美国星载边缘探索计算机Spaceborne Computer-2太空应用概况及启发

低成本、高性能、高可靠、智能化以及高实时性是未来太空计算机技术的重要特点。美国Spaceborne Computer-2(SBC-2)星载计算机集低成本、高性能、云端处理、软件抗加等优势于一体,具备星上实时高速计算、极端环境图像处理、故障数据保存和任务恢复等能力,可实现AI检测、太空边缘探索、极端环境预测、星上3D打印等功能。目前该计算机已圆满完成在轨各项测试试验任务,满足在轨实时计算处理、低延时数据传输、故障检测及任务恢复等要求,为太空边缘探索和人工智能应用发展奠定了基础。本文对SBC-2计算机发展现状、应用软件、硬件组成及主要用途进行概述,并初步探讨了其对国内星载高性能计算机发展的借鉴意义。

3D Target Localization Based on FrFT from Spaceborne Curve SAR

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)three-dimensional(3D)imaging technology can reconstruct the complete structure of observed targets and has been a hot topic.Compared with tomographic SAR,array interferometric SAR,and circular SAR,curve SAR can use less data to achieve 3D positioning of targets.Most existing algorithms for estimating Doppler frequency modulation(FM)rate are based on sub aperture partitioning,resulting in low computational efficiency.To address this,this article establishes a target height estimation model,which reflects the relation-ship between the height and the residual Doppler FM rate for spaceborne curve SAR.Then,a fast SAR 3D localization processing flow based on fractional Fourier transform(FrFT)is proposed.Experimental verification demonstrates that this method can estimate the Doppler FM of the target column by column,and the 3D position error for non-overlapping targets is controlled within 1 m.For overlapping points with an intensity ratio greater than 1.5,the root mean square error(RMSE)of the estimation results is around 5 m.If the separation between overlapping points is greater than 35 m,the RMSE decreases to approximately 2 m.

Study on New Generation Spaceborne Rain and Cloud Measuring Radar System Techniques

Dual-frequency and multi-polarization spaceborne rain and cloud measuring radar is the inevitable trend of remote sensing techniques.Techniques of new generation dual-frequency and multi-polarization spaceborne rain and cloud measuring radar are studied systematically.Radar block diagram and main parameters are presented.Antenna subsystem scheme is analyzed and antenna parameters are proposed.Central electronic device subsystem scheme is given and data rate of spaceborne radar is calculated.This paper is a meaningful try for carrying out spaceborne rain and cloud measuring radar design,acting as a reference to Chinese spaceborne rain and cloud measuring radar design and production in future.

A Method for Spaceborne Synthetic Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosol Optical Depth and Vegetation Reflectance

Spaceborne synthetic remote sensing of atmospheric aerosol optical depth and vegetation reflectance is very significant, but it remains to be a question unresolved yet. Based on the property of vegetation reflectance spectra from near ultra violet to near infrared and the sensitivity of outgoing radiance to vegetation reflectance and atmospheric aerosol optical depth, a new method for spaceborne synthetic remote sensing of the reflectance and the depth is proposed, and an iteration correlation inversion algorithm is developed in this paper. According to numerical experiment, effects of radiance error, error in aerosol imaginary index and vegetation medium inhomogeneity on retrieved result are analyzed. Inversion results show that the effect of error in aerosol imaginary index is very important. As the error of aerosol imaginary index is within 0.01, standard errors of aerosol optical depth and vegetation reflectance solutions for 14 spectral channels from 410 nm to 900 nm are respectively less than 0.063 and 0.023. And as the radiance error is within 2%, the standard errors are less than 0.023 and 0.0056.

Application of Spectral Angle Mapper Classification to Discriminate Hydrothermal Alteration in Southwest Birjand, Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Image Processing

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spectral Angle Mapper （SAM） classification method for determining the optimum threshold （maximum spectral angle） to unveil the hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to mineral deposits. The study area indicates good potential for Cu-Au porphyry, epithermal gold deposits and hydrothermal alteration well developed in arid and semiarid climates, which makes this region significant for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer （ASTER） image processing analysis. Given that achieving an acceptable mineral mapping requires knowing the alteration patterns, petrochemistry and petrogenesis of the igneous rocks while considering the effect of weathering, overprinting of supergene alteration, overprinting of hypogene alteration and host rock spectral mixing, SAM classification was implemented for argillic, sericitic, propylitic, alunitization, silicification and iron oxide zones of six previously known mineral deposits： Maherabad, a Cu-Au porphyry system; Sheikhabad, an upper part of Cu-Au porphyry system; Khoonik, an Intrusion related Au system; Barmazid, a low sulfidation epithermal system; Khopik, a Cu-Au porphyry system; and Hanish, an epithermal Au system. Thus, the investigation showed that although the whole alteration zones are affected by mixing, it is also possible to produce a favorable hydrothermal mineral map by such complementary data as petrology, petrochemistry and alteration patterns.

