAO-DP-TBD algorithm based on persymmetry array,denoted as P-AMF-DP-TBD and P-RAO-DP-TBD.The simulation results show that the four methods can work normally with sufficient secondary data and slightly insufficient secondary data,but when the secondary data is severely insufficient,the P-AMF-DP-TBD and P-RAO-DP-TBD algorithms has failed while the PSAMF-DP-TBD and PS-RAO-DP-TBD algorithms still have good detection and tracking capabilities.

MIMO-DFE BASED SPACE-TIME RECEIVER OVER FREQUENCY SELECTIVE CHANNELS WITH LIMITED ERROR PROPAGATION

MIMO-DFE(Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output Decision Feedback Equalizer) based receiver architectures are researched recently to detect signals in BLAST(Bell laboratories LAyered Space-Time) over frequency-selective channels. Due to their recursive structure, these receivers may suffer from error propagation which results in an overall mean square error degradation. An MIMO-DFE based BLAST receiver with limited error propagation to combat frequencyselective channel is proposed, which employs both norm constraint on feedback filter taps and soft decision device. Simulation results show that the proposed receiver outperforms conventional ones in various frequency selective channels.

RLS channel estimation with adaptive forgetting factor in space-time coded MIMO-OFDM systems

Considering that channel estimation plays a crucial role in coherent detection, this paper addresses a method of Recursive-least-squares (RLS) channel estimation with adaptive forgetting factor in wireless space-time coded multiple-input and multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems. Because there are three different forgetting factor scenarios including adaptive, two-step and conventional ones applied to RLS channel estimation, this paper describes the principle of RLS channel estimation and analyzes the impact of different forgetting factor scenarios on the performances of RLS channel estimation. Simulation results proved that the RLS algorithm with adaptive forgetting factor (RLS-A) outperformed that with two-step forgetting factor (RLS-T) or with conventional forgetting factor (RLS-C) in both estimation accuracy and robustness over the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel, i.e., a wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) and frequency-selective slowly fading channel. Hence, we can employ the RLS-A method by adjusting forgetting factor adaptively to track and estimate channel state parameters successfully in space-time coded MIMO-OFDM systems.

Curved Space-Time at the Planck Scale

This paper presents a physically plausible and somewhat illuminating first step in extending the fundamental principles of mechanical stress and strain to space-time. Here the geometry of space-time, encoded in the metric tensor, is considered to be made up of a dynamic lattice of extremely small, localized fields that form a perfectly elastic Lorentz symmetric space-time at the global (macroscopic) scale. This theoretical model of space-time at the Planck scale leads to a somewhat surprising result in which matter waves in curved space-time radiate thermal gravitational energy, as well as an equally intriguing relationship for the anomalous dispersion of light in a gravitational field.

Virtually coupled train set control subject to space-time separation:A distributed economic MPC approach with emergency braking configuration

The emerging virtual coupling technology aims to operate multiple train units in a Virtually Coupled Train Set(VCTS)at a minimal but safe distance.To guarantee collision avoidance,the safety distance should be calculated using the state-of-the-art space-time separation principle that separates the Emergency Braking(EB)trajectories of two successive units during the whole EB process.In this case,the minimal safety distance is usually numerically calculated without an analytic formulation.Thus,the constrained VCTS control problem is hard to address with space-time separation,which is still a gap in the existing literature.To solve this problem,we propose a Distributed Economic Model Predictive Control(DEMPC)approach with computation efficiency and theoretical guarantee.Specifically,to alleviate the computation burden,we transform implicit safety constraints into explicitly linear ones,such that the optimal control problem in DEMPC is a quadratic programming problem that can be solved efficiently.For theoretical analysis,sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the recursive feasibility and stability of DEMPC,employing compatibility constraints,tube techniques and terminal ingredient tuning.Moreover,we extend our approach with globally optimal and distributed online EB configuration methods to shorten the minimal distance among VCTS.Finally,experimental results demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed approaches.

Joint channel estimation and symbol detection for space-time block code

The simplified joint channel estimation and symbol detection based on the EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm for space-time block code (STBC) are proposed. By assuming channel to be invariant within only one STBC word and utilizing the orthogonal structure of STBC, the computational complexity and cost of this algorithm are both very low, so it is very suitable to implementation in real systems.

Power control scheme for multiple antenna systems with space-time coding in Rayleigh fading channels

Two optimal power control （PC） schemes under the power constraint for space-time coded multiple input multiple output systems over the flat Rayleigh fading channel with the imperfect channel state information （CSI） are presented. One is based on the minimization of a bit error rate （BER）, and the other is based on the maximization of a fuzzy signal-to-noise ratio. In these schemes, different powers are allocated to individual transmit an- tennas rather than equal power in the conventional one. For the first scheme, the optimal PC procedure is developed. It is shown that the Lagrange multiplier for the constrained optimization in the power control does exist and is unique. A practical iterative algorithm based on Newton＇s method for finding the Lagrange multiplier is proposed. In the second scheme, some existing schemes are included, and a suboptimal PC procedure is developed by means of the asymptotic performance analysis. With this suboptimal scheme, a simple PC calculation formula is provided, and thus the calculation of the PC will be straightforward. Moreover, the suboptimal scheme has the BER performance close to the optimal scheme. Simulation results show that the two PC schemes can provide BER lower than the equal PC and antenna selection scheme under the imperfect CSI.

