A"messenger zone hypothesis"based on the visual three-dimensional spatial distribution of motoneurons innervating deep limb muscles

Coordinated contraction of skeletal muscles relies on selective connections between the muscles and multiple classes of the spinal motoneuro ns.Howeve r,current research on the spatial location of the spinal motoneurons innervating differe nt muscles is limited.In this study,we investigated the spatial distribution and relative position of different motoneurons that control the deep muscles of the mouse hindlimbs,which were innervated by the obturator nerve,femoral nerve,inferior gluteal nerve,deep pe roneal nerve,and tibial nerve.Locations were visualized by combining a multiplex retrograde tracking technique compatible with three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared o rgans(3DISCO)and 3-D imaging technology based on lightsheet fluorescence microscopy(LSFM).Additionally,we propose the hypothesis that"messenger zones"exist as interlaced areas between the motoneuron pools that dominate the synergistic or antagonist muscle groups.We hypothesize that these interlaced neurons may participate in muscle coordination as messenger neurons.Analysis revealed the precise mutual positional relationships among the many motoneurons that innervate different deep muscles of the mouse.Not only do these findings update and supplement our knowledge regarding the overall spatial layout of spinal motoneurons that control mouse limb muscles,but they also provide insights into the mechanisms through which muscle activity is coordinated and the architecture of motor circuits.

A Preliminary Study on the Theory of Polar Coordinates Digital Photogrammetry and the Coordinate System of Spatial Information

The development of new aeronautics and astronautics technologies has been constrained by strict mathematical rules for data processing among the diverse methods used to obtain spatial information.The acquisition of spatial information has been affected by various choices including the applied technologies(e.g.,push broom sensors),techniques(e.g.,zoom imaging),and equipment settings(e.g.,swing angle,aerial platform attitude,camera angle)in terms of the convergence,efficiency,and accuracy of the data.Based on the principle of the bionic machine parallax angle and pyramidal projection of the aerial space platform to the surface,this study explored solutions for high-resolution image sparsity,ill-conditioned singularity,and non-convergence by building a set of mathematical models to process the polar coordinates of the parallax angular vector.This study also formed a polar information theory for initial spatial information.This method improved the ranges of accuracy,efficiency,and anti-interference in close-range photogrammetry and the free net bundle adjustment model by several orders of magnitude.The open source code was made globally available more than 3 years ago,and has received positive reactions.The method’s effectiveness was verified using aerophotogrammetry and absolute network adjustment model experiments,and its performance was better than that of the Cartesian coordinate processing method.Finally,the higher-order solution characteristics of various applications and spaceflight platforms were provided,which are expected to provide a foundation for construction of a new polar coordinate system for aerospace multi-scale all-attitude spatial information acquisition,organization,management,storage,processing,and application.

Three Types of Spatial Function Zoning in Key Ecological Function Areas Based on Ecological and Economic Coordinated Development: A Case Study of Tacheng Basin, China

Three types of spatial function zoning is an effective measure for regional environmental protection and orderly development.For ecological and economic coordinated development, spatial function zones should be divided scientifically to clear its direction of development and protection. Therefore, based on ecological constraints, a beneficial discussion would be about the key ecological function areas adopting the concept of ecological protection restriction and supporting socioeconomic development for spatial function zoning. In this paper, the researchers, taking Tacheng Basin, Xinjiang of China as an example, choose township as basic research unit and set up an evaluation index system from three aspects, namely, ecological protection suitability, agricultural production suitability, and urban development suitability, which are analyzed by using spatial analysis functions and exclusive matrix method. The results showed that: 1) This paper formed a set of multilevel evaluation index systems for three types of spatial function zoning of the key ecological function areas based on a novel perspective by scientifically dividing Tacheng Basin into ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space,which realized the integration and scientific orientation for spatial function at the township scale. 2) Under the guidance of three types of spatial pattern, the functional orientation and suggestions of development and protection was clearly defined for ecological protection zones,ecological economic zones, agricultural production zones, and urban development zones. 3) A new idea of space governance is provided to promote the coordinated and sustainable development between ecology and economy, which can break the traditional mode of thinking about regional economic development, and offers a scientific basis and reference for macro decision-making.