Wind vector retrieval algorithm from spaceborne lidar data

The principal purpose of this paper is to extract entire sea surface wind＇s information from spaceborne lidar, and particularly to utilize a appropriate algorithm for removing the interference information due to white caps and subsurface water. Wind speeds are obtained through empirical relationship with sea surface mean square slopes. Wind directions are derived from relationship between wind speeds and wind directions im plied in CMOD5n geophysical models function （GMF）. Whitecaps backscattering signals were distinguished with the help of lidar depolarization ratio measurements and rectified by whitecaps coverage equation. Subsurface water backscattering signals were corrected by means of inverse distance weighted （IDW） from neighborhood non-singular data with optimal subsurface water backscattering calibration parameters. To verify the algorithm reliably, it selected NDBC＇s TAO buoy-laying area as survey region in camparison with buoys＇ wind field data and METOP satellite ASCAT of 25 km single orbit wind field data after temporal-spa tial matching. Validation results showed that the retrieval algorithm works well in terms of root mean square error （RMSE） less than 2m/s and wind direction＇s RMSE less than 21 degree.

ESTIMATION OF DOPPLER CENTROID FREQUENCY IN SPACEBORNE SCANSAR

Doppler centroid frequency is an essential parameter in the imaging processing of the Scanning mode Synthetic Aperture Radar (ScanSAR). Inaccurate Doppler centroid frequency will result in ghost images in imaging result. In this letter, the principle and algorithms of Doppler centroid frequency estimation are introduced. Then the echo data of ScanSAR system is analyzed. Based on the algorithms of energy balancing and correlation Doppler estimator in the estimation of Doppler centroid frequency in strip mode SAR, an improved method for Doppler centroid frequency estimation in ScanSAR is proposed. The method has improved the accuracy of Doppler centroid frequency estimation in ScanSAR by zero padding between burst data. Finally, the proposed method is validated with the processing of ENVIronment SATellite Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ENVISAT ASAR) wide swath raw data.

Statistical Modeling with a Hidden Markov Tree and High-resolution Interpolation for Spaceborne Radar Reflectivity in the Wavelet Domain

With the increasing availability of precipitation radar data from space,enhancement of the resolution of spaceborne precipitation observations is important,particularly for hazard prediction and climate modeling at local scales relevant to extreme precipitation intensities and gradients.In this paper,the statistical characteristics of radar precipitation reflectivity data are studied and modeled using a hidden Markov tree(HMT)in the wavelet domain.Then,a high-resolution interpolation algorithm is proposed for spaceborne radar reflectivity using the HMT model as prior information.Owing to the small and transient storm elements embedded in the larger and slowly varying elements,the radar precipitation data exhibit distinct multiscale statistical properties,including a non-Gaussian structure and scale-to-scale dependency.An HMT model can capture well the statistical properties of radar precipitation,where the wavelet coefficients in each sub-band are characterized as a Gaussian mixture model(GMM),and the wavelet coefficients from the coarse scale to fine scale are described using a multiscale Markov process.The state probabilities of the GMM are determined using the expectation maximization method,and other parameters,for instance,the variance decay parameters in the HMT model are learned and estimated from high-resolution ground radar reflectivity images.Using the prior model,the wavelet coefficients at finer scales are estimated using local Wiener filtering.The interpolation algorithm is validated using data from the precipitation radar onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission satellite,and the reconstructed results are found to be able to enhance the spatial resolution while optimally reproducing the local extremes and gradients.

IMAGING AND MTI PROCESSING BASED ON DUAL-FREQUENCIES DUAL-APERTURES SPACEBORNE SAR

Based on dual-frequencies dual-apertures spaceborne SAR （Synthetic Aperture Radar）, a new SAR system with four receiving channels and two operation modes is presented in this paper, SAR imaging and Moving Target Indication （MTI） are studied in this system. High resolution imaging with wide swath is implemented by the Mode Ⅰ, and MTI is completed by the Mode Ⅱ. High azimuth resolution is achieved by the Displaced Phase Center （DPC） multibeam technique. And the Coherent Accumulation （CA） method, which combines dual channels data of different carrier frequency, is used to enhance the range resolution. For the data of different carrier frequency, the two aperture interferometric processing is executed to implement clutter cancellation, respectively. And the couple of clutter suppressed data are employed to implement Dual Carrier Frequency Conjugate Processing （DCFCP）, then both slow and fast moving targets detection can be completed, followed by moving target imaging. The simulation results show the validity of the signal processing method of this new SAR system.

