Spatial and Temporal Variations in Earthquake Stress Drops between the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan Earthquakes

As a case study of spatial and temporal variations in earthquake stress drops between the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan and 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquakes,we computed 1828 stress-drop values for earthquakes with magnitudes 1.7≤ML≤5.0 during an eight-year time span before and after major earthquakes.We divide the study area into three subregions(the southern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone;the southwestern junction of the Longmen Shan and Sichuan Basin;and the southwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin)and calculate individual event stress drops in each.The results show that regions of alternating high and low stress drop are found on either side of the southwestern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone.During the two-year period after the 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake,the stress state of the southern Longmen Shan fault shows no significant change.A marked increase in stress level appears about 18 months before the 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake near the Lushan hypocenter zone.Two months after the Ms 7.0 event,the stress drops suddenly attenuate,with significantly less seismic energy release per event.We find that changes in the patterns of high and low stress drop values are consistent with the process of stress accumulation or transfer from the pre-mainshock to postmainshock periods.The results indicate that major earthquakes are the dominant cause of temporal and spatial evolution in stress levels.Stress drop variations show obvious temporal and spatial patterns that may suggests subtle changes in the character of stress fields on faults and spatial variations related to local intense compression and tectonic effects.

Stress spatial evolution law and rockburst danger induced by coal mining in fault zone

In order to explore the influence of coal mining disturbance on the rockburst occurring in fault zone, this research constructed a mechanical model for the evolution of fault stress, and analyzed the influence of the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress on the stability of fault, and the spatial distribution of the stress in fault zone as well as its evolution rule. Furthermore, the rockburst danger at different spatial areas of fault zone was predicated. Results show that: when both sides of the working face are mined out, the fault zone in the working face presents greater horizontal and vertical stresses at its boundaries but exhibits smaller stresses in its middle section; however, the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress is found to be greater at middle section and smaller at boundaries. As the working face advances towards the fault, the horizontal and vertical stresses of the fault firstly increases and then decreases; conversely,the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress keeps decreasing all the time. Therefore, if the fault zones are closer to the goaf and the coal wall, the stress ratio will be smaller, and the fault slip will be more prone to occur, therefore rockburst danger will be greater. This research results provide guidance for the rockburst prevention and hazard control of the coal mining in fault zone.

Analysis of stress and natural frequencies of high-speed spatial parallel mechanism

In order to grasp the dynamic behaviors of 4-UPS-UPU high-speed spatial parallel mechanism, the stress of driving limbs and natural frequencies of parallel mechanism were investigated. Based on flexible multi-body dynamics theory, the dynamics model of 4-UPS-UPU high-speed spatial parallel mechanism without considering geometric nonlinearity was derived. The stress of driving limbs and natural frequencies of 4-UPS-UPU parallel mechanism with specific parameters were analyzed. The relationship between the basic parameters of parallel mechanism and its dynamic behaviors, such as stress of driving limbs and natural frequencies of parallel mechanism, were discussed. The numerical simulation results show that the stress and natural frequencies are relatively sensitive to the section parameters of driving limbs, the characteristic parameters of material on driving limbs, and the mass of moving platform. The researches can provide important theoretical base of the analysis of dynamic behaviors and optimal design for high-speed spatial parallel mechanism.

On temporal and spatial distribution of seismic apparent stresses in Yunnan area

The method of radiation energy （ER） of the earthquake wave measured by the peak velocity （r·v） of the ground motion is applied to a detailed study on the temporal and spatial distribution of the seismic apparent stresses （σa） for the moderate and small earthquakes and two aftershock sequences in Yunnan area. The results show that there exists an obvious non-homogeneity for the seismic apparent stresses in the spatial distribution. The concentrated regions of the high apparent stresses are related to the active places of the moderate and small earthquakes. Before the Dayao M=6.2 earthquake, there was a period in which the apparent stresses were high and the value was 5 times of the average value, 0.25 MPa. The relatively high values of apparent stresses distribute around the epicentral area of the major shock and nearby. It indicates that the variation characteristics of the apparent stresses can be taken as a new kind of criterion for the earthquake-risk forecast. Usually the ratio of the apparent stresses of the aftershock sequence σaA to the ones σaM of main shock is less than 1.0.

