Text categorization based on fuzzy classification rules tree

To deal with the problem that arises when the conventional fuzzy class-association method applies repetitive scans of the classifier to classify new texts,which has low efficiency, a new approach based on the FCR-tree（fuzzy classification rules tree）for text categorization is proposed.The compactness of the FCR-tree saves significant space in storing a large set of rules when there are many repeated words in the rules.In comparison with classification rules,the fuzzy classification rules contain not only words,but also the fuzzy sets corresponding to the frequencies of words appearing in texts.Therefore,the construction of an FCR-tree and its structure are different from a CR-tree.To debase the difficulty of FCR-tree construction and rules retrieval,more k-FCR-trees are built.When classifying a new text,it is not necessary to search the paths of the sub-trees led by those words not appearing in this text,thus reducing the number of traveling rules.Experimental results show that the proposed approach obviously outperforms the conventional method in efficiency.

On Language, Culture and Diversity in Spain

The Iberian Peninsula was first inhabited by Celts, Iberians, Carthaginians, Romans, Visigoths, and later Berbers. How is it possible that in a spam of only 50 years, the Berbers were able to go pass the Pyrenees and practically ruled what today is Portugal, Spain, and region of France？ This article attempts to uncover the sociological aspects that helped the Berbers and Arabs rule the Iberian Peninsula quite rapidly. It was due to the commonalities and not the differences that Spain＇s political leaders went from Arian Visigoths to Muslims for the next 800 years. Ignacio Olague＇s book La Revoluci6n Isldmica en Occidente （The Islamic Revolution in the West）, also translated as Les Arabes N＇ont Jamais Envahi l＇Espagne （The Arabs Never Invaded Spain）, serves as one instrument to shed light to how this historical event took place. The result of this fusion of cultures not only created a rich civilization that would planted the seeds of the Renaissance three centuries before it began in Italy, but also contributed to the formation of a new language （between 720-750 AD）： El castellano o espahol （Spanish language）, which today is the official language in 21 st countries.

A New Approach of Feature Selection for Text Categorization

This paper proposes a new approach of feature selection based on the independent measure between features for text categorization. A fundamental hypothesis that occurrence of the terms in documents is independent of each other, widely used in the probabilistic models for text categorization （TC）, is discussed. However, the basic hypothesis is incom plete for independence of feature set. From the view of feature selection, a new independent measure between features is designed, by which a feature selection algorithm is given to ob rain a feature subset. The selected subset is high in relevance with category and strong in independence between features, satisfies the basic hypothesis at maximum degree. Compared with other traditional feature selection method in TC （which is only taken into the relevance account）, the performance of feature subset selected by our method is prior to others with experiments on the benchmark dataset of 20 Newsgroups.

Comparison of Text Categorization Algorithms

This paper summarizes several automatic text categorization algorithms in common use recently, analyzes and compares their advantages and disadvantages. It provides clues for making use of appropriate automatic classifying algorithms in different fields. Finally some evaluations and summaries of these algorithms are discussed, and directions to further research have been pointed out. Key words text categorization - naive bayes - KNN - SVM - neural network CLC number TP 391 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (70031010) and the Research Foundation of Beijing Institute of TechnologyBiography: SHI Yong-feng (1980-), male, Master candidate, research direction: web information mining.

Water Yield and Sediment Yield Simulations for Teba Catchment in Spain Using SWRRB Model: Ⅰ. Model Input and Simulation Experiment

Water yield and sediment yield in the Teba catchment, Spain, weresimulated using SWRRB (Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins)model. The model is composed of 198 mathematical equations. About 120items (variables) were input for the simulation, includingmeteorological and climatic factors, hydrologic factors, topographicfactors, parent materials, soils, vegetation, human activities, etc.The simulated results involved surface runoff, subsurface runoff,sediment, peak flow, evapotranspiration, soil water, total biomass,etc. Careful and thorough input data preparation and repeatedsimulation experiments are the key to get the accurate results. Inthis work in the simulation accuracy for annual water yieldprediction reached to 83.68/100.

