Pattern changes and early risk warning of Spartina alterniflora invasion:a study of mangrove-dominated wetlands in northeastern Fujian,China

The exotic saltmarsh cordgrass,Spartina alterniflora(Loisel)Peterson&Saarela,is one of the important causes for the extensive destruction of mangroves in China due to its invasive nature.The species has rapidly spread wildly across coastal wetlands,challenging resource managers for control of its further spread.An investigation of S.alterniflora invasion and associated ecological risk is urgent in China's coastal wetlands.In this study,an ecological risk invasive index system was developed based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework.Predictions were made of'warning degrees':zero warning and light,moderate,strong,and extreme warning,by developing a back propagation(BP)artificial neural network model for coastal wetlands in eastern Fujian Province.Our results suggest that S.alterniflora mainly has invaded Kandelia candel beaches and farmlands with clustered distributions.An early warning indicator system assessed the ecological risk of the invasion and showed a ladder-like distribution from high to low extending from the urban area in the central inland region with changes spread to adjacent areas.Areas of light warning and extreme warning accounted for43%and 7%,respectively,suggesting the BP neural network model is reliable prediction of the ecological risk of S.alterniflora invasion.The model predicts that distribution pattern of this invasive species will change little in the next 10 years.However,the invaded patches will become relatively more concentrated without warning predicted.We suggest that human factors such as land use activities may partially determine changes in warning degree.Our results emphasize that an early warning system for S.alterniflora invasion in China's eastern coastal wetlands is significant,and comprehensive control measures are needed,particularly for K.candel beach.

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)潜在分布格局的空间尺度效应

了解不同空间尺度下外来入侵植物互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的潜在分布格局,有助于制定科学的防治管理策略,维护滨海湿地的生物多样性。研究基于有效的地理分布点位和环境变量数据集,设置了3个研究区幅度(区域、国家、全球)和5种环境变量粒度(30″、1.0′、2.5′、5.0′、10′),应用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型预测互花米草在不同幅度和粒度下的潜在分布,探究互花米草分布格局及其环境影响因子对空间尺度响应。结果表明:(1)MaxEnt模型在不同空间尺度下的预测效果较好,各尺度下测试集的受试者曲线下面积(AUC)值均大于0.8,真实技巧统计值(TSS)值则超过0.56,但模型的预测精度对空间尺度变化较为敏感;(2)不同空间尺度下互花米草的潜在分布格局存在着显著的差异性,表现为适生区面积会随着空间范围扩大或环境变量分辨率降低而提高,且质心位置也在不断发生地带性转移;(3)空间尺度的变化会削弱主要环境变量的解释力。在大尺度范围和低分辨率环境变量图层中,气候因子的重要性较大,而在相反尺度下地形因子的影响度得到提升;(4)研究区范围与环境变量分辨率不匹配时,模型预测精度和物种分布格局会产生显著的变化,建议在区域范围中,采用空间分辨率1.0′以下的环境变量来预测互花米草的潜在分布格局。

Effects of Ecological Restoration of Mangrove Wetlands Using Native Mangrove Species to Replace Spartina alterniflora: A Case Study in Southern China

Within the expanse of China’s coastline, the invasive alien cordgrass species Spartina alterniflora has caused profound nationwide damage and has emerged as a critical factor contributing to the degradation of mangrove wetlands, especially in the study area in Beihai, Guangxi. However, current treatments for S. alterniflora remain less effective and limited research focuses on the preliminary changes after artificial plantation. A comprehensive approach combining physical interventions with biological control measures has been employed to eradicate smooth cordgrass and facilitate the restoration of native mangrove wetlands. The study involved the periodic monitoring of the growth conditions of mangroves and the biodiversity of avian and benthic organisms, conducted at three to four-month intervals following the artificial plantation with one-year-old seedlings and propagules of native mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa. Results indicated that through the allometric equation, the above-ground biomass of planted seedlings had a ~20 g increase in average but the growth conditions were not significant over an eight-month period. High percentage of important avian species underlined the potential of the study site to serve as a worthwhile habitat and notable seasonal variations were observed in the biodiversity of bird species. Biodiversity indices of bird and benthos species also followed a similar fluctuation and reached a peak in April 2023. This research underscores the initial lack of distinct improvements during the early stages of the ecological restoration project, thorough maintenance, long-term monitoring, holistic considerations on a larger scale would be imperative for ongoing projects in the future.

