Based upon a comprehensive study of 123 copper deposits in China. this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1. The crust in China was solidified pretty late; with the accretion of the plate, the copper mineralizat...Based upon a comprehensive study of 123 copper deposits in China. this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1. The crust in China was solidified pretty late; with the accretion of the plate, the copper mineralization moved towards its margin in space and became successively younger in age. 2. The major copper ore types ever found in the world have mostly been discovered in China, in which the porphyry type seems to be the most important and the massive sulfide type in the transitional bed between marine clastic and carbonate rocks is clearly defined. 3. Carbonate strata are widespread in China and their deposition lasted for a long geological period, so the proportion of copper deposits occurring in them is large as compared with other parts of the world. 4. Seven metallogenic epochs can be recognized, in which the Mesozoic one plays the leading role and the middle(late) Palaeozoic and Cenozoic ones are next in importance. Mineralization was comparatively simple in the early geological period. and became diversified later on. In the early epochs copper deposits related to basaltic magmatism and metamorphosed marine sediments predominated, whereas in the later epochs those related to granitic magmatism and continental sedimentation were dominant. 5. There exist in China thirteen metallogenic provinces, of which the Lower Yangtze downwarping belt, Sanjiang fold system, Jiangnan axis and Xikang-Yunnan axis are of greater significance. 6. The crustal mobility in China was rather pronounced, the polycyclic evolution of the crust has resulted in such obvious phenomena as the inheritance of mineralization, the coexistence of various types and the superposition of different genetic types.展开更多
The Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua area is a mineral resource-concentrated area for gold-silver polymetallic ore deposits. The temporal and spatial distribution and origin of mineral resources have been argued for a long time. B...The Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua area is a mineral resource-concentrated area for gold-silver polymetallic ore deposits. The temporal and spatial distribution and origin of mineral resources have been argued for a long time. Based on the comprehensive studies of geochronology and sulfur, lead, oxygen, carbon and noble gas isotopes, it is considered that the temporal and spatial distribution of mineral resources in this area is obviously controlled by the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua mantle branch structure, as is reflected by the occurrence of gold deposits in the inner parts and of Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore deposits in the outer parts. The mineralization took place mainly during the Yanshanian period. Ore-forming materials came largely from the deep interior of the Earth, and hydrothermal fluids were derived predominantly from Yanshanian magmatism.展开更多
This study was conducted following research on metallogenesis in the Zhangjiajie-Xuanhua and East Hebei mantle branch structure zones. The Fuping mantle branch structure zone is one where Au, Cu and Ag poly-metallic o...This study was conducted following research on metallogenesis in the Zhangjiajie-Xuanhua and East Hebei mantle branch structure zones. The Fuping mantle branch structure zone is one where Au, Cu and Ag poly-metallic ore resources are concentrated in North Hebei. However, there has existed a long-standing controversy on the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources and their ore-forming material sources. In terms of age dating and the comprehensive analysis of S, Pb, O, C and Si isotopes, it is considered that the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources in this mantle branch structure zone is obviously controlled by the Fuping mantle branch structure. In space there is developed such a metallogenic pattern as to be Ag, Pb and Zn polymetallic ore deposits with gold appearing inside and copper appearing outside. Metallogenesis is dated mainly at Yanshanian, the ore-forming materials were derived predominantly from the deep interior of the Earth, and ore-forming fluids were derived largely from Yanshanian magmatism.展开更多
Many rare metal and REE deposits have been found in the Altay orogenic belt,on the northern margin of the Tarim massif and in the Kunlun-Altun orogenic belt, constituting threevery important rare metal-REE mineralizat...Many rare metal and REE deposits have been found in the Altay orogenic belt,on the northern margin of the Tarim massif and in the Kunlun-Altun orogenic belt, constituting threevery important rare metal-REE mineralization belts in western China. These deposits belong tovarious genetic types with complex ore-forming mechanism, and were formed in certain mineralizationepochs. On the basis of a systematic sum-up of geologic and geochemical achievements and^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar ages of potassium-rich minerals as well as whole-rock Rb-Sr dating results, theauthors systematically analyzed the spatial distribution and mineralization epochs of rare metal-REEdeposits in Xinjiang, northwestern China, and concluded that although the Hercynian rare metal-REEmineralizations in this area are very important, pre- and post-Hercynian (especially Indosinian andearly Yanshanian) rare metal-REE mineralizations also have important theoretical and economicsignificance.展开更多