Sparse flight spotlight mode 3-D imaging of spaceborne SAR based on sparse spectrum and principal component analysis

The spaceborne synthetic aperture radar(SAR)sparse flight 3-D imaging technology through multiple observations of the cross-track direction is designed to form the cross-track equivalent aperture,and achieve the third dimensionality recognition.In this paper,combined with the actual triple star orbits,a sparse flight spaceborne SAR 3-D imaging method based on the sparse spectrum of interferometry and the principal component analysis(PCA)is presented.Firstly,interferometric processing is utilized to reach an effective sparse representation of radar images in the frequency domain.Secondly,as a method with simple principle and fast calculation,the PCA is introduced to extract the main features of the image spectrum according to its principal characteristics.Finally,the 3-D image can be obtained by inverse transformation of the reconstructed spectrum by the PCA.The simulation results of 4.84 km equivalent cross-track aperture and corresponding 1.78 m cross-track resolution verify the effective suppression of this method on high-frequency sidelobe noise introduced by sparse flight with a sparsity of 49%and random noise introduced by the receiver.Meanwhile,due to the influence of orbit distribution of the actual triple star orbits,the simulation results of the sparse flight with the 7-bit Barker code orbits are given as a comparison and reference to illuminate the significance of orbit distribution for this reconstruction results.This method has prospects for sparse flight 3-D imaging in high latitude areas for its short revisit period.

A Chirp Scaling Algorithm for Spaceborne SAR System with Large Squint Angle

A new Chirp Scaling algorithm for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar(SAR) with large squint angle is presented and compared with the Range-Doppler algorithm and the algorithm in literatur [6] in the paper. The simulation results of processing point target echocs show that the algorithm developed in this paper can give more accurate image especially in the case of large squint angle.

ON STUDY OF SPACEBORNE SAR SYSTEMS BY SIMULATIONS

The mathematical model of spaceborne SAR systems and its computer simulationsare described. Results of computer simulations about range migration, range migration correction,azimuth weighting and signal generation/processing are given. This software can be used tosimulate the dynamic processes in spaceborne SAR systems, to develop new signal processingtechniques and to evaluate the performance of the designed system.

A NEW METHOD OF DOPPLER CENTROID ESTIMATION FOR SPACEBORNE SAR-AMPLITUDE CORRELATION METHOD

The linear relationship between Doppler centroid and range walking in spaceborne SAR data is analyzed, and a new method to estimate Doppler centroid is proposed, which is so called amplitude correlation method. Compared with clutter-lock method which is widely used now, the new method has much less computation burden and is able to give higher estimation accuracy for a quasi-homogeneous scene or a non-homogeneous scene. This is clearly verified by the experimental results of estimating Doppler centroid for SEASAT-A raw data.

星载SAR在轨成像高效处理系统硬件实现设计

星载合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)在轨成像技术是灾害检测、军事侦察等高时效遥感应用场景的关键手段,以现场可编程门阵列(Field-Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)+数字信号处理器(Digital Signal Processing/Processor,DSP)为处理核心是一种搭建星载SAR在轨成像系统的典型方案,在异构算力、能效比、灵活度等方面综合评价良好。但现有的FPGA+DSP系统在算法支持、大粒度处理、片上并行加速、复杂矩阵转置方面仍研究不足,成像性能仍然有较大提升空间。本文对支持大斜视、高分辨成像的非线性调频变标算法(Nonlinear Chirp Scaling Algorithm,NCS)算法进行分析,根据运算复杂度和类型将算法划分为主流程和辅助路程,以此为依据提出NCS算法在FPGA+DSP系统中的异构映射方案;针对多通道快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)处理后数据存储形式发生变换、难以流水处理的问题,提出基于时频抽取切换的多通道FFT协同处理方法,保证多通道FFT处理高效进行;针对不同粒度、不同并行度场景下转置需求复杂多变的问题,提出基于X-直接存储器访问(X-Direct Memory Access,XDMA)+片上分割转置的通用交叉转置方案。本文采用2片VX690T FPGA和2片FT6678 DSP为核心处理器研制了星载SAR成像板卡,实现了提出的系统设计方案。同时,本文搭建了基于模拟源+地检的验证环境,对条带/扫描/聚束/滑聚/TOPS模式的仿真点阵数据和条带/滑聚模式的实测数据进行处理。点阵数据的二维峰值旁瓣比约为-13.2 dB,二维积分旁瓣比约为-10.1 dB,成像质量良好;以条带模式为例,图像尺寸为32K×16K,基于NCS算法的平均成像时间为7.81 s,成像速度较现有方案大幅提升。