Stress Analysis of Spatial Non-Concurrent Tubular Joints

The formulations of analytic-numerical method for the stress analysis of non-concurrent spatial tubular joints are introduced in the paper. The spatial DT joints with different eccentricity in the vertical diametrical plane of chord are computed. Finally the influence of eccentricity on the stress at possible hot spots is discussed.

大跨环形矮塔斜拉桥主塔力学性能分析

以大跨度环形矮塔斜拉桥的主塔为研究对象,借助大型有限元程序midas进行了静力及地震动时程分析,通过提取杆系模型中的最不利内力,对索塔锚固区及下塔柱钢混结合段空间应力进行分析。结果表明:1)钢塔在静力及地震工况下强度及稳定均满足要求;2)索塔锚固区及钢混结合段应力状态良好、构造细节处理较为合理。

光肩星天牛胁迫声及种内空间运动行为

为了利用行为调制手段防治害虫,以光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis)为研究对象,在实验室内对光肩星天牛雌雄两性胁迫声进行录制和分析,分别在光周期和暗周期对光肩星天牛进行行为生测,分析胁迫声对光肩星天牛空间运动行为的影响。结果表明:光肩星天牛雄性胁迫声音组持续时间短于雌性、频率明显高于雌性,但雌雄胁迫声对空间运动行为的影响没有差异。在光周期,胁迫声对天牛向上爬行及水平运动均没有影响;对雄性起飞行为有抑制作用,但对雌性起飞行为没有影响。在暗周期,胁迫声对雌雄两性水平爬行有驱离作用,降低了天牛趋光爬行的活性;对雄性起飞行为没有影响,但对雌性起飞行为有促进作用。光肩星天牛胁迫声对种内个体具有警戒信号作用,这种作用与光周期相关并对雌雄两性的行为影响有所不同。

大跨径单箱双室连续梁桥0号块空间受力分析

以佛山南沙涌特大桥为工程实例,对施工阶段过程中不利工况以及长期运营阶段中的墩顶最不利弯矩和剪力组合应力状况进行分析,得出单箱双室0号块在三向预应力情况下的应力结果和分布规律。结果表明最大单悬臂施工阶段、成桥阶段无活载以及成桥后长期荷载作用下,支座附近、顶底板与腹板连接处、横隔板与顶板连接处产生较大的拉应力,且单箱双室的顶板的倒角汇合区域产生了集中拉应力。建议在单箱双室的设计中适当加厚顶板,施工中注意顶板压浆密实性。

希腊克里特MW6.0地震后的应力方向变化与强余震发生

地震的震源机制是地壳应力变化的指示器,而地壳应力变化与强震的发生直接相关。前人研究了地震震源机制变化在视应力较高的走滑型大震前的应力变化过程,而未见到震源机制变化对视应力较低的正断型大震发生的指示作用的研究。文章以2021年希腊克里特M W6.0正断型地震序列为例,通过计算地震序列震源机制解与区域应力场方向之间最小空间旋转角的变化,揭示应力变化与强震发生的关系。为保证震源机制解的准确性,采用多家机构确定的震源机制得到中心震源机制作为该地震的震源机制,而后采用该地震序列精确的震源机制求解当地应力场,最后计算地震震源机制与主震震源机制及与所估计的地壳应力场方向的空间旋转角随时间的变化,探索强震发生与应力场变化的关系。结果表明:在主震发生的短期内,余震震源机制与该区域应力场方向的空间旋转角较大,与其后小震级的弱地震活动对应;随后余震震源机制与应力场方向的空间旋转角减小,对应后面发生的3次M W>5.0的强余震,在此之后的长时间内余震震源机制和应力场方向的空间旋转角再次增大,对应的余震震级及频度皆明显下降。文章以2021年希腊克里特M W6.0地震序列为例,发现视应力较低的正断型地震前也存在应力方向集中现象,为探索地震应力前兆提供了范例。

