Design Framework of Unsourced Multiple Access for 6G Massive IoT

In this paper,ambient IoT is used as a typical use case of massive connections for the sixth generation(6G)mobile communications where we derive the performance requirements to facilitate the evaluation of technical solutions.A rather complete design of unsourced multiple access is proposed in which two key parts:a compressed sensing module for active user detection,and a sparse interleaver-division multiple access(SIDMA)module are simulated side by side on a same platform at balanced signal to noise ratio(SNR)operating points.With a proper combination of compressed sensing matrix,a convolutional encoder,receiver algorithms,the simulated performance results appear superior to the state-of-the-art benchmark,yet with relatively less complicated processing.

Analysis and Simulation for Capacity of Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access System

Capcity both in uplink and downlink of TD-SCDMA (time division-synchronous code division multiple access) system is studied in a multi-cell environment. The theoretical expressions of the mean of intercell interference in uplink and the mean of sum of power allocation in downlink are given, by which uplink and downlink capacity is analyzed. Furthermore, we give the simulation models for both uplink and downlink capacity. The results from theoretical analysis and simulation fit very well. In the end, the maximum number of users that TD-SCDMA system can serve for 12.2 k speech service is given.

Polar Coded Iterative Multiuser Detection for Sparse Code Multiple Access System

Polar coded sparse code multiple access(SCMA) system is conceived in this paper. A simple but new iterative multiuser detection framework is proposed, which consists of a message passing algorithm(MPA) based multiuser detector and a soft-input soft-output(SISO) successive cancellation(SC) polar decoder. In particular, the SISO polar decoding process is realized by a specifically designed soft re-encoder, which is concatenated to the original SC decoder. This soft re-encoder is capable of reconstructing the soft information of the entire polar codeword based on previously detected log-likelihood ratios(LLRs) of information bits. Benefiting from the soft re-encoding algorithm, the resultant iterative detection strategy is able to obtain a salient coding gain. Our simulation results demonstrate that significant improvement in error performance is achieved by the proposed polar-coded SCMA in additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN) channels, where the performance of the conventional SISO belief propagation(BP) polar decoder aided SCMA, the turbo coded SCMA and the low-density parity-check(LDPC) coded SCMA are employed as benchmarks.

Sparse Code Multiple Access-Towards Massive Connectivity and Low Latency 5G Communications

Sparse code multiple access(SCMA) is a novel non-orthogonal multiple access technology considered as a key component in 5G air interface design. In SCMA, the incoming bits are directly mapped to multi-dimensional constellation vectors known as SCMA codewords, which are then mapped onto blocks of physical resource elements in a sparse manner. The number of codewords that can be non-orthogonally multiplexed in each SCMA block is much larger than the number of resource elements therein, so the system is overloaded and can support larger number of users. The joint optimization of multi-dimensional modulation and low density spreading in SCMA codebook design ensures the SCMA receiver to recover the coded bits with high reliability and low complexity. The flexibility in design and the robustness in performance further prove SCMA to be a promising technology to meet the 5G communication demands such as massive connectivity and low latency transmissions.

Performance analysis of quantum access network using code division multiple access model

A quantum access network has been implemented by frequency division multiple access and time division multiple access, while code division multiple access is limited for its difficulty to realize the orthogonality of the code. Recently,the chaotic phase shifters were proposed to guarantee the orthogonality by different chaotic signals and spread the spectral content of the quantum states. In this letter, we propose to implement the code division multiple access quantum network by using chaotic phase shifters and synchronization. Due to the orthogonality of the different chaotic phase shifter, every pair of users can faithfully transmit quantum information through a common channel and have little crosstalk between different users. Meanwhile, the broadband spectra of chaotic signals efficiently help the quantum states to defend against channel loss and noise.

Joint power control based on service factor for code division multiple access system

An important feature of the traffic in mobile networks is burstiness. Drawbacks of conventional power control algorithms for time division duplex （TDD）-code division multiple access （CDMA） systems are analyzed. A joint power control algorithm based on service factor is presented to address the TDD-CDMA mobile services in the burst mode according to the Markov modulated Bernoulli process. The joint power control equation is derived. A function model is developed to verify the new algorithm and evaluate its performance. Simulation results show that the new power control algorithm can estimate interference strength more precisely, speed up convergence of power control, and enhance power efficiency and system capacity. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is more robust against link gain changes, and outperforms the reference algorithms.