Principle of Coordinates Acquisition Based on Single Camera

The principle and accuracy of 3-D coordinates acquisition using one single camera and the Aided Measuring Probe(AMP) are discussed in this paper. Using one single camera and one AMP which has several embedded targets and one tip with known coordinates, the single camera′s orientation and location can be calculated. After orientation, the global coordinate system is obtained. During measurement, the camera is fixed firstly, then the AMP is held and the feature point is touched.The camera is triggered lastly. The position and orientation of the AMP are therefore calculated from the size and position of its image on the sensor. Since the tip point of AMP has known relation with the embedded targets, the feature point can be measured. Tests show that the accuracy of length measurement is 0.2 mm and accuracy for flatness measurement in XSY-plane is 0.1 mm.

The Accuracy of GIS Tools for Transforming Assumed Total Station Surveys to Real World Coordinates

Most surveying works for mapping or GIS applications are performed with total station. Due to the remote nature of many of the sites surveyed, the surveys are often done in unprojected, local, assumed coordinate systems. However, without the survey data projected in real world coordinates, the range of possible analyses is limited and the value of existing imagery, elevation models, and hydrologic layers cannot be exploited. This requires a transformation from the local assumed to the real world coordinate systems. There are various built-in and add-in tools to perform transformations through GIS programs. This paper studies the effect of using Georeferencing tool, Spatial Adjustment tool (Affine and similarity) and CHaMP tool on the precision and relative accuracy of total station survey. This transformation requires real-world coordinates of at least two control points, which can be collected from different sources. This paper also studies the effect of using geodetic GPS, hand-held GPS, Google Earth (GE) and Bing Basemaps as sources for control points on the precision and relative accuracy of total station survey. These effects have been tested by using 111 points covered area of 60,000 m2and the results have shown that the CHaMP tool is the best for preserving the relative accuracy of the transformed points. The Georeferencing and spatial adjustment (similarity) tools give the same results and their accuracy are between 1/1000 and 1/300 depending on the source of control points. The results have also shown that the cornerstone to preserve the precision and relative accuracy of the transformed coordinates is the relative position of the control points despite their source.

Spatial-temporal Coupling Analysis of Economic Development-Social Development-Government Governance in Xinjiang, China

High-quality development of ethnic minority areas is a key issue in China’s economic and social transformation.In order to explore the development trend and optimization path of high-quality development in ethnic minority areas,this study constructed a systematic evaluation index system of economic development,social development and government governance.The coupled coordination model was adopted to quantitatively analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of economic development,social development and government governance in Xinjiang from 2013 to 2020.The influencing factors of coupling coordination development of the three systems were identified by grey correlation analysis.The spatial-temporal pattern analysis results show that the coupling coordination degree of Xinjiang increased steadily,but the regional differences gradually expanded.The coupling coordination degree shows a stable structure with high center and low periphery,and a spatial pattern of low in southern Xinjiang and high in northern Xinjiang.The results of grey correlation analysis show that the grey correlation degree among economic development,social development and government governance in Xinjiang is above 0.78.The three systems of economic development,social development and government governance interact with each other,forming a complex system of high-quality development in ethnic minority areas.To promote highquality development in Xinjiang,it should take social stability and long-term stability as the overall goal,improve the quality of the production and living environment on the basis of economic development,enhance regional economic competitiveness,and take government governance as a means to optimize the environment for regional development.

Spatial Processing and Coordination Design of Indoor and Outdoor Space

From the review of development history of indoor design in China, we can see that it develops rapidly from sprout to expansion, and has large professional scale. It goes through ignorance, misconception and comprehensive understanding. And it has developed into a perfect and independent composite subject. From the perspective of interior design continuing architectural design in time-space dimension, the paper focuses on observing the application analysis of coordinated interior design, which not only provides reference for interior design in China, but also improves the interior design in China.

SPATIAL－TEMPORAL DISCRETE COORDINATION OF FEM AND DIRECT INTEGRAL METHOD FOR TRANSIENT DYNAMIC PROBLEMS

In this paper, the coordination of spatial-temporal discrets of FEM and direct integral method is investigates.By analyzing the numespatial-temporal discrete,the principle of balancing the principle of balancing the energy error induced by spatialdiscrete and the energy error induced by temporal discrete is presented, and the prioriprocess and adaptive method for the coordination of spatial discerand temporal discrete is obtained.