日照互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)分布精细化测绘及化学方法治理对底栖生物的影响

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)作为入侵我国沿海湿地产生危害最为严重的植物之一,其生长已严重威胁到滨海湿地生态系统的稳定,不断侵吞当地原生物种的生存空间,急需摸清互花米草的空间分布并针对现有的互花米草开展治理的全过程进行有效监测。在选划区域治理的前、中、后3个时期通过无人机遥感精细化测绘手段,对互花米草的分布面积进行动态监测,并通过分析各个时期潮间带底栖动物的密度、生物量、优势种及优势度以及各项多样性指标,发现化学方法治理对互花米草的灭杀效果十分显著,同时并未对区域内底栖生物类群产生显著影响。考虑到化学除草剂对环境的影响程度与其用量和施用时间密切相关,因而在后续的研究中,应在保证灭杀效果的前提下,探索出用药的最佳时间和药量的比例以求最大限度降低对生态环境的影响。

基于无人机数据的滨海湿地互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)地上生物量反演研究

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)快速入侵的关键在于其生长繁殖以及对环境的适应能力,互花米草生物量的大小正是它入侵能力的重要体现。以无人机遥感影像为数据源,通过建立关于植被覆盖度和植株高度的模型对互花米草地上生物量进行估算研究。研究结果表明,在条子泥研究区内互花米草地上生物量在0~9.13 kg·m^(-2)之间,地上生物量平均值为0.73 kg·m^(-2),75.13%的互花米草地上生物量小于0.73 kg·m^(-2),地上生物量为0.73~3.00 kg·m^(-2)以及>3.00 kg·m^(-2)的互花米草分别占18.47%和6.40%,地上生物量较高的互花米草主要分布在靠近海堤区域与近海一侧潮滩,中间区域地上生物量较低。遥感影像景观分类结果Kappa系数为0.85,互花米草地上生物量估算的均方根误差为0.76,反演结果能够在一定程度上反映研究区互花米草地上生物量分布情况。互花米草分布多呈斑块状,部分呈丛分布,处于互花米草快速扩张阶段。研究所采用的无人机遥感能够同步获取采样时间点研究区的影像数据,可以很好地应用于时效性较强的生物量遥感反演。该研究为互花米草地上生物量的定量化反演提供了新的方法。

The Community Structure of Benthic Macroinvertebrates Associated with Spartina alterniflora in the Yangtze Estuary, in China

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities in Spartina alterniflora zones in the Yangtze Estuary, in China, were investigated seasonally in 2005, and their structure and biodiversity were analyzed. Twenty-one species were identified, across four Classes; 10 species of Crustacea, five species of Polychaeta, five species of Gastropoda, and one species of Lamellibranchia. Dominant species included： Assiminea sp., Notomastus latericeus, Cerithidea largillierl, Gtauconome chinensi and Gammaridae sp. Functional groups were comprised of a phytophagous group and a detritivorous group. The average density of all benthic macroinvertebrates was 650.5 ±719.2 inds/m^2 in the survey area. The high value of the standard deviation of the average density was a result of abundant Assiminea sp. at Beihu tidal flats. The average density of macroinvertebrates from Beihu tidal flat, Chongming Dongtan to Jinshanwei tidal flat decreased gradually. There was significant difference between compositions and abundance of macroinvertebrates along the estuary gradient （P 〈 0.05）. The density and biodiversity were highest in summer and lowest in winter. The mean biomass of macroinvertebrates was 20.8 ± 6.1 g/m^2. Biomass changed seasonally in the same way as density, with the change in biomass being： summer （Aug.） 〉autumn （Oct.） 〉spring （Apr.） 〉 winter （Dec.）. A BIO-ENV analysis showed that the mean grain size of sediment, height of Spartina and salinity were the ma- jor factors which affected the structure of the macroinvertebrate community. Variations in the community structure were probably caused by the population dynamics of S. alterniflora along with the variation in sampling time and location.