Reassessment of Prejanopterus curvirostris, a Basal Pterodactyloid Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Spain

Prejanopterus curvirostra, from the Early Cretaceous of La Rioja province, was the first pterosaur genus and species described from Spain. The material comprises disarticulated cranial and postcranial remains from several individuals. The fossil-bearing bed is assigned to the lacustrine Leza Formation （eastern Cameros Basin, NW margin of the Iberian Range）. This unit is regarded as either Berriasian-Valanginian or Barremian-Aptian. Prejanopterus curvirostris （specific name emended） was originally diagnosed on the basis of several characters of which the most significant was a lateral curvature of the rostrum. Re-examination of the holotype （rostrum） and paratype （partial rostrum with teeth） indicates that there is no genuine sideways bend of the preserved premaxilla-maxilla segments, but a slight dorsal curvature. Prejanopterus is characterized by a unique combination of characters： an emended diagnosis is provided. In contrast with previous estimates, the wing span of Prejanopterus was probably not much （if ever） in excess of 2 m. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that Prejanopterus is a basal pterodactyloid positioned between Pterodactylus and Cycnorhamphus- Gallodactylus. Prejanopterus represents the first evidence of Pterodactylidae in the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula.

Lazy learner text categorization algorithm based on embedded feature selection

To avoid the curse of dimensionality, text categorization （TC） algorithms based on machine learning （ML） have to use an feature selection （FS） method to reduce the dimensionality of feature space. Although having been widely used, FS process will generally cause information losing and then have much side-effect on the whole performance of TC algorithms. On the basis of the sparsity characteristic of text vectors, a new TC algorithm based on lazy feature selection （LFS） is presented. As a new type of embedded feature selection approach, the LFS method can greatly reduce the dimension of features without any information losing, which can improve both efficiency and performance of algorithms greatly. The experiments show the new algorithm can simultaneously achieve much higher both performance and efficiency than some of other classical TC algorithms.

A Text Categorization System with Soft Real-Time Guarantee

In order to provide predictable runtime performante for text categorization （TC） systems, an innovative system design method is proposed for soft real time TC systems. An analyzable mathematical model is established to approximately describe the nonlinear and time-varying TC systems. According to this mathematical model, the feedback control theory is adopted to prove the system＇s stableness and zero steady state error. The experiments result shows that the error of deadline satisfied ratio in the system is kept within 4 of the desired value. And the number of classifiers can be dynamically adjusted by the system itself to save the computa tion resources. The proposed methodology enables the theo retical analysis and evaluation to the TC systems, leading to a high-quality and low cost implementation approach.

Identification and Categorization of Climate Change Risks

The scientific evidence that climate is changing due to greenhouse gas emission is now incontestable, which may put many social, biological, and geophysical systems in the world at risk. In this paper, we first identified main risks induced from or aggravated by climate change. Then we categorized them applying a new risk categorization system brought forward by Renn in a framework of International Risk Governance Council. We proposed that ＂uncertainty＂ could be treated as the classification criteria. Based on this, we established a quantitative method with fuzzy set theory, in which ＂confidence＂ and ＂likelihood＂, the main quantitative terms for expressing uncertainties in IPCC, were used as the feature parameters to construct the fuzzy membership functions of four risk types. According to the maximum principle, most climate change risks identified were classified into the appropriate risk types. In the mean time, given that not all the quantitative terms are available, a qualitative approach was also adopted as a complementary classification method. Finally, we get the preliminary results of climate change risk categorization, which might iay the foundation for the future integrated risk management of climate change.

COVID‑19 and tourism sector stock price in Spain:medium‑term relationship through dynamic regression models

The global pandemic,coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),has significantly affected tourism,especially in Spain,as it was among the first countries to be affected by the pandemic and is among the world’s biggest tourist destinations.Stock market values are responding to the evolution of the pandemic,especially in the case of tourist companies.Therefore,being able to quantify this relationship allows us to predict the effect of the pandemic on shares in the tourism sector,thereby improving the response to the crisis by policymakers and investors.Accordingly,a dynamic regression model was developed to predict the behavior of shares in the Spanish tourism sector according to the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in the medium term.It has been confirmed that both the number of deaths and cases are good predictors of abnormal stock prices in the tourism sector.