Performance Analysis of Multiple User Optical Code Division Multiple Access

In this paper, we discuss and analyze an optical code division multiple access for multiple user system. Media access control implementation has been considered. For fulfilling the huge need of bandwidth services, technology tends to move to optical networks and three major optical systems come into existence. Code division of the optical network is most used and real concept interacted with users up to this time. Optical code division multiple access provides complete spectrum to each and every user for the time of accessing the channel. In the paper, we have proposed network architecture with optical encoder and decoder along with optical code translator which is supporting multiple user systems. We integrate the code translator with encoding and decoding of optical code to use the optical network at full extent and present the simulation validation results of 6 Gb/s 3-hop transmission by use of proposed architecture. Further, we have implemented experimentation with 6 users 3 Gb/s optical code division multiple access network. Through simulation structure, it is shown that the combination of encoding with EDFA in multiple user environment system provides improvement in bit error rate and also improves the multiple access interference. With increase of users in the network, MAI value increases and our proposed scheme controls interference in the network.

Reservation-based dynamic admission control scheme for wideband code division multiple access systems

Call admission control (CAC) and resource reservation (RR) for mobile communication are two important factors that guarantee system efficiency and quality of service (QoS) required for different services in a very scarce resource as the radio spectrum. A new scheme was proposed which extends the concepts of resource sharing and reservations for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) systems with a unique feature of soft capacity. Voice and data traffic were considered. The traffic is further classified into handoff and new requests. The reservation thresholds were dynamically adjusted according to the traffic pattern and mobility prediction in order to achieve the maximum channel utilization, while guaranteeing different QoS constraints. The performance of proposed scheme was evaluated using Markov models. New call blocking probability, handoff call dropping probability, and channel utilization were used as benchmarks for the proposed scheme.

A multiple copyright identification watermarking algorithm based on code division multiple access

A multiple watermarking algorithm is presented according to the multiple accessing technique of thecode division multiple access (CDMA) system.Multiple watermarks are embedded into digital images inthe wavelet transform domain.Each of the watermarks is embedded and extracted independently withoutimpacts to each other.Multiple watermarks are convolution encoded and block interleaved,and the or-thogonal Gold sequences are used to spread spectrum of the copyright messages.CDMA encoded water-mark messages are embedded into the wavelet sub-bands excluding the wavelet HH1 sub-bands.The em-bedment amplitude is decided by Watson's perceptual model of wavelet transform domain,and the em-bedment position in the selected wavelet sub-bands is decided randomly by a pseudo-random noise (PN)sequence.As a blind watermarking algorithm,watermarks are extracted without original image.The wa-termarking capacity of proposed algorithm is also discussed.When two watermarks are embedded in animage at the same time,the capacity is larger than the capacity when a single watermark is embedded,and is smaller than the sum of the capacity of two separately embedded watermarks.Experimental resultsshow that the proposed algorithm improves the detection bits error rate (BER) observably,and the multi-pie watermarks have a preferable robustness and invisibility.

BER Performance of Space-Time Coded MMSE DFE for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)

In recent times, there has been growing interests in integration of voice, data and video traffic in wireless communication networks. With these growing interests, WCDMA has immerged as an attractive access technique. The performance of WCDMA system is deteriorated in presence of multipath fading environment. The paper presents space-time coded minimum mean square error (MMSE) Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) in a frequency selective channel. The filter coefficients in MMSE DFE are optimized to suppress noise, intersymbol interference (ISI), and multiple access interference (MAI) with reasonable system complexity. For the above structure, we have presented the estimation of BER for a MMSE DFE using computer simulation experiments. The simulation includes the effects of additive white Gaussian noise, multipath fading and multiple access interference (MAI). Furthermore, the performance is compared with standard linear equalizer (LE) and RAKE receiver. Numerical and simulation results show that the MMSE DFE exhibits significant performance improvement over the standard linear equalizer (LE) and RAKE receiver.