A Study of Fructification Quantitative Characteristics of Spartina alterniflora Lossel in Mangroves

[Objective] The countermeasure on the number of fructification of Spartina alterniflora in the period of sexual reproduction and the component of seed yielding construction was explored.[Method] The Spartina altemiflora in Mangroves conservation zone located at Hepu of Guangxi being taken as experimental material, its morphological and quantitative characteristics, as well as the weight of 100 full seeds at maturity stage in three different growth conditions（ clay, loam and sand） were studied. [ Results] The results showed that Spartina alterniflora had the best growth pattern in the loam. The morphological factors of fructification of S. altemiflora grown in sand were larger then in others. In the three growth conditions the order of quantitative characteristics of fructification of S. alterniflora was clay 〉 sand 〉 loam and the seeds in spikelet at top position were more maturity than those at the button position. [ Conclusion] In good condition, the Spartina altemiflora growth was vigor but the ratio of seed-setting was low.

Exploration and Innovation of Distant Hybridization Germplasm of Oryza sativa and Spartina alterniflora

[Objective] The aim was to explore salt-resistant Spartina alterniflora and high-yield rice with germplasm resource in order to create new salt-resistant rice species with dual-purpose of food and forage. [Method] From 2009 to 2011, re- searches on distant hybridization of Spartina alterniflora and Oryza Sativa have been conducted with method of distant hybridization breeding. On the other hand, break- through and combination techniques （four selected one） were adopted to find the new rice species, including techniques of planting and selection in seashore, cyto- logical detection and selection, phenotype selection of backcross, and molecular marker assisted selection. [Result] Success rate of distant hybridization from 2009 to 2010 was 1.39%. RAPD molecular identification of 7C14 and rice female parent of Zhongxiang No.l, seed 2 was carried on with distant hybridization of male parent of Spartina altemiflora （H）. The results showed that bands same with Spartina alterni- flora parents were found in RH-1-10K205-7C14xH, RH-2-8K157-7C14xH, and RH-13- 9H5-Zhongxaing No.1 xH. Considering absent situation in rice parents, distant hy- bridization strains above were found with same parental genetic element as Spartina alterniflora. Female parent of rice 7K339, however, was under RAPD molecular identification with male parent of Spartina alterniflora. The result showed that bands same with Spartina alterniflora parents were found in RH-5-10K215, RH-6-8K48, RH- 12-9H9, RH-14-9H8 and RH-16-9H28. Considering absent situation in rice parents, distant hybridization strains above were found with same parental genetic element as Spartina altemiflora. Rest hybrid strains were found variance with Spartina alterniflora parents and rice parents in varying degrees. [Conclusion] New and excellent rice species of dual-purpose solves problem not only about salt-resistant species badly needed in coastal development and treatment of saline and alkaline land, but about fine fodder and roughage for herbivore, as well. What＇s more, this is of scientific significance in recourse utilization, efficiency improvement in agriculture, food security, and cultivation strategy.

Effects of Inoculation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus and Apophysomyces spartina on P-uptake of Castor Oil Plant(Ricinus communis L.) and Rhizosphere Soil Enzyme Activities under Salt Stress

[Objective] In order to explore the mechanism of combined inoculation mi- croorganisms in improving coastal saline soil property and plant growth. [Method] The pot experiment was used to assess the effects of different inoculated proportion of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi （AMF） and Phosphate-sotubilizing fungus. Apophysomyces spartina, on growth, chlorophyll contents, P-uptake of castor bean （Ricinus communis L.） and rhizosphere soil pH values, available P concentrations, enzyme activities. [Result] The mixed inoculation of AMF and A. spartina significantly reduced soil pH value, increased soil available phosphorous contents, improved the activities of soil invertase, urease, neutral phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase. Chlorophyll contents, P-uptake, and plant dry weight of castor bean were also in- creased. The optimal proportion of the number of AMF spores to A. spartina colonies was 28.56：11.5×10^5, which had positive effects on saline soil and could stimulate plant growth under greenhouse condition. [Conclusion] Appropriate propor- tion of AMF and A. spartina had the potential to enhance coastal saline soil prop- erty and promote castor bean growth.