The important strategic metal cobalt has diverse uses and the majority of world cobalt deposits have been found in China. The deposits can be classified into four types, i.e., magmatic Ni-Cu-Co sulfide deposits, hydro...The important strategic metal cobalt has diverse uses and the majority of world cobalt deposits have been found in China. The deposits can be classified into four types, i.e., magmatic Ni-Cu-Co sulfide deposits, hydrothermal and volcanogenic cobalt polymetallic deposits, strata-bound Cu-Co deposits hosted by sedimentary rocks and lateritic Ni-Co deposits, of which the former two types are the most important. There are six principal metallogenic epochs and seven important metallogenic belts according to their distribution and tectonic position. Although cobalt generally occurs in nickel-copper, copper and iron deposits as an associated metal, great developments in exploration for independent cobalt deposits have happened in China, and, in recent years, many independent deposits with different elementary assemblages and different genetic types have been discovered in the eastern part of the northern margin of the North China platform, the Central Orogenic Belt of China, western Jiangxi and northeastern Hunan. In addition, it is inferred that the Kunlun-Qinling Orogenic Belt has great potential for further exploration of new types of independent cobalt deposits.展开更多
The metamorphosed sedimentary type of iron deposits（BIF） is the most important type of iron deposits in the world, and super-large iron ore clusters of this type include the Quadrilatero Ferrifero district and Caraj...The metamorphosed sedimentary type of iron deposits（BIF） is the most important type of iron deposits in the world, and super-large iron ore clusters of this type include the Quadrilatero Ferrifero district and Carajas in Brazil, Hamersley in Australia, Kursk in Russia, Central Province of India and Anshan-Benxi in China. Subordinated types of iron deposits are magmatic, volcanic-hosted and sedimentary ones. This paper briefly introduces the geological characteristics of major super-large iron ore clusters in the world. The proven reserves of iron ores in China are relatively abundant, but they are mainly low-grade ores. Moreover, a considerate part of iron ores are difficult to utilize for their difficult ore dressing, deep burial or other reasons. Iron ore deposits are relatively concentrated in 11 metallogenic provinces（belts）, such as the Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, Xichang-Central Yunnan Province and middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main minerogenetic epoches vary widely from the Archean to Quaternary, and are mainly the Late Archean to Middle Proterozoic, Variscan, and Yanshanian periods. The main 7 genetic types of iron deposits in China are metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF）, magmatic type, volcanic-hosted type, skarn type, hydrothermal type, sedimentary type and weathered leaching type. The iron-rich ores occur predominantly in the skarn and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits, locally in the metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF） as hydrothermal reformation products. The theory of minerogenetic series of mineral deposits and minerogenic models has applied in investigation and prospecting of iron ore deposits. A combination of deep analyses of aeromagnetic anomalies and geomagnetic anomalies, with gravity anomalies are an effective method to seeking large and deep-buried iron deposits. China has a relatively great oresearching potential of iron ores, especially for metamorphosed sedimentary, skarn, and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits. For the lower guarantee degree of iron and steel industry, China should give a trading and open the foreign mining markets.展开更多
文摘Based upon a comprehensive study of 123 copper deposits in China. this paper reaches the following conclusions: 1. The crust in China was solidified pretty late; with the accretion of the plate, the copper mineralization moved towards its margin in space and became successively younger in age. 2. The major copper ore types ever found in the world have mostly been discovered in China, in which the porphyry type seems to be the most important and the massive sulfide type in the transitional bed between marine clastic and carbonate rocks is clearly defined. 3. Carbonate strata are widespread in China and their deposition lasted for a long geological period, so the proportion of copper deposits occurring in them is large as compared with other parts of the world. 4. Seven metallogenic epochs can be recognized, in which the Mesozoic one plays the leading role and the middle(late) Palaeozoic and Cenozoic ones are next in importance. Mineralization was comparatively simple in the early geological period. and became diversified later on. In the early epochs copper deposits related to basaltic magmatism and metamorphosed marine sediments predominated, whereas in the later epochs those related to granitic magmatism and continental sedimentation were dominant. 5. There exist in China thirteen metallogenic provinces, of which the Lower Yangtze downwarping belt, Sanjiang fold system, Jiangnan axis and Xikang-Yunnan axis are of greater significance. 6. The crustal mobility in China was rather pronounced, the polycyclic evolution of the crust has resulted in such obvious phenomena as the inheritance of mineralization, the coexistence of various types and the superposition of different genetic types.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 40272088）.