A Low Complexity VCS Method for PAPR Reduction in Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access

This paper investigates a peak to average power ratio （PAPR） reduction method in multicarrier code division multiple access （MC-CDMA） system. Variable code sets （VCS）, a spreading codes selection scheme, can improve the PAPR property of the MC-CDMA signals, but this technique requires an exhaustive search over the combinations of spreading code sets. It is observed that when the number of active users increases, the search complexity will increase exponentially. Based on this fact, we propose a low complexity VCS （LC-VCS） method to reduce the computational complexity. The basic idea of LC-VCS is to derive new signals using the relationship between candidature signals. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can reduce PAPR with lower comtational pucomplexity. In addition, it can be blindly received without any side information.

压缩感知辅助的低复杂度SCMA系统优化设计

稀疏码多址接入(SCMA)技术是一项备受重视的基于码域的非正交多址接入(NOMA)技术。针对现有SCMA码本设计中未能结合数据和解码器性质以及MPA复杂度较高的问题,该文提出一种压缩感知辅助的低复杂度SCMA系统优化设计方案。首先以系统误码率为优化目标,设计一种码本自更新方法用于实现低复杂度检测器,该方法在稀疏向量重构训练过程中使用梯度下降法实现码本的自更新。其次,设计一种压缩感知辅助的多用户检测算法:符号判决正交匹配追踪(SD-OMP)算法。通过在发射端对发射信号进行稀疏化处理,在接收端利用压缩感知技术对多用户的稀疏信号进行高效的检测和重构,达到减少用户间的冲突和降低系统复杂度的目的。仿真结果表明,在高斯信道条件下,压缩感知辅助的低复杂度SCMA系统优化设计方案能够有效降低多用户检测的复杂度,且在系统用户部分活跃时能够表现出较好的误码率性能。

基于合并码本的码字位置序号调制SCMA方案

为满足后5G及未来6G时代对通信系统可靠性及频谱效率(spectral efficiency,SE)的严苛要求,针对上行稀疏码多址接入(sparse code multiple access,SCMA)系统,提出了一种基于合并码本的码字位置序号调制SCMA方案。该方案在时域拓展码字位置,使得码字位置全填充且由其序号携带额外信息比特,并能通过改变码字位置数和序号调制阶数灵活调整系统的谱效。此外,设计了基于消息传递算法(message passing algorithm,MPA)的联合检测算法,并给出了合并码本设计准则。系统分析及仿真结果表明,相较于其他序号调制方案,所提方案更好地兼顾了可靠性与SE,在误比特率(bit error rate,BER)性能与鲁棒性方面都有优势。

Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Adaptive Multiple Access Schemes Underwater Wireless Networks

Achieving sound communication systems in Under Water Acoustic(UWA)environment remains challenging for researchers.The communication scheme is complex since these acoustic channels exhibit uneven characteristics such as long propagation delay and irregular Doppler shifts.The development of machine and deep learning algorithms has reduced the burden of achieving reli-able and good communication schemes in the underwater acoustic environment.This paper proposes a novel intelligent selection method between the different modulation schemes such as Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA),Time Divi-sion Multiple Access(TDMA),and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM)techniques using the hybrid combination of the convolutional neural net-works(CNN)and ensemble single feedforward layers(SFL).The convolutional neural networks are used for channel feature extraction,and boosted ensembled feedforward layers are used for modulation selection based on the CNN outputs.The extensive experimentation is carried out and compared with other hybrid learning models and conventional methods.Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed hybrid learning model has achieved nearly 98%accuracy and a 30%increase in BER performance which outperformed the other learning models in achieving the communication schemes under dynamic underwater environments.