1株侵染互花米草海洋真菌Buergenerula spartinae YDC07的分离鉴定

对侵染中国江苏沿海滩涂盐碱地的互花米草茎和叶上真菌进行分离纯化,得到1株与侵染互花米草海洋真菌形态极其相似的菌株YDC07。对菌株YDC07进行培养性状观察和形态学鉴定,发现该菌与中国新记录菌属互花米草比尔格纳菌十分相似;通过rRNA基因ITS序列分子生物学鉴定,发现该菌与比尔格纳菌属中互花米草比尔格纳菌相似度为96%-99%,在进化树中显示亲缘关系最近;该真菌可以侵染互花米草秸秆,使其生物量逐渐减少。菌株YDC07 rRNA-ITS序列相关信息提交NCBI数据库,获得Gen Bank登录号为KJ459363。菌株YDC07是在江苏沿海滩涂盐碱地互花米草上新发现的一种比尔格纳菌属海洋真菌。

Exploration and Innovation of Distant Hybridization Germplasm of Spartina,Soughum bicolor and Oryza sativa

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the germplasm resources of salt-tolerant Spartina,sweet-stalk Soughum bicolor and high-yield Oryza sativa for innovation of new germplasms of salt-tolerant and sweet-stalk Oryza sativa with dual purpose of food and forage in sea beach.[Method] From 2009 to 2012,researches on distant hybridization of Spartina,Soughum bicolor and Oryza sativa had been carried out,and the RAPD molecular identification of obtained distant hybridization materials had been conducted.[Result] Experimental evidences of hybrid seed setting,transplanting and economic characters of hybrid materials were obtained;among the 14 hybrid materials for RAPD analysis,5 materials shared common bands with Spartina and Soughum bicolor parents,which were absent in Oryza sativa parent,indicating that the genetic component of Spartina and Soughum bicolor parents has been integrated into the 5 distant hybrids.[Conclusion] This study has important scientific significance in recourse utilization,agricultural efficiency improvement,food security,and cultivation strategy of China,showing broad application prospects.

Analysis on Genetic Structure of Spartina alterniflora Populations in China Based on EH277045-derived Sequence

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the genetic structure of eight populations of Spartina alterniflora in China at the nuclear DNA level.[Method] The EH277045-derived sequences were amplified from 75 samples in 8 populations and directly sequenced.Nucleotide diversity,haplotype diversity,the mean value of Nei＇s genetic distance,genetic differentiation index FST and other genetic parameters were calculated to estimate the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of S.alterniflora populations in China.[Result] 75 samples were divided into 25 haplotypes by 28 polymorphic sites.Relatively high nucleotide diversity（π=0.011） and haplotype diversity（Hd=0.794） were detected.The mean value of Nei＇s genetic distance and genetic differentiation index FST among eight populations were 0.056 and 0.222,respectively,the Nei＇s genetic distance ranged from 0.000 to 0.189 and FST ranged from 0.000 to 0.444 between each pair of the eight populations.AMOVA result revealed that 79% and 21% of the total genetic variation was partitioned within and among S.alterniflora populations,respectively.[Conclusion] At the nuclear DNA level,there were a relatively high level of genetic diversity and a relatively low level of genetic differentiation among S.alterniflora populations in China,and the genetic diversity existed mainly within rather than among populations.

