Spatial and temporal variations of water quality in Cao-E River of eastern China

Evaluation and analysis of water quality variations were performed with integrated consideration of water quality parameters, hydrological-meteorologic and anthropogenic factors in Cao-E River, Zhejiang Province of China. Cao-E River system has been polluted and the water quality of some reaches are inferior to Grade V according to National Surface Water Quality Standard of China （GB2002）. However, mainly polluted indices of each tributary and mainstream are different. Total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） in the water are the main polluted indices for mainstream that varies from 1.52 to 45.85 mg/L and 0.02 to 4.02 mg/L, respectively. TN is the main polluted indices for Sub-watershed Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ（0.76 to 18.27 mg/L）. BOD5 （0.36 to 289.5 mg/L）, CODMn （0.47 to 78.86 mg/L）, TN （0.74 to 31.09 mg/L） and TP （0 to 3.75 mg/L） are the main polluted indices for Sub-watershed Ⅲ. There are tow pollution types along the river including nonpoint source pollution and point source pollution types. Remarkably temporal variations with a few spatial variations occur in nonpoint pollution type reaches （including mainstream, Sub-watershed Ⅰ and Ⅱ） that mainly drained by arable field and/or dispersive rural dwelling district, and the maximum pollutant concentration appears in flooding seasons. It implied that the runoff increases the pollutant concentration of the water in the nonpoint pollution type reaches. On the other hand, remarkably spatial variations occur in the point pollution type reaches （include Sub-watershed Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ） and the maximum pollutant concentration appears in urban reaches. The runoff always decreases the pollutant concentration of the river water in the seriously polluted reaches that drained by industrial point sewage. But for the point pollution reaches resulted from centralized town domestic sewage pipeline and from frequent shipping and digging sands, rainfall always increased the concentration of pollutant （TN） in the river water too. Pollution controls were respectively suggested for these tow types according to different pollution causes.

Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province based on a cloud model

With a focus on the difficulty of quantitatively describing the degree of nonuniformity of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources, quantitative research was carried out on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in Guangdong Province from 1956 to 2000 based on a cloud model. The spatial variation of the temporal distribution characteristics and the temporal variation of the spatial distribution characteristics were both analyzed. In addition, the relationships between the numerical characteristics of the cloud model of temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation were also studied. The results show that, using a cloud model, it is possible to intuitively describe the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water resources in cloud images. Water resources in Guangdong Province and their temporal and spatial distribution characteristics are differentiated by their geographic locations. Downstream and coastal areas have a larger amount of water resources with greater uniformity and stronger stability in terms of temporal distribution. Regions with more precipitation possess larger amounts of water resources, and years with more precipitation show greater nonuniformity in the spatial distribution of water resources. The correlation between the nonuniformity of the temporal distribution and local precipitation is small, and no correlation is found between the stability of the nonuniformity of the temporal and spatial distributions of water resources and precipitation. The amount of water resources in Guangdong Province shows an increasing trend from 1956 to 2000, the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources declines, and the stability of the nonuniformity of the spatial distribution of water resources is enhanced.

Long-term temporal-spatial dynamics of marine coastal water quality in the Tolo Harbor,Hong Kong,China

The long-term temporal and spatial dynamics of marine coastal water quality in Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong were explored. The Harbor is divided into three zones represented as Harbor, Buffer, and Channel Subzones. The time range for the study covers the period from the 1970s to the 1990s. The selected indicators for the comprehensive assessment of water quality consist of physical, chemical and biological aspects, including suspended solids(SS), Secchi disk depth(SD), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD\-5), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), faecal coliform, chlorophyll-a(Chl-a), and the number of red tide occurrences. The results indicated the presence of obvious temporal and spatial trends with regard to changes in water quality. Spatially, water quality in the Channel Subzone is the best, while that in the Harbor Subzone is the worst. On a temporal basis, the average trend from bad to good was 1980s>1990s>1970s as indicated by most of the selected water quality indicators. Water quality during the late 1980s reached its worst level with the lowest SD, the highest BOD\-5, TN, TP, Chl-a concentrations, and the number of red tide occurrences. These long-term temporal-spatial water quality trends were also found in other studies of the Tolo Harbor. The large quantity of pollutants produced as a result of increasing population, industrial and commercial actives, and urbanization and industrialization trends in both Shatin and Tai Po seem to be primarily responsible for the changes in marine coastal water quality.