基于几何的星载探测雷达组网空中目标高度估计算法

星载探测雷达具有全球覆盖、全天候、全天时、不易受到攻击等优点,在预警防御系统中具有巨大潜力。单个星载探测雷达由于俯仰角误差过大,导致其不具备空中目标高度估计能力;准确的目标高度估计对改善目标定位精度及威胁估计能力等具有重要意义。考虑多部星载探测雷达组网,提出了一种基于几何的空中目标高度估计方法,并通过仿真验证方法的有效性。通过仿真比较了雷达探测区域不同位置目标高度估计精度的差别,为组网雷达系统设计等提供技术支撑。

星载激光雷达估测森林结构参数研究现状分析与展望

星载激光雷达系统可以覆盖机载系统难以到达的偏远地区,从机理上克服光学影像及合成孔径雷达测量的技术缺陷,为快速准确地获取林下地形、树高、生物量等森林结构参数提供了可靠的数据源。对现有的星载激光雷达技术观测体系进行综述,讨论了星载激光雷达数据估测多尺度森林结构参数的适用性,定量化分析现有星载激光雷达研究成果及存在的优缺点。最后,总结当前存在的问题,对星载激光雷达技术未来的前景和发展方向进行了展望。建议后续研究可进一步加大对反演不同森林结构参数、产品体系及标准规范、林业应用精度评价、林业用激光雷达参数设计等方面的深入研究。

利用双域推扫成像方法检测对地遥感动目标

针对星载双线阵相机对地运动目标检测中,双线阵系统成本高、时间和空间同步性差、检测精度低的问题,提出了一种基于单面阵CMOS的双域线阵相机推扫成像方法,利用CMOS时间延迟积分(TDI)技术在固定位置间隔开窗,实现双区域推扫成像;针对两路通道数据,进行序贯模式图像采集,形成独立完整的两幅长条带图像;通过建立的双域线阵TDI相机时间与位置函数,检测并分析高速运动目标的运动特性;基于卫星推扫地球成像原理,设计并搭建了一套TDI推扫式成像试验装置,进行了高速运动目标的速度检测。试验结果表明,在CMOS像元分辨率为4096×3072,视场角为16°0'34″,行频为998 Hz,开窗间隔为3056行的情况下,绝对速度误差小于0.445%,像移速度误差为2.323 pixel/s,保证了时空同步性,进而提高检测精度,验证了本文方法的可行性。

应用卷积神经网络VGG16的星载GNSS-R海冰检测

针对全球卫星导航系统反射计(global navigation satellite system-reflection,GNSS-R)海冰检测中延迟-多普勒图(delay-Doppler map,DDM)数据噪声大、消融期精度低等问题,提出将VGG16卷积神经网络模型应用于海冰检测。通过深层的网络结构提取DDM多层次特征进行海冰海水分类,以提高海冰检测的精度和稳定性。实验结果表明,与美国国家海洋和大气管理局地表类型数据对比,所提出的基于VGG16海冰检测方法检测准确率为98.02%,有效提升了海冰检测的准确率和稳定性。

空间引力波探测望远镜指向偏差地面高精度测量技术研究

星载望远镜是实现空间引力波探测的核心组成部分。由于各星座之间传输距离达到109 m量级,对望远镜指向精度提出了nrad量级的严苛要求,而指向偏差高精度测量和定标就成为实现空间引力波探测星载望远镜高精度指向的前提。为实现星载望远镜指向偏差地面测试及传感器定标需求,本文提出基于哈特曼原理的新型指向偏差高精度测量方法,采用多子孔径空间复用思想降低各类随机误差对测量精度的影响,显著提升了指向偏差测量精度。本文根据传感器参数与指向偏差测量精度之间的定量关系,对哈特曼传感器参数进行了分析优化,并分析了星载望远镜指向偏差测量精度。研究结果表明:采用基于哈特曼原理的多子孔径空间复用方法,可以实现对星载望远镜指向偏差0.62nrad的高精度测量,为空间引力波探测望远镜地面测试及在轨传感器定标提供了可行途径和参考。

基于强化学习的空间引力波探测望远镜系统外杂光抑制研究

引力波望远镜其收集的空间目标光信号能量远小于杂散光能量,为了保证引力波望远镜的正常工作,需要保证较好的杂光抑制效果。又由于散射光线的不确定性,光机系统本身的复杂性,杂光抑制方案的确定往往需要复杂的数学公式计算以及丰富的经验与充足时间进行仿真迭代。本文提出了一种基于强化学习的杂光抑制策略,针对空间引力波探测望远镜系统中的环境杂光问题,采用蒙特卡洛光线追迹方法进行分析和处理。通过制定有效的杂光抑制措施,实现了对该系统中杂光的有效控制。仿真结果验证了该方法在空间引力波探测望远镜系统中杂光抑制方面的优异性能,展示了其具有良好杂光抑制效果的潜力。这一研究为解决空间引力波探测和其他高精度光学系统中的杂光问题提供了一种高效、灵活的新方法,具有广泛的应用潜力。