Potassium and calcium channels in different nerve cells act as therapeutic targets in neurological disorders

The central nervous system, information integration center of the body, is mainly composed of neurons and glial cells. The neuron is one of the most basic and important structural and functional units of the central nervous system, with sensory stimulation and excitation conduction functions. Astrocytes and microglia belong to the glial cell family, which is the main source of cytokines and represents the main defense system of the central nervous system. Nerve cells undergo neurotransmission or gliotransmission, which regulates neuronal activity via the ion channels, receptors, or transporters expressed on nerve cell membranes. Ion channels, composed of large transmembrane proteins, play crucial roles in maintaining nerve cell homeostasis. These channels are also important for control of the membrane potential and in the secretion of neurotransmitters. A variety of cellular functions and life activities, including functional regulation of the central nervous system, the generation and conduction of nerve excitation, the occurrence of receptor potential, heart pulsation, smooth muscle peristalsis, skeletal muscle contraction, and hormone secretion, are closely related to ion channels associated with passive transmembrane transport. Two types of ion channels in the central nervous system, potassium channels and calcium channels, are closely related to various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy. Accordingly, various drugs that can affect these ion channels have been explored deeply to provide new directions for the treatment of these neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the functions of potassium and calcium ion channels in different nerve cells and their involvement in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, depression, epilepsy, autism, and rare disorders. We also describe several clinical drugs that target potassium or calcium channels in nerve cells and could be used to treat these disorders. We concluded that there are few clinical drugs that can improve the pathology these diseases by acting on potassium or calcium ions. Although a few novel ion-channelspecific modulators have been discovered, meaningful therapies have largely not yet been realized. The lack of target-specific drugs, their requirement to cross the blood–brain barrier, and their exact underlying mechanisms all need further attention. This review aims to explain the urgent problems that need research progress and provide comprehensive information aiming to arouse the research community's interest in the development of ion channel-targeting drugs and the identification of new therapeutic targets for that can increase the cure rate of nervous system diseases and reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions in other systems.

EXACT ERROR PROBABILITY OF ORTHOGONAL SPACE-TIME BLOCK CODES OVER FLAT FADING CHANNELS

Space time block coding is a modulation scheme recently discovered for the transmit an- tenna diversity to combat the effects of wireless fading channels. Using the equivalent Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) model, this paper presents closed-form expressions for the exact Symbol Error Rate (SER) and Bit Error Rate (BER) of Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (OSTBCs) with M-ary Phase-Shift Keying (MPSK) and M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (MQAM) over flat un- correlated Nakagami-m and Ricean fading channels.

Differential space-time modulation in rapidly fading channels

Previously proposed differential modulation schemes for time-varying channels may not achieve the full transmit diversity and the maximum Doppler diversity simultaneously. Based on an existing basis expansion model, a new differential space-time code, which wisely combines interleaver/de-interleaver with traditonal space-time transmitting technique to overcome such limitation, .is presented. Two noncoherent differential decoders, named decision-feedback differential detector （DF-DD） and Viterbi-algorithmbased multiple-symbol-detection differential detector （ MSD-DD）, are also derived. We show that our design may recover data symbols with full antenna diversity and the maximum Doppler diversity at high signal-to-noise ratio. System performance is evaluated with simulations.

Novel differential unitary space-time modulation schemes for fast fading channels

Differential unitary space-time modulation （DUSTM）, which obtains full transmit diversity in slowly fiat-fading channels without channel state iufonnation, has generated significant interests recently. To combat frequency-selective fading, DUSTM has been applied to each subcarrier of an OFDM system and DUSTM-OFDM system was proposed. Both DUSTM and DUSTM-OFDM, however, are designed for slowly fading channels and suffer performance deterioration in fast fading channels. In this paper, two novel differential unitary space-time modulation schemes are proposed for fast fading channels. For fast fiat-fading channels, a subatrix interleaved DUSTM （SMI-DUSTM） scheme is proposed, in which matrix-segmentation and sub-matrix based interleaving are introduced into DUSTM system. For fast frequency-selective fading channels, a differential unitary space-frequency modulation （DUSFM） scheme is proposed, in which existing unitary space-time codes are employed across transmit antennas and OFDM subcarriers simultaneouslv and differential modulation is performed between two adjacent OFDM blocks. Compared with DUSTM and DUSTM-OFDM schemes, SMI-DUSTM and DUSFM-OFDM are more robust to fast channel fading with low decoding complexity, which is demonstrated by performance analysis and simulation resuits.