Analysis on temporal and spatial variations of groundwater hydrochemical characteristics in the past decade in southern plain of Beijing, China

Groundwater utilization and protection are crucial for sustainable urban development. This is especially true for Beijing, where groundwater is an important source for urban water supply. In this study, statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and Piper-Tri-linear diagram, were used in analyzing the temporal and spatial variations of the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater based on monitored data from the southern plain of Beijing, China. Results indicated consistent changes of groundwater's hydrochemical characteristics in different aquifers in the study area. The percentage of HCO_3^-in total anion increased significantly in the groundwater, and hydrochemical water type evolved gradually from Ca-Mg-Cl-SO_4 based to Ca-Mg-HCO_3 based from period 2005-2007 to period 2013-2015. In shallow groundwater, the concentration of Na^+, Ca^(2+), SO_4^(2-), HCO_3^-, and total dissolved solids(TDS) increased from period 2005-2007 to period 2013-2015, and the greatest change came from HCO_3^-, rising from 428.93 to 528.96 mgL^(-1). The changes of main ionic concentrations in the deep groundwater were consistent with those in the shallow groundwater for both periods. However, the variations in deep groundwater were less than those in shallow groundwater. The temporal and spatial variations of hydrochemical characteristics reflect the groundwater quality in the study area. This study could facilitate decision-making process on the protection of groundwater resources to ensure its sustainable utilization.

Assessing spatial and temporal variability in waterconsumption and the maintainability oasis maximumarea in an oasis region of Northwestern China

Water consumption is a key role in improving the efficiency and sustainability of water management in arid environments.In this study, we explored an approach based on meta-analysis, MODIS NDVI products, land-use spatial distribution, andsoil water physical parameters to gain insight into long-term and large scale distribution of land use and water consumption,maintain maximum Zhangye Oasis area according to Heihe River runoff, and suitable water resource management inZhangye Oasis. This approach was initiated in order to improve the efficiency of irrigation and water resource managementin arid regions. Results showed that Heihe River runoff can maintain a maximum Zhangye Oasis area of 22.49×104 hm2.During the 2000−2016 growing seasons, actual oasis water consumption ranged from 11.35×108 m3 to 13.73×108 m3, witha mean of (12.89 ± 0.60)×108 m3;if maintaining agricultural production and oasis stability was chosen, oasis water consumptionranged from 10.24×108 m3 to 12.37×108 m3, with a mean of (11.62 ± 0.53)×108 m3. From the perspective of waterresources management and ecosystem stability, it is necessary to reduce the area of Zhangye Oasis or choose the minimumwater consumption method to manage the oasis, to ease the pressure of water shortage and maintain stable and sustainabledevelopment of the Zhangye Oasis. These results can provide future practical guidance for water resource management ofcoordinated development of the economy and the environment in an arid area.

Visualizing the spatial water quality of Bentota, Sri Lanka in the presence of seawater intrusion

Seawater flows towards the inlands along with the rivers and canals, through the process of infiltration and leaks in the ground water characterized by high concentrations of soluble salts. High salinity concentrations can make groundwater unsuitable for public consumption and surface water unsuitable for irrigation and agricultural activities. This study envisages the fluctuations of ground and surface water quality of Bentota area in the presence of seawater intrusion. The temporal and spatial variations of eleven water parameters were monitored by collecting the water samples during one year period. Spatial distributions were assessed by applying the Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method in Arc GIS 10.5 software. Water quality is assessed on the integration of all parameters in terms of an index based on the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The significant linear relationship between the considered parameters of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) were identified applying correlation analysis using SPSS software. All parameters of surface water were above the permissible limits of WHO standards. Surface water quality index values with respect to 60% of canals show very poor quality (>1 250) of surface water indicating their unsuitability for irrigation activities. Those surface water bodies indicated very highly saline conditions during dry months. The spatial distribution of ground water quality index with respect to the highest parameter values of each sampling location indicates that 52.2% of total land extent of Bentota Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) has good quality of ground water which is suitable for drinking. Its 47.2% of total land extent has poor quality of ground water for drinking purpose and less than 0.5% of the area consists of excellent or very poor quality of ground water in each. This study helps to manage coastal aquifers by understanding the extreme water quality conditions and coastal salinity.