文摘The Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua area is a mineral resource-concentrated area for gold-silver polymetallic ore deposits. The temporal and spatial distribution and origin of mineral resources have been argued for a long time. Based on the comprehensive studies of geochronology and sulfur, lead, oxygen, carbon and noble gas isotopes, it is considered that the temporal and spatial distribution of mineral resources in this area is obviously controlled by the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua mantle branch structure, as is reflected by the occurrence of gold deposits in the inner parts and of Ag-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore deposits in the outer parts. The mineralization took place mainly during the Yanshanian period. Ore-forming materials came largely from the deep interior of the Earth, and hydrothermal fluids were derived predominantly from Yanshanian magmatism.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40872137)Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (GrantNo.D2007000751)
文摘This study was conducted following research on metallogenesis in the Zhangjiajie-Xuanhua and East Hebei mantle branch structure zones. The Fuping mantle branch structure zone is one where Au, Cu and Ag poly-metallic ore resources are concentrated in North Hebei. However, there has existed a long-standing controversy on the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources and their ore-forming material sources. In terms of age dating and the comprehensive analysis of S, Pb, O, C and Si isotopes, it is considered that the temporal-spatial distribution of ore resources in this mantle branch structure zone is obviously controlled by the Fuping mantle branch structure. In space there is developed such a metallogenic pattern as to be Ag, Pb and Zn polymetallic ore deposits with gold appearing inside and copper appearing outside. Metallogenesis is dated mainly at Yanshanian, the ore-forming materials were derived predominantly from the deep interior of the Earth, and ore-forming fluids were derived largely from Yanshanian magmatism.
基金This study was supported by China's National Key Basic Research Projects“Large-scale metallization and prognostication of large scale metallogenetic concentrated area"(No.G1999043201)“Isotopic Research of Main Metallogenetic Events in Xinjiang”(No.2001CB409810).
文摘Many rare metal and REE deposits have been found in the Altay orogenic belt,on the northern margin of the Tarim massif and in the Kunlun-Altun orogenic belt, constituting threevery important rare metal-REE mineralization belts in western China. These deposits belong tovarious genetic types with complex ore-forming mechanism, and were formed in certain mineralizationepochs. On the basis of a systematic sum-up of geologic and geochemical achievements and^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar ages of potassium-rich minerals as well as whole-rock Rb-Sr dating results, theauthors systematically analyzed the spatial distribution and mineralization epochs of rare metal-REEdeposits in Xinjiang, northwestern China, and concluded that although the Hercynian rare metal-REEmineralizations in this area are very important, pre- and post-Hercynian (especially Indosinian andearly Yanshanian) rare metal-REE mineralizations also have important theoretical and economicsignificance.
基金financially supported jointly by a project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 40302019) China Geological Survey project DKD2001027-4.
文摘The important strategic metal cobalt has diverse uses and the majority of world cobalt deposits have been found in China. The deposits can be classified into four types, i.e., magmatic Ni-Cu-Co sulfide deposits, hydrothermal and volcanogenic cobalt polymetallic deposits, strata-bound Cu-Co deposits hosted by sedimentary rocks and lateritic Ni-Co deposits, of which the former two types are the most important. There are six principal metallogenic epochs and seven important metallogenic belts according to their distribution and tectonic position. Although cobalt generally occurs in nickel-copper, copper and iron deposits as an associated metal, great developments in exploration for independent cobalt deposits have happened in China, and, in recent years, many independent deposits with different elementary assemblages and different genetic types have been discovered in the eastern part of the northern margin of the North China platform, the Central Orogenic Belt of China, western Jiangxi and northeastern Hunan. In addition, it is inferred that the Kunlun-Qinling Orogenic Belt has great potential for further exploration of new types of independent cobalt deposits.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 40773038the Program of High-level Geological Talents (201309)Youth Geological Talents (201112) of the China Geological Survey
文摘The metamorphosed sedimentary type of iron deposits（BIF） is the most important type of iron deposits in the world, and super-large iron ore clusters of this type include the Quadrilatero Ferrifero district and Carajas in Brazil, Hamersley in Australia, Kursk in Russia, Central Province of India and Anshan-Benxi in China. Subordinated types of iron deposits are magmatic, volcanic-hosted and sedimentary ones. This paper briefly introduces the geological characteristics of major super-large iron ore clusters in the world. The proven reserves of iron ores in China are relatively abundant, but they are mainly low-grade ores. Moreover, a considerate part of iron ores are difficult to utilize for their difficult ore dressing, deep burial or other reasons. Iron ore deposits are relatively concentrated in 11 metallogenic provinces（belts）, such as the Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, Xichang-Central Yunnan Province and middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main minerogenetic epoches vary widely from the Archean to Quaternary, and are mainly the Late Archean to Middle Proterozoic, Variscan, and Yanshanian periods. The main 7 genetic types of iron deposits in China are metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF）, magmatic type, volcanic-hosted type, skarn type, hydrothermal type, sedimentary type and weathered leaching type. The iron-rich ores occur predominantly in the skarn and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits, locally in the metamorphosed sedimentary type（BIF） as hydrothermal reformation products. The theory of minerogenetic series of mineral deposits and minerogenic models has applied in investigation and prospecting of iron ore deposits. A combination of deep analyses of aeromagnetic anomalies and geomagnetic anomalies, with gravity anomalies are an effective method to seeking large and deep-buried iron deposits. China has a relatively great oresearching potential of iron ores, especially for metamorphosed sedimentary, skarn, and marine volcanic-hosted iron deposits. For the lower guarantee degree of iron and steel industry, China should give a trading and open the foreign mining markets.