江苏沿海互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼的形成过程

选取江苏沿海的3个典型岸段,在2000—2001年进行了野外地貌沉积及植被调查,并进行了地形高程测量;选用了1985—2001年间7个时相的TM卫星影像资料,追踪了江苏互花米草盐沼形成的过程。结果表明,在移栽后的5—6年内,互花米草植被扩散缓慢,主要为立地扎根,走茎蔓延。在TM影像可以计量的规模上,互花米草植被在裸滩上的扩散可以分为三个阶段第一阶段为1993—1996年,随着面积逐渐增大,草仔数量明显增加,年扩展率逐渐扩大,到1996年,平均年扩展率已达30%。第二阶段为1996—1999年的3年间,互花米草人工盐沼的面积迅速扩大,年扩展率平均为43%。第三阶段为1999年以后,平均年扩展率迅速减小,为10%,预计还要减缓,最后,待原有潮滩生态位长满后,与滩涂自然淤长速率相应。

米草属植物Spartina angilica和Spartina alterniflora引种后江苏海岸湿地生态演化的初步探讨

选取江苏王港潮滩的盐蒿滩、大米草滩及互花米草滩,分析这三类滩面的地面以上生物量、初级生产力、动物洞穴参数和沉积物粒度,探讨大米草和互花米草引种区的湿地生态系统相对于盐蒿滩的变化。分析结果表明,互花米草滩的生物量远大于盐蒿滩和大米草滩;单位面积上动物洞穴数量相近,但洞穴大小有一定差异,互花米草滩动物洞穴稍大,数量也相对较多,这可能与初级生产力的提高有关。表层底质的粒径以互花米草滩为最细,盐蒿滩最粗,这种分布状况与互花米草引种前不同,说明互花米草促进了细颗粒物质的堆积。互花米草的引种在江苏海岸具有促淤和提高初级生产力的作用,而它对湿地生态系统的结构和功能的影响需要进一步研究。

刈割与水位调节集成技术控制互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)

治理和控制外来物种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)对维护崇明东滩自然保护区生物多样性具有重要的意义和必要性。研究在上海崇明东滩鸟类国家级自然保护区建立的受损滩涂湿地生态修复示范样地中开展"刈割与水位调节集成技术"治理互花米草的物理控制实验,以期寻求有效治理互花米草的控制技术。示范研究结果表明,单一的水位调节方法虽然可以降低互花米草群落的密度和叶面积指数(LAI),但至水淹处理100d后,处理样区内互花米草的生长和生物量已与对照区无显著差异。单一的水位调节方法不能达到有效快速控制互花米草的效果。通过在互花米草生长关键期(7月的扬花期)刈割+水位调节集成技术处理后,互花米草地上部分无再新生现象,至当年10月份(生长季末期),样区内互花米草的地上部分和地下部分已完全死亡并开始腐烂,达到了有效控制互花米草的效果。因此,应用刈割+水位调节集成技术治理互花米草,必须选择关键季节刈割互花米草地上部分,同时配合一定水位的持续淹水(约3个月),才能有效发挥其迅速有效治理互花米草的效果。扬花期刈割+水位调节集成技术可为沿海地区大范围防治互花米草扩散提供有效途径。

大米草(Spartina anglica)自然衰退种群对N、P添加的生态响应

通过对外来植物大米草(Spartina anglica)自然衰退种群进行N肥、P肥和N-P复合肥不同梯度水平的添加,分析大米草的生长指标差异及其生理生态响应。结果表明:N、P添加后使大米草种群株高均有不同程度的增加,肥效强弱依次为N肥、P肥、N-P肥;叶片数、主根数及总生物量均显著增加(p<0.05)。除N肥外,其它处理的叶片面积和厚度与对照没有显著差异。3种肥源的添加均显著提高了大米草自然衰退种群的光合速率(p<0.05);N和N-P肥均以高浓度效果最显著,但P肥却以中浓度效果最强;光合速率分别比对照增加19.08μmol·m-2·s-1、11.23μmol·m-2·s-1和15.47μmol·m-2·s-1;14d淡水淹没后,肥源添加使大米草自然衰退种群的SOD和POD酶活性增强;中浓度N和中浓度P添加使SOD活性增加最显著,分别比对照增加320.74unit·g-1和134.54unit·g-1;高浓度N和高浓度N-P肥添加使POD酶活性最显著增加。N肥添加可以显著改善大米草自然衰退种群生长生理特性,可以推断大米草种群的衰退与我国海岸带土壤营养中N素营养的限制有一定的相关性。