Hydro-geochemical evaluation of groundwater with studies on water quality index and suitability for drinking in Sagardari,Jashore

Sagardari union is facing groundwater crisis because of contaminations from agriculture and urban sewage,which bring a considerable change in water quality.In view of this,hydro-chemical analyses were undertaken on 35 groundwater samples and the following hydro-geochemical parameters,pH,total dissolved solids(TDS),total hardness(TH),electrical conductivity(EC),cations and anions,were analyzed.From the analytical results,it is found that pH value was lower than WHO drinking water standard and the middledownstream portions of the investigation region show higher EC.The piper plot indicates that the groundwater in Sagardari falls in the categories of NaClHCO3 hydro-chemical facies.Higher TH in groundwater was detected,but still in an acceptable range.In addition,salinity and arsenic ratio are higher and moderately higher,respectively.The spatial distribution of Groundwater Quality Index(GWQI)was determined by geo-statistical modelling of Sagardari union.The study provides information and supports the administration which to make better groundwater utilization and quality control in the Sagardari union.

Temporal-spatial Change of Cr Content in Bottom Waters

Based on the investigation data of Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1981,current situation and horizontal distribution of Cr content in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth were studied. Results showed that in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay center,Cr content changed from 0. 50 to3. 78 μg/L in April. In August,Cr content changed from 0. 14 to 1. 42 μg/L in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth. It showed that Cr content corresponded with national class-one seawater quality standard(50. 00 μg/L) at different times and spaces,and Cr content was far less than5. 00 μg/L. Therefore,under the effect of vertical water body,water quality was clean in bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay,which was not polluted by Cr. In bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay center in April and bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay mouth in August,Cr transported by the river came to the bottom layer from surface layer by passing through water body in temporal-spatial change process. Under the effects of gravity and water flow,Cr continuously and quickly sank to the sea bottom. It verified the sedimentation process of Cr content.

Relationship between the variation of water quality in rivers and the characteristics of watershed at Miyun, Beijing, China

Based on the characteristics of land use and drainage network of the upper watershed of the Miyun Reservoir, Beijing, 26 monitoring and sampling sites were selected in different sub-catchments. Temporal and spatial variations in nutrient loss were dealt with in this paper in terms of the monitoring data on the water quality of the main tributaries flowing into the Miyun Reservoir. In combination with the monitoring data on water quality, the impacts of watershed characteristics including land-use type, landscape pattern, and drainage density were assessed. The concentrations of nutrients in the rainy season are higher than those in other seasons, and the concentrations of NO3--N are linearly related to those of total N which is the main form of nitrogen present in the river water. The concentrations of nitrogen become higher toward the reservoir along the main rivers. The seasonal variation of nitrogen in the watershed affected by intensive human activities is very obvious; in the watershed with steady or low water flow, the seasonal variation of nitrogen is less obvious. Forest land and grassland can trap and filter nitrogen effectively. Land-use pattern also has important impacts on the loss of nitrogen. The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water bodies show great temporal and spatial variations. On a temporal scale, the concentrations of TN and TP in the rainy reason are higher than those in other seasons. On a spatial scale, the concentrations of TN and NO3--N in the Qingshui River and Chaohe River are highest all the time. The spatial variation of TP is distinct, being obvious at sampling sites near villages. The form of nitrogen and phosphorus loss varies in different hydrological seasons. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in streams in non-rainy seasons, the dissolved nitrogen and total nitrogen decrease in percentage in the rainy season. Particulate nitrogen and phosphorus are the main forms in some rivers. The concentrations of TN and NO3--N from orchards and villages are high whereas those from forest land are lowest. Land-use pattern has impacts on TN and NO3--N losses, at the sampling sites near the source landscape,the concentrations are higher than those at the sampling sites near the sink landscape. Water quality of the rivers which flow into the Miyuan Reservior is influenced by the composition of adjacent soils.