Financial Dependence and Economic Growth in Spain

The authors intend to contribute in this paper towards a debate on the consequences of external financing needs of small and medium enterprises （SMEs） regarding its economic growth. The authors＇ research differs for using like proxy of external financing dependence of SMEs the flows of investments that cannot be financed with generated cash flows. The results thus obtained show that financial dependence accounts for economic growth of SMEs, and that there are other variables of control of significance such as those of financial development. The authors present evidence on better soundness achievement about conclusions pertaining to SMEs if they obtained results emerge from independent sub-sectors in SMEs, especially in those countries with a higher percentage of small-sized companies, which do not answer in the same way to the considered model

Diversity and Phenology of the Braconid Community (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Mediterranean Protected Landscape of Sierra Calderona (Spain)

The diversity of the Braconidae subfamilies (Hymenoptera) in the protected landscape of the Natural Park of Sierra Calderona (Eastern Spain) is analysed. Samplings have been carried out along 2010 in three different habitats: almond crop, Oak forest (Quercus suber L.) and Pine forest (Pinus halepensis Miller). In total, 2166 braconid specimens, belonging to 23 subfamilies, have been captured. Alpha, beta and gamma diversities are analysed. As a result, almond crop habitat is proven to show the greatest diversity. The structure of the community and the phenology in each habitat are also analysed.

Preliminary study of natural reservoirs as sentinels of <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>and <i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i>in Soria, northern Spain

The serum of foxes and red deer from the Province of Soria (northern Spain) was screened in indirect immunofluorescence assays to determine whether these animals could be used as sentinels of the tick-borne pathogens Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. The results suggest that foxes and red deer would not make good sentinels in epidemiological studies on E. chaffeensis in this region, although red deer could be used as such for the study of A. phagocytophilum transmission.

Paleoclimate reconstruction during MIS5a based on a speleothem from Nerja Cave, Málaga, South Spain

Speleothems from Nerja Cave in southern Spain provide a record during interglacial period MIS5a. Period of speleothem deposition occurred from 70,000 90,000 yr ago. Oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD) isotope ratios of speleothem and fluid inclusions enable the reconstruction of climatic variability in this region of southern Spain. Fluid inclusions trapped in speleothems represent samples of drip water from which the speleothems grew. The isotopic compositions of cave dripwaters approximate average annual δ18O and δD of precipitation, therefore δ18O can be calculated from D/H of inclusion water using the MWL relationship δD = 8δ18O + 10. The measurements of the δD values of fluid-inclusion water and δ18O values from speleothems have been applied to paleoclimate reconstruction in Southern Spain indicating a colder condition than at present.

The Burden of Hospitalisations for Herpes Zoster Ophtalmicus in Spain (1997-2008)

Purpose: This epidemiological retrospective survey aims to provide population-based estimates of the burden of hospitalisation for herpes zoster ophthalmicus in Spain during a twelve-year period (1997-2008). Methods: All hospital discharges and deaths related to herpes zoster ophthalmicus in patients older than 30 years old from 1997 to 2008 in Spain were obtained. Differences in proportions were assessed by the Chi-square test. ANOVA was used for multiple comparisons. Poisson regression was used to assess differences in the rates. Results: A total of 3029 hospital discharges in patients older than 30 years old were coded as herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Of those, 1009 were coded as primary cause of hospitalization. This corresponds to a hospitalization rate of 0.94 and 0.31 hospitalizations per 100,000 for any position and first diagnostic position, respectively. The 75% of the total discharges were in immunocompetent patients. The herpes zoster ophthalmicus hospitalization rate increased significantly during the study period. This increase was also observed for immunocompetent patients. A total of 127 and 21 deaths occurred in patients ≥ 30 year-old hospitalized with herpes zoster ophthalmicus in any diagnostic position and principal diagnostic code, respectively during the 12-year study period. Of them, 70 (53.4%) were in immunocompetent patients, and, of those 11 were in patients with HZO in the first diagnosis position. The hospitalization rate and case-fatality rate increase significantly with age from 50 years old onwards. Conclusion: HZO, a vaccine preventable disease, still causes hospitalization and death in adults in Spain.

Current situation of Giardia infection in Spain: Implications for public health

Giardia is an enteric protozoan that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts, being considered a major causative agent of gastrointestinal disease in humans in both developing and developed countries. Giardia infection has also a significant impact on livestock health, causing diarrhoea and resulting in significant economic lost. Transmission is either direct, through the faecal-oral route, or indirect, through ingestion of contaminated water or food. In this article, we review current knowledge about the epidemiology of giardiasis in different populations in Spain, including humans, livestock, companion animals, and wildlife. Environmental contamination of surface waters and raw foods by Giardia cysts is also addressed. Special relevance has been given to the data available on the molecular characterization of the Giardia isolates obtained from clinical and environmental samples, as determining thespecies/assemblages and subassemblages involved is essential for accurately identifying the parasite and assessing zoonotic transmission. The public health significance of these findings has also been thoroughly discussed.