广东省港口高质量发展与绿色经济耦合协调及影响因素研究

为分析港口高质量发展与绿色经济的关系,分别构建港口高质量发展和绿色经济评价指标体系,运用熵权TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)法分别测算广东省17个城市的港口高质量发展水平和绿色经济发展水平,利用耦合协调度模型探究两者之间的耦合协调关系,使用空间杜宾模型分析其影响因素。研究表明:广东省港口高质量发展水平和绿色经济发展水平均呈上升趋势;两系统耦合协调状态由濒临失调过渡到勉强协调,协调水平稳步提升,且具有“珠三角高、粤东西北低”的空间分异特征;科技水平、经济发展水平、外贸发展水平和外资投入水平对两者耦合协调有显著正向影响,产业结构对两者耦合协调有显著负向影响。

黄河流域乡村集群的空间协同发展路径——以黄河滨州段为例

立足于黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展、乡村振兴国家战略在山东的地域性实践背景,基于对黄河流域乡村集群的空间协同发展路径研究,阐释乡村集群的概念并归纳沿黄乡村集群特征,从黄河流域乡村的发展壁垒入手,将乡村集群类型划分为城乡融合型、带状集聚型、组团提升型等3种集群空间模式,提出统筹体系架构与空间优化两层面的协同路径。随后,以《滨州市黄河沿岸国土空间规划》为例,以229个村庄为样本,构建由城乡融合示范区、特色集聚段、门户提升段构成的“一区三段”乡村集群空间格局,提出“尺度嵌合、显隐结合、城乡融合”的空间协同路径,以及空间多尺度的分类传导和规划多嵌套的分级传导体系,以期为黄河流域乡村高质量发展提供可参考的路径模式。

我国高等职业教育与区域经济耦合协调的机理、评价与启示

高等职业教育与区域经济通过宏观产教融合、中观校企合作和微观工学结合的嵌套,形成三位一体的耦合。基于2011—2021年的省际面板数据,运用耦合协调度模型、Dagum基尼系数、空间关联分析与空间杜宾模型探究高等职业教育与区域经济耦合协调度的时空分异、空间集聚与影响因素。研究发现:全国与省际的耦合协调度呈上升趋势,耦合协调度较高的省份呈现出东部沿海地区向内陆收缩的“漏斗形”分布格局;耦合协调度的整体表征为全局空间正相关,局部主要为高-高集聚,集聚区的演变反映出省际协调与博弈;政府支持程度对本地的影响为正,对邻地的影响为负,政府干预力度对本地和邻地的影响为负,市场化水平对本地和邻地的影响为正。为进一步推动高等职业教育与区域经济的耦合协调发展,应当把握好系统逻辑、空间逻辑与主体逻辑,持续深化两系统的协同发展。

从空间规划体系到国土空间体系——兼析国土空间体系构建下的国土空间治理趋向

研究目的:分析国家治理体系和治理能力现代化背景下,国土空间体系表述的形成脉络及内在逻辑,并从国土空间体系构建视角探讨国土空间治理的未来趋向。研究方法:综合分析法与对比分析法。研究结果:国土空间具有“区域”和“要素”双重特性,建立空间规划体系旨在解决传统国土空间治理的“区域”“要素”缺乏统筹问题。从空间规划体系、国土空间规划体系到国土空间体系的演变,实质上是不断推进迈向高质量发展、强化“区域—要素”统筹的国土空间治理。在构建国土空间体系的指引下,国土空间治理既要聚焦国土空间的高质量发展,绘就国土空间协调发展蓝图,又要完善主体功能区战略和制度,做好国土空间治理的“区域—要素”统筹。研究结论:面向国土空间体系构建,国土空间治理未来应做好国土空间高质量发展导向下的“区域—要素”统筹治理。

中国双向FDI协调发展与碳排放:空间溢出效应

双向FDI协调发展是推进高水平对外开放的重要抓手,也是推动碳减排进而如期实现“双碳”目标的战略抉择。然而,现有文献鲜有从空间溢出效应视角系统探究双向FDI协调发展对碳排放的影响机制。为此,基于相关理论分析,利用2003—2019年中国省域面板数据,借助耦合协调度模型,测算中国双向FDI协调发展水平,并构建空间杜宾模型考察中国双向FDI协调发展对碳排放影响的空间溢出效应。研究发现:(1)中国省域双向FDI协调发展与碳排放都具有显著的空间正相关性;(2)中国双向FDI协调发展对碳排放具有显著的抑制效应。据此,提出相应的政策建议。