Spatiotemporal Variation of Riverine Nutrients in a Typical Hilly Watershed in Southeast China Using Multivariate Statistics Tools

The water quality of lakes can be degraded by excessive riverine nutrients.Riverine water quality generally varies depending on region and season because of the spatiotemporal variations in natural factors and anthropogenic activities.Monthly water quality measurements of eight water quality variables were analyzed for two years at 16 sites of the Tianmuhu watershed.The variables were examined using hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) and factor analysis/principal component analysis(FA/PCA) to reveal the spatiotemporal variations in riverine nutrients and to identify their potential sources.HCA revealed three geographical groups and three periods.Two drainages comprising towns and large villages were the most polluted, six drainages comprising widely distributed tea plantations and orchards were moderately polluted, and eight drainages without the factors were the least polluted.The river was most polluted in June when the first heavy rain(daily rainfall > 50 mm) occurs after fertilization and the number of rainy days is most(monthly number of rainy days > 20 days).Moderate pollution was observed from October to May, during which morethan 60% of the total nitrogen fertilizer and all of the phosphorus fertilizer are applied to the cropland, the total manure is applied to tea plantations and orchards, and a monthly rainfall ranging from 0 mm to 164 mm occurs.The remaining months were characterized by frequent raining(i.e., number of rainy days per month ranged from 5 to 24) and little use of fertilizers, and were thus least polluted.FA/PCA identified that the greatest pollution sources were the runoff from tea plantations and orchards,domestic pollution and the surface runoff from towns and villages, and rural sewage, which had extremely high contributions of riverine nitrogen, phosphorus,and chemical oxygen demand, respectively.The tea plantations and orchards promoted by the agricultural comprehensive development(ACD) were not environmentally friendly.Riverine nitrogen is a major water pollution parameter in hilly watersheds affected by ACD, and this parameter would not be reduced unless its loss load through the runoff from tea plantations and orchards is effectively controlled.

Assessment of temporal and spatial variations in water quality using multivariate statistical methods： a case study of the Xin＇anjiang River, China

This study evaluated the temporal and spatial variations of water quality data sets for the Xin＇anjiang River through the use of multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis （CA）, discriminant analysis （DA）, correlation analysis, and principal component analysis （PCA）. The water samples, measured by ten parameters, were collected every month for three years （2008-2010） from eight sampling stations located along the river. The hierarchical CA classified the 12 months into three periods （First, Second and Third Period） and the eight sampling sites into three groups （Groups 1, 2 and 3） based on seasonal differences and various pollution levels caused by physicochemical properties and anthropogenic activ- ities. DA identified three significant parameters （tempera- ture, pH and E.coli） to distinguish temporal groups with close to 76% correct assignment. The DA also discovered five parameters （temperature, electricity conductivity, total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand and total phosphorus） for spatial variation analysis, with 80.56% correct assignment. The non-parametric correlation coefficient （Spear- man R） explained the relationship between the water quality parameters and the basin characteristics, and the GIS made the results visual and direct. The PCA identified four PCs for Groups 1 and 2, and three PCs for Group 3. These PCs captured 68.94%, 67.48% and 70.35% of the total variance of Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although natural pollution affects the Xin＇anjiang River, the main sources of pollution included agricultural activities, industrial waste, and domestic wastewater.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of microbial community composition and factors influencing the surface water and sediments of urban rivers

The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban river bacterial communities help us understand the feedback mechanism of bacteria to changes in the aquatic environment.The Fuhe River plays an important role in determining the water ecological environment of Baiyangdian Lake.16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to study the microbial distribution characteristics in the Fuhe River in different seasons.The results showed that some environmental factors of the surface water(ammonia nitrogen(NH_(3)^(-)N),total nitrogen(TN),and total phosphorus(TP))were different on the spatial and temporal scales.Moreover,there were no seasonal differences in the contents of TN,TP,total organic carbon(TOC),or heavy metals in the sediments.The distributions of Cyanobacteria,Actinomycetes and Firmicutes in the water and Actinomycetes and Planctomycetes in the sediments differed significantly among seasons(P<0.05).There were significant spatial differences in bacteria in the surface water,with the highest abundance of Proteobacteria recorded in the river along with the highest nutrient concentration,while the abundance of Bacteroidetes was higher in the upstream than the downstream.Microbial communities in the water weremost sensitive to temperature(T)and the TP concentration(P<0.01).Moreover,differences in the bacterial community were better explained by the content of heavy metals in the sediments than by the chemical characteristics.A PICRUStmetabolic inference analysis showed that the effect of high summer temperatures on the enzyme action led to an increase in the abundances of the metabolic-related genes of the river microorganisms.

Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia River(Morocco)using multivariate statistical techniques

The aim of this study is to assess the spatial and temporal water quality variation and to determine the main contamination sources in the Oum Er Rbia River and its main tributary,El Abid River.The water quality data were collected during 2000-2012 from fourteen sampling stations distributed along the river.The water quality indicators used were TEMP,pH,EC,turbidity,TSS,DO,NH_(4)^(+),NH_(3)^(-),TP,BOD5,COD and F.coli.The water quality data was analyzed using multivariate statistical methods including Pearson's correlation,PCA,and CA.The results showed that in some stations the water quality parameters were over Moroccan water standards.PCA applied to compare the compositional patterns among the analyzed water samples,identified and four factors accounting for almost 63% of the total variation in the data.This suggests that the variations in water compounds’concentration are mainly related to point source contamination(domestic and industrial wastewater),non-point source contamination(agriculture activities),as well as natural processes(weathering of soil and rock).CA showed relatively spatial and seasonal changes in surface water quality,which are usually indicators of contamination with rainfalls or other sources.Overall,this study showed that the water was potentially hazardous to health of the consumers and highlighted the need to treat industrial and municipal wastewater and to encourage sustainable agricultural practices to prevent adverse health effects.We therefore suggest wise management of anthropogenic activities in the catchment of Oum Er Bia River and their tributaries.

基于Landsat卫星影像的草海水质遥感反演及营养状态评价

通过遥感手段对草海2000年、2005年、2010年及2015年的水质指标进行反演,并进行营养状态评价,获取草海水质数据,为草海湿地保护及污染治理提供依据。利用实测水质数据与遥感影像的关系建立反演模型,反演草海2000-2015年水质指标,包括Chl-a、TN、TP、CODMn、SD,并用综合营养状态指数(TLI)对草海水质情况进行评价。研究结果表明:(1)通过波段组合与实测数据建立水质参数反演模型能高效、大面积获得草海水质分布情况,草海整体水质2000-2005年为中营养、2010-2015年为轻度富营养,TLI表现为先升高后降低;(2)草海水质季节变化明显,4个季节的综合营养状态指数为春季>夏季>冬季>秋季,主要原因是草海春、夏季节农耕及旅游活动等人为活动较频繁;(3)空间上看,草海入水口及湖周围综合营养指数比湖中心及出水口高,其原因是入水口靠近城市,城市污水排入湖中,湖四周存在大量农业污染源。

Spatiotemporal Distributions of δD in Atmospheric Water Vapor Based on TES Data During 2004-2009

The spatial and temporal distributions of the stable isotopes such as HD16O （or 1H2H16O, or HDO） and H2 18O in atmospheric water vapor are related to evaporation in source places, vapor condensation during transport, and vapor convergence and divergence, and thus provide useful information for investigation and understanding of the global water cycle. This paper analyzes spatiotemporal variations of the content of iso- tope HDO （i.e., 5D）, in atmospheric water vapor, namely, δDv, and the relationship of δDv with atmospheric humidity and temperature at different levels in the troposphere, using the HDO and H2O data retrieved from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer （TES） at seven pressure levels from 825 to 100 hPa. The results indicate that δDv has a clear zonal distribution in the troposphere and a good correspondence with atmospheric precipitable water. The results also show that δDv decreases logarithmically with atmospheric pressure and presents a decreasing trend from the equator to high latitudes and from lands to oceans. Sea- sonal changes of δDv exhibit regional differences. The spatial distribution and seasonal variation of δDv in the low troposphere are consistent with those in the middle troposphere, but opposite situations occur from the upper troposphere to the lower stratosphere. The correlation between δDv and temperature has a similar distribution pattern to the correlation between δDv and precipitable water in the troposphere. The stable isotope HDO in water vapor （δDv）, compared with that in precipitation （δDp）, is of some differences in spatial distribution and seasonal variation, and in its relationship with temperature and humidity, in- dicating that the impacts of stable isotopic fractionation and atmospheric circulation on the two types of stable isotopes are different.