Acceptance of living liver donation among medical students: A multicenter stratified study from Spain

AIM: To analyze the attitude of Spanish medical students toward living liver donation (LLD) and to establish which factors have an influence on this attitude.METHODS: Study type: A sociological, interdisciplinary, multicenter and observational study. Study population: Medical students enrolled in Spain (n = 34000) in the university academic year 2010-2011. Sample size: A sample of 9598 students stratified by geographical area and academic year. Instrument used to measure attitude: A validated questionnaire (PCID-DVH RIOS) was self-administered and completed anonymously. Data collection procedure: Randomly selected medical schools. The questionnaire was applied to each academic year at compulsory sessions. Statistical analysis: Student´s t test, χ2 test and logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: The completion rate was 95.7% (n = 9275). 89% (n = 8258) were in favor of related LLD, and 32% (n = 2937) supported unrelated LLD. The following variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude: (1) age (P = 0.008); (2) sex (P < 0.001); (3) academic year (P < 0.001); (4) geographical area (P = 0.013); (5) believing in the possibility of needing a transplant oneself in the future (P < 0.001); (6) attitude toward deceased donation (P < 0.001); (7) attitude toward living kidney donation (P < 0.001); (8) acceptance of a donated liver segment from a family member if one were needed (P < 0.001); (9) having discussed the subject with one’s family (P < 0.001) and friends (P < 0.001); (10) a partner’s opinion about the subject (P < 0.001); (11) carrying out activities of an altruistic nature; and (12) fear of the possible mutilation of the body after donation (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Spanish medical students have a favorable attitude toward LLD.

Research of Web Pages Categorization

In this paper, we discuss several issues related to automated classification of web pages, especially text classification of web pages. We analyze features selection and categorization algorithms of web pages and give some suggestions for web pages categorization.

Determination of a Gravimetric Geoid Solution for Andalusia (South Spain)

The orthometric heights can be obtained without levelling by means of the ellipsoidal and geoidal heights. For engineering purposes, these orthometric heights must be determined with high accuracy. For this reason, the determination of a high-resolution geoid is necessary. In Andalusia (South Spain) a new geopotential model (EIGEN-GL04C) has been available since the publication of a more recent regional geoid. As a consequence, these new data bring about improvements that ought to be included in a new regional geoid of Andalusia. With this aim in mind, a new gravimetric geoid determination has been carried out, in which these new data have been included. Thus, a new geoid is provided as a data grid distributed for the South Spain area from 36 to 39 degrees of latitude and –7 to –1 degrees of longitude (extending to 3 × 6 degrees), in a 120 × 240 regular grid with a mesh size of 1.5’ × 1.5’ and 28800 points in the GRS80 reference system. This calculated geoid and previous geoids are compared to the geoid undulations obtained for 262 GPS/levelling points, distributed within the study area. The new geoid shows an improvement in accuracy and reliability, fitting the geoidal heights determined for these GPS-levelling points better than any previous geoid.

An examination of the presence and topography of the D'' discontinuity under the Russia–Kazakhstan border region using seismic waveform data from a deep earthquake in Spain

The D＇＇ layer,which is located atop the core–mantle boundary,has long been an area of focus for global seismology studies. A widely used approach to study the discontinuities in the D＇＇ layer involves the use of the SdS phases between the S and ScS phases,which requires that certain stringent conditions be satisfied with respect to an epicentral distance and earthquake depth. Therefore,this approach is only practical for investigating the presence and topography of velocity interfaces in certain local regions around the world. The Russia–Kazakhstan border region has been a ‘‘blind spot＇＇ with respect to this detection method. The seismic network deployed in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau has recorded relatively clear SdS phases for the MS6.3 earthquake that occurred in Spain on April 11,2010,allowing this blind spot to be studied. This paper compares the observed waveforms and synthetics and uses the travel times of the relevant phases to obtain a D＇＇ discontinuity depth between2,610 and 2,740 km in the examined area. This study provides the first results regarding the depth of the D＇＇ layer discontinuity for this region and represents an important addition to the global studies of the D＇＇ layer.