基于SCMA的无人机中继辅助上行通信方案

为提高蜂窝通信系统的上行总吞吐量,在满足用户服务质量需求的前提下,提出了一种基于稀疏码多址接入(sparse code multiple access,SCMA)的无人机中继辅助上行通信方案,通过部署无人机增强网络覆盖,并利用SCMA提高系统传输性能。根据用户的分布和概率视距传输模型,通过交替优化码本、功率和无人机坐标,确定无人机的3维部署位置;进行资源优化后,根据信道状态信息,对子载波进行配对并迭代码本、功率,以获得优化的码本和功率分配方案。仿真结果表明,提出的方案能够有效提高上行吞吐量,并满足用户的服务质量需求。

基于阈值和区间筛选的SCMA多用户检测算法

在5G通信用户信息高吞吐量和大规模连接应用场景下,稀疏多址接入(sparse code multiple access,SCMA)可用于改善5G智慧场景通信质量。为了降低SCMA系统检测端算法复杂度,基于Max-log-MPA算法,提出了一种基于单阈值门限和区间范围的多参数组合设定的消息传递算法。在用户信息值迭代运算前利用门限阈值进行判断,当满足设定条件后方可参与算法的迭代过程,迭代计算过程中再次设定区间参数进行过滤筛选,使得通信场景所需的用户节点概率值参与计算,用户信息得到译码,2部分参数均可一定程度筛选用户信息值,从而达到降低算法复杂度的目的。仿真结果表明,提出的算法收敛速度和算法复杂度明显优于消息传递算法(message passing algorithm,MPA),误比特率(bit error ratio,BER)性能损失也可得到保证,在误码率性能和算法复杂度权衡之间有灵活的参数组合方案,具有很强的适应性。

一种非二进制LDPC与SCMA系统的联合检测译码方案

针对现有的一些低密度奇偶校验码(low-density parity code,LDPC)与稀疏码多址(sparse code multiple access,SCMA)系统联合检测方案复杂度高、误码率高、传输时延大、收敛速度慢的问题,提出一个非二进制低密度奇偶校验码(non-binary lowdensity parity code,NB-LDPC)与SCMA系统的联合检测译码(joint detection decoding,JDD)方案。在SCMA多用户检测部分改进基于阈值辅助的期望传播算法(expect propagation algorithm,EPA),在LDPC部分采用NB-LDPC并且在两节点更新过程选取部分消息状态值来改进译码算法,同时,利用联合因子图在联合检测译码信息交互时加入一种消息阻尼因子来提高收敛速度,最终完成联合检测译码过程。通过多角度仿真发现,该方案降低了复杂度和误码率,减小了传输时延,提高了收敛速度,并且在不同码本下均验证了所提方案的适用性。

艾森斯坦整数优化的SCMA码本设计方法

第五代移动通信(5G)技术具有极高的数据传输速率并支持海量数据连接,然而传统的正交接入技术无法保证资源的高效利用。稀疏码分多址接入(SCMA)技术是一种非正交多址技术,通过资源块的有效分配保证了海量用户信息的可靠传输。在SCMA技术中,码本起着至关重要的作用。为了解决传统码本设计方法存在的误码率降低受限问题,通过艾森斯坦整数对资源块上的母星座进行构造,并引入网格编码调制技术(TCM)的子集分割思想,从而提出一种艾森斯坦整数优化(EIO)码本设计方法。仿真结果表明,在相同条件下,相比华为码本、传统艾森斯坦整数码本及TCM码本,EIO码本可以达到更低的误码率,为SCMA技术提供了一个可行的码本设计方法。

基于用户服务质量和能效的SCMA资源分配

为提高移动通信中用户服务质量(QoS:Quality of Service),解决系统总能效和用户服务质量不能兼顾的问题,以稀疏码多址接入(SCMA:Spare Code Multiple Access)下行链路为应用场景提出了一种基于用户服务质量和能效的资源分配方案,将系统的容量和能耗作为主要方向进行优化。使用贪婪算法对用户进行码本分配,采用丁克尔巴赫理论(GDA:Generalized Dinkelbach’s Algorithm)将其转化为一个凸优化问题进行迭代求解,以本次计算得出的用户最低服务速率作为下一轮运算的系统最低服务速度重复进行用户码本和能耗轮换计算,直到系统中用户最低通信速度变化低于预设值或达到最大运算次数为止,使系统的容量及能耗达到较好的情况。通过理论分析和仿真结果表明,所提出的SCMA分配方案能有效提升下行链路的用户的通信速率和系统能效。