Spatial-temporal patterns of major ion chemistry and its controlling factors in the Manasarovar Basin, Tibet

The Manasarovar Basin in southern Tibet, which is considered a holy land in Buddhism, has drawn international academic attention because of its unique geographical environment. In this study, based on actual measurements of major ion concentrations in 43 water samples collected during the years 2005 and 2012, we analyzed systemically the spatialtemporal patterns of water chemistry and its controlling factors in the lake and inflowing rivers. The results reveal that the water in the Manasarovar Basin is slightly alkaline, with a pH ranging between 7.4-7.9. The amounts of total dissolved solids （TDS） in lake and river waters are approximately 325.4 and 88.7 mg/l, respectively, lower than that in most of the surface waters in the Tibetan Plateau. Because of the long-term effect of evaporative crystallization, in the lake, Na^＋ and HCO3^- have the highest concentrations, accounting for 46.8% and 86.8% of the total cation and anion content. However, in the inflowing rivers, the dominant ions are Ca^2＋ and HCO3^-, accounting for 59.6% and 75.4% of the total cation and anion content. The water exchange is insufficient for such a large lake, resulting in a remarkable spatial variation of ion composition. There are several large inflowing rivers on the north side of the lake, in which the ion concentrations are significantly higher than that on the other side of the lake, with a TDS of 468.9 and 254.9 mg/l, respectively. Under the influence of complicated surroundings, the spatial variations in water chemistry are even more significant in the rivers, with upstreams exhibiting a higher ionic content. The molar ratio between （Ca^2＋＋Mg^2＋） and （Na^＋＋K^＋） is much higher than 1.0, revealing that the main source of ions in the waters is carbonate weathering. Although natural processes, such as rock weathering, are the major factors controlling main ion chemistry in the basin, in the future we need to pay more attention to the anthropogenic influence.

南水北调中线冬季冰情变化特征及输水能力提升策略研究

南水北调中线工程冰期输水能力受限已成为制约工程安全运行和社会效益发挥的巨大障碍。认识和辨析通水以来中线干渠冬季水温冰情演变规律及影响机理,是中线干渠冬季输水能力提升亟需解决的关键问题。本文基于2011—2023年中线干渠连续12个冬季的气象、水力、冰情等原型观测资料,分析了中线干渠水温冰情时空分布本底和特征规律,明晰了影响中线干渠冰凌生消的关键因素,针对性提出了冬季输水能力提升的相关应对策略。分析表明:通水以来冰情发生的范围和时间相比理论预想偏小、偏短,冰凌影响区为七里河倒虹吸至北拒马河暗渠段,冰塞风险区为滹沱河倒虹吸至北拒马河暗渠段,多年平均冰厚15 cm,历史极端冰塞厚2.9 m,冰凌壅水最高值0.73 m;干渠冬季水温由南向北递减,依次出现岸冰、流冰和冰盖,日均气温转负后相应的断面平均测量水温在2.5、1.0和0.25℃左右,且沿程水温下降速率与流量和气温呈负相关,即增大输水流量可减缓水温下降速度;影响冰凌生消的关键因素是气温、流量、太阳辐射和风速,典型年如2016年的严重冰情与1月低累计负积温、大输水流量和短时寒潮叠加有关,漕河等渡槽失温快产冰量大与风速密切相关。基于上述分析,未来可考虑结合气象、水情、冰情实时监测和智能预警预报,建立水温-水量-水力协同调控和动态调度技术体系,重点从缩短冰期输水时长、降低冰情影响范围、优化关键控制指标和挖潜渠道防冰塞性能等多方面全面提升南水北调中线工程冬季输水能力。