武陵山片区经济韧性与乡村振兴耦合协调时空演变研究

提升经济韧性与乡村振兴耦合协调水平对于实现共同富裕意义重大。在剖析经济韧性与乡村振兴耦合协调机理基础上,以武陵山片区30个县域单元为研究对象,综合运用核密度估计、耦合协调模型和空间马尔科夫链探析2011—2021年武陵山片区经济韧性与乡村振兴的耦合协调度及其时空演变特征。结果表明:武陵山片区经济韧性和乡村振兴的发展指数整体呈波动上升趋势,二者空间异质性显著;乡村振兴与经济韧性的耦合协调度呈逐年上升态势,空间上呈现出“西北部>东南部>中部”的分异格局;经济韧性滞后是阻滞大部分地区“乡村振兴—经济韧性”复合系统耦合协调水平提高的重要因素;武陵山片区耦合协调水平呈现“俱乐部”趋同现象,且高(低)水平邻域会提高本地耦合协调度向上(下)转移的概率。研究成果可为提升武陵山片区居民福祉、促进乡村振兴提供科学参考。

数字金融与经济高质量发展:双向赋能还是单向驱动——基于时空交互视角

本文以中国30个省份为研究对象,应用耦合协调度模型考察数字金融与经济高质量发展耦合协调时空演变特征,刻画两者相互影响、相互作用的典型事实后,构建空间联立方程模型研究数字金融与经济高质量发展的交互作用。研究发现:数字金融与经济高质量发展存在耦合协调关系,时序演化上两者耦合协调度呈现稳定上升趋势,且表现出区域间的差异性和收敛性,但仍存在较大提升空间;空间演变上表现为明显的“分散→聚集”特征。在本地内,数字金融与经济高质量发展已形成双向赋能的良性循环,数字金融赋能经济高质量发展存在“中部>西部>东部”的强度差异,经济高质量发展赋能数字金融的提质效应明显高于增量效应。在邻域内,仅存在着数字金融对经济高质量发展的单向驱动作用,暂未实现双向赋能。

绿色金融与技术创新耦合协调对低碳经济发展的影响

绿色金融与技术创新耦合协调是发展新质生产力的重要着力点,是实现低碳经济发展的必由之路。本文选取2000—2021年中国省级面板数据,利用熵值法测算低碳经济发展综合指数,在此基础上使用双向固定效应模型检验绿色金融与技术创新耦合协调对低碳经济发展的影响。研究结果表明,低碳经济发展整体表现为稳定上升的趋势,且呈现“东高、中平、西低”的分布格局;省域绿色金融与技术创新耦合协调主要呈现高耦合协调度,且由沿海地区向内陆地区递减;绿色金融与技术创新耦合协调对低碳经济发展具有正向影响,同时绿色金融与技术创新耦合协调对低碳经济发展产生空间溢出效应。基于上述结果,为进一步优化绿色金融与技术创新协调发展和助力低碳经济发展,应注重“绿色”和“蓝色”资源优势,实施差异化低碳经济发展战略;以“空间治理”为抓手,促进区域绿色金融和技术创新协调发展;完善协同政策,有效提升新质生产力;加强区域空间重塑,充分发挥耦合协调的空间溢出效应。

中国制造业产业链、创新链、资金链、人才链耦合协调发展:统计测度与演进态势

推动产业链、创新链、资金链、人才链融合发展是贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局的重要战略举措。基于2012-2021年中国30个省(区、市)的数据,利用耦合协调度模型测算分析中国制造业产业链、创新链、资金链和人才链(以下简称“四链”)的耦合协调度,运用核密度估计法和Dagum基尼系数考察其时间演进态势和空间差异来源,利用障碍度模型探究影响中国制造业“四链”耦合协调度的主要因素。研究结果表明:制造业“四链”耦合协调发展态势维稳向好,整体处于中度耦合协调阶段;创新链子系统发展持续滞后于产业链、资金链、人才链子系统;除“产业链-资金链”外,其他子系统“两两”间的耦合协调度均呈增长趋势;制造业“四链”耦合协调发展的区域差异大致呈现先上升后下降的倒“U”型趋势,主要来自区域间差异;目前要素层面临的主要障碍因子分别为产业链宽度、创新环境、资金周转能力和人才结构。最后,从鼓励区域间合作、优化创新激励机制、完善金融支持体系和引领人才回归实体经济部门等方面提出建议。