江苏沿海互花米草(SpartinaalternifloraLoisel)盐沼扩展过程的遥感分析

互花米草(SpartinaalternifloraLoisel)自1982年在江苏沿海栽种以来,在江苏沿海已形成了大片互花米草盐沼。本文通过对历年TM卫星相片上互花米草盐沼的识别、判读及统计,认为江苏沿海互花米草盐沼的年扩展速度在早期较慢,仅为23 4%,中期较快为89%,后期又减慢为48%。结合野外调查,绘制出了江苏沿海互花米草的分布图。此外,就互花米草盐沼对江苏沿海湿地植被演替的影响进行了讨论。

盐和温度胁迫对外来种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)生理生态特性的影响

盐浓度和环境温度是影响外来种互花米草自然分布的两大重要生态因子。在不同NaCl浓度和温度胁迫条件下,对互花米草幼苗根部和叶片中膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的动态变化进行了测定。结果表明:当NaCl浓度低于100mmol·L-1时,可以促进互花米草的生长;而NaCl浓度超过100mmol·L-1时,互花米草可以通过提高体内保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,增加可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量来适应外界盐浓度变化;温度胁迫后,互花米草地上和地下器官对胁迫的响应程度不同,叶片中可溶性糖含量、CAT活性明显比根部高,而根部SOD、POD活性比叶片中高。

互花米草(Spartina alterniflora L.)对重金属Cd胁迫的生理响应

以盐生植物互花米草幼苗为试材,研究了其抗氧化酶体系活性（超氧化物歧化酶,SOD;过氧化物酶,POX;过氧化氢酶,CAT）对不同浓度Cd胁迫的响应变化,并利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对SOD及CAT进行了同工酶分析.结果表明,抗氧化酶活性与Cd处理浓度关系密切,0.1-2.0 mmol/L Cd浓度范围内SOD活性显著增加;POX活性在Cd浓度较低时相对稳定,高浓度下降低显著;而CAT酶活性在Cd浓度较高时被诱导升高.SOD同工酶谱受到Cd胁迫的显著影响,4.0 mmol/L处理下酶活性明显降低.CAT同工酶活性呈现先降后升的变化趋势,与酶总活性的检测结果基本一致.表明互花米草对重金属Cd具有一定程度的耐受性,可以通过提高酶促过氧化体系活性来应答Cd导致的氧化胁迫;而Cd浓度超过一定阈值后（4.0 mmol/L）,互花米草即遭受较严重的不可逆损伤.

多菌灵处理对克隆植物大米草(Spartina anglica)表型可塑性的影响

对外来植物大米草(Spartina anglica)衰退种群进行高、中、低3个浓度(即50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的300倍、600倍和1200倍稀释液)多菌灵灌根处理,测定大米草在杀菌剂处理条件下的形态可塑性、克隆生长特性及生物量积累与分配格局。结果表明:与对照相比,各浓度多菌灵处理对大米草的株高、叶数、叶片厚度、叶片面积和根长均没有显著影响(p>0.05);中浓度处理后,大米草种群的根状茎节数和分枝强度均显著高于对照和其它处理,而根状茎总长和间隔子长度均显著高于对照和低浓度处理(p<0.05),与高浓度处理差异不显著;高浓度处理的大米草地下生物量和根生物量分配显著高于对照和其它处理,而地上生物量分配却显著低于对照和其它处理(p<0.05)。证明中浓度多菌灵处理有利于大米草种群的克隆生长,有效提高了其种群维持与更新能力;由此推断,大米草种群在我国海岸带的自然衰退与沉积物中部分真菌侵染有一定的相关性。