白马湖水质2008—2021年空间分布特征

基于2008—2021年白马湖水质监测数据,本文采用距平系数法分析研究了白马湖各生态功能分区水质空间分布特征。结果表明,总氮和总磷是白马湖水质状况最重要的控制因子,其中白马湖核心区、开发控制利用区总氮和总磷距平系数多为负数,白马湖缓冲区总氮、总磷、富营养化指数距平系数均为正数。白马湖缓冲区多年水质状况较差,2018年以后有好转趋势。现阶段,各生态功能分区总磷、总氮水质类别仍处于Ⅳ类,控氮、控磷治理是亟待解决的重点问题。

江苏省冬小麦需水量时空变化特征及气候影响因素分析

为实现江苏省冬小麦科学灌溉、提高农业用水效率,明晰江苏省冬小麦需水量及气候影响因素的时空变化特征,为全省冬小麦灌溉管理及农业水资源高效利用提供科技支撑,基于江苏省共计12个地区2013-2022年冬小麦季相关气象资料,通过Penman-Montieth法计算近十年来江苏省冬小麦需水量,并利用Pearson相关分析法对近十年江苏省冬小麦需水量时空变化特征、需水特性以及气象影响因素进行了分析。近十年间江苏省年平均气温、日平均湿度、地表温度、降水量、蒸发量、平均日照时数均呈总体上升趋势,太阳总辐射量呈减小趋势。近十年来江苏省冬小麦本田期的需水量平均值为451.82~692.50 mm,年际变化范围在540.19~646.70 mm,不同年份间呈现减小的趋势,空间上则呈现由西北向东南递减的趋势。江苏省大部分地区冬小麦需水强度最小值出现在1月,5-6月抽穗期与灌浆期需水强度最大。江苏省冬小麦全生育期需水量与年均降雨量、日均湿度之间存在负相关关系,与年均水面蒸发量、年均日照时数、年平均气温间存在正相关关系,这其中以日均湿度、年均水面蒸发量、年均气温对冬小麦需水量的影响最为明显。并且,近十年冬小麦全生育期需水量的总体下降趋势可能是由于其与日均湿度明显更高的负相关性所导致。总之,近十年来江苏省冬小麦需水量逐年有下降趋势,且由西北向东南递减,此外全省日均湿度、年均水面蒸发量、年均气温是近年来冬小麦需水量变化的主要影响因素。

塔里木盆地及其周边地区大气可降水量分布及其与降水关系的研究

利用2018年7月至2022年6月塔里木盆地及其周边地区17部地基GPS水汽探测仪遥感的大气可降水量(PWV)资料、 14个地面气象站逐时和逐日降水资料,分析了塔里木盆地西部(区域A)和东部(区域B)PWV分布特征及其与降水关系。结果表明:(1)研究区年平均PWV高值区主要集中于盆地北部和盆地西南部平原地区,海拔超过1300 m站点的PWV年平均值与海拔成反比,低于1300 m的低海拔地区PWV年平均值在10~12 mm。夏季测站PWV平均值是春、秋季节的2倍。(2)区域A和区域B PWV月变化呈单峰型分布,分别在8月和7月达到峰值。区域A有、无降水日PWV均在23:00(北京时,下同)达到日峰值。区域B有、无降水日PWV日峰值出现时间相差5 h,分别出现在11:00和17:00。(3)区域A和区域B多数测站ΔPWV(PWV与PWV月平均值差值)峰值分别在降水开始前0~1 h和降水开始时刻前后1 h出现。春季区域B降水前PWV跃变程度较区域A更剧烈,夏季各区域σPWV(PWV与PWV月平均值倍数)提前降水开始时刻1 h、 5~6 h达到1~1.8倍的天气过程较其余时次偏多。秋季和冬季区域BσPWV分别集中在1.4~2.0倍和1.6~2.4倍。(4)海拔高于1400 m测站的5-6月、 7-8月PWV值达到10~20 mm和15~25 mm,对应降水结束时刻。海拔低于1400 m测站5-8月降水结束时刻PWV值逐渐由15~25 mm增至25~35 mm。