中国数字经济与实体经济:耦合协调及时空演变研究

本文基于2011—2022年30个省份的面板数据,建立数字经济与实体经济综合评价指标体系。运用耦合协调度、核密度分析、马尔可夫链及空间自相关等模型,对我国数字经济与实体经济的耦合协调度及时空演变特征进行测算分析。研究发现,我国数字经济与实体经济的耦合协调水平虽逐年提升,但由于各地区经济发展水平、产业结构、资源配置、数字技术与人才供给的非均衡性,导致空间不平衡现象明显,总体呈现“东高西低”的空间格局。区域内部分省份及产业集群凭借特定优势形成发展极,加剧了内部差异,呈现多极化演进趋势。“俱乐部收敛”现象反映出不同发展水平区域间的自我强化机制,导致等级锁定,难以迅速跨越发展鸿沟;莫兰指数呈现波动上升趋势,集聚程度缓慢提高,但在空间上集聚形态分布并不均衡,总体呈现“高高低低”的空间集聚特征。

长江经济带“水-能-碳”系统适应性评价及空间关联特征

为应对全球气候变化和资源环境压力,研究水资源、能源和碳排放(水-能-碳)系统间的复杂作用关系和适应性水平,对促进“自然-社会-经济”协调发展和推动经济社会高质量发展具有重要意义。基于复杂适应系统理论,界定“水-能-碳”系统适应性内涵,建立“水-能-碳”系统交互适应性框架,从敏感性、稳定性、兼容性和可持续性4个子系统构建系统适应性评价指标体系,运用综合协同进化模型评价2010—2021年长江经济带“水-能-碳”系统适应性水平,探究长江经济带“水-能-碳”系统适应性的时空演变规律。结果表明:(1)从系统适应性影响权重来看,子系统权重排序为:可持续性>稳定性>兼容性>敏感性。(2)从指标适应性来看,各指标绝对适应性大于相对适应性。从子系统适应性来看,敏感性水平呈稳定发展趋势,兼容性和稳定性水平呈上升趋势,可持续性水平呈下降趋势;从省际适应性来看,各省系统适应性差距较大且呈“下游>中游>上游”的不均衡态势;从整体适应性来看,长江经济带系统适应性处于中等水平且呈“U”型发展趋势。(3)从子系统适应性协调水平来看,敏感性协调程度保持稳定,兼容性和可持续性协调程度不断上升,稳定性协调程度有所减小。(4)从空间关联特征来看,长江经济带系统适应性水平存在显著的正向全局空间自相关,空间聚集由弱变强再变弱,区域差异逐渐缩小;并且系统适应性水平呈现出“东高西低”的梯度格局,省域差异显著且表现出较强的路径依赖。该研究据此从敏感性、兼容性、稳定性和可持续性等方面提出提高长江经济带“水-能-碳”系统适应性的政策建议。

黄河流域矿产资源开发-经济-环境耦合协调发展及时空演化研究

黄河流域长期过量的矿产资源开发导致的生态退化和环境问题日益恶化,如何在环境约束下促进经济高质量发展已经成为黄河流域的重要课题。首先,将9个位于黄河流域的省份作为研究对象,选取矿产资源开发、经济、环境3个子系统的7个二级指标和28个三级指标,构建黄河流域矿产资源开发、经济和环境耦合协调评价体系,基于2011—2021年各省份面板数据,运用熵权法对该区域各省三大系统的综合发展水平进行评价。其次,构建黄河流域耦合协调度模型研究3个子系统之间的耦合协调关系,并使用ArcGIS来研究其时空格局上的演变过程。研究发现:1)2011—2021年各省综合发展指数不断提高,整体呈现为下游高于中游高于上游,上、中、下游地区综合发展指数增长率分别为59.2%、51.9%、60.9%;2)2011—2021年,耦合指数处于高值的省份数量逐渐增加,处于低值的省份数量逐渐减少,中、下游地区耦合指数水平均高于全流域的平均水平;3)从时间分布上来看,2011—2021年黄河流域个别省份处于协调状态以上,但仍有省份协调表现较差,三者的耦合协调度已接近失衡,但仍在稳定的向勉强协调发展,仍有很大空间;4)从空间格局来看,各省份协调指数均稳步增长,到2021年,处于协调状态的省份有8个,占所有省份的88.89%,且呈现“东高西低”(下游协调指数高于上游)的空间分布及省份间的两极分化现象。该研究结果可为黄河流域的环境保护和治理及区域间经济协调发展提供理论支持。基于研究,提出促进黄河流域协调发展的对策建议:重点关注地区之间的发展不平衡问题;加强科学规划建设;合理开发利用矿产资源,加强生态环境治理。