基于WRF-LES模式的大气边界层近地风场精细化模拟研究

台风等极端气象灾害对工程结构安全造成严重威胁,研究近地面大气边界层精细化模拟对于土木工程具有重要应用价值.数值天气预报系统(WRF)中的大涡模拟(LES)模块具有参数方案多、精度高等优点,适用于近地面风场精细化模拟,但数值天气预报-大涡模拟(WRF-LES)精细化模拟效果与参数设置密切相关.寻求适用于精细化模拟近地面风场的参数设置,选用WRF-LES模式中的几种次网格模型和空间差分格式,采用较细密的网格分辨率,进行理想大气边界层模拟.对比平均风速剖面、湍流强度剖面和功率谱等风场特性,讨论关键参数对近地面风场模拟精度的影响,确定合适的参数设置.研究表明:对次网格模型,非线性回波散射和各向异性(NBA1)模型可有效改善近地面风场模拟精度;对网格方案,在计算域底部不均匀加密垂直网格可更好地描述近地面风场空间分布特征,有效减小计算资源;对空间差分格式,偶数阶差分相较奇数阶差分格式可捕获更小尺度湍流结构.所提出的WRF-LES模式参数方案,可为精细化模拟近地面风场和台风边界层提供技术参考.

基于多源遥感数据的耕地生态系统稳定性评价——以汾河流域为例

从汾河流域耕地外源胁迫视角出发,基于多源遥感数据获取土壤侵蚀、沙化、盐渍化、污染、遥感生态指数和植被生产力等监测指标.构建胁迫—抵抗—响应框架下动态稳定性评价模型,分析耕地生态系统稳定性的时空演变特征.运用两维图论聚类对耕地进行分区,并提出相应调控措施.结果显示:(1)2011~2021年,晋中盆地及其东北部所属的部分县区受土壤污染、盐渍化程度加重的影响较大,外源胁迫值略微上升,其他地区则以外源胁迫值降低为主,占耕地总面积的91.66%;抵抗值上升明显,98.69%的耕地处于上升状态,在空间格局上基本形成以晋中盆地和临汾盆地为双核心的增长区;83.13%的耕地处于响应值上升状态,下降区则集中在晋中盆地及东北部.(2)耕地生态系统稳定性总体明显上升,99.06%的耕地处于稳定性增加状态,晋中盆地以稳定性略微上升为主,下游临汾盆地及河谷地区则以显著上升为主,区域之间的稳定性差异逐渐缩小,核心原因是生态环境质量的提高.(3)基于稳定性及其内涵指标,将研究区划分为黄土丘陵—核心治理区、晋中盆地—都市农业区、灵霍山峡—生态保障区、临汾盆地—保育缓冲区和河谷平原—稳产增产区,据此提出差异化的耕地保护管理措施.研究结果可为提升耕地生态系统稳定性提供科学依据.

整体空间桁架体系在某大跨悬挑结构中的应用研究

文章以某大跨悬挑工程为背景,对比分析了实腹工字钢钢梁体系、大跨平面圆管桁架体系、整体空间桁架体系等3种不同的大跨悬挑结构承重体系,最终选用整体空间桁架体系。系统阐述了其建筑造型特点及结构布置形式,并基于计算软件开展了受力性能计算分析。结果表明,整体空间桁架体系设置合理,在满足建筑功能造型的条件下,构件应力比均得到合理控制,结构安全冗余度较高。同时,结合建筑自身造型特点,重点介绍了本工程中应用的3种增强大跨悬挑结构抗倾覆性能的措施。文章对此类大跨悬挑结构提出的相关设计建议可供类似工程参考。

基于SWAT的沁河流域水压力指数计算及生态脆弱性分析

生态脆弱性是综合反映流域生态系统健康水平的重要属性,而水资源是维持流域生态系统健康和可持续发展的关键因素。因此,从水资源领域评估流域生态脆弱性并分析其时空变化特征对于应对流域水资源短缺压力和改善流域生态系统健康水平具有重要的研究价值。以沁河流域为研究对象,构建流域SWAT模型,引入水压力计算公式,从蒸散发量的角度,量化分析沁河流域2010-2016年生态脆弱性的时间变化和空间分布特征。结果表明:①SWAT模型经过率定与验证后,纳什系数E NS和相关系数R 2均符合模型精度标准,表明该模型在沁河流域具有良好的适用性。②流域年际水压力指数值随时间递减,表明沁河流域生态脆弱性及生态系统状态逐年好转,蒸散发量是主要影响因素。③流域水压力指数年内变化大,本年度12月到次年度2月的生态脆弱性较强;结合相关研究结果,认为降水和冰雪天气是主要影响因素。④流域整体生态脆弱性状况逐年改善,但流域内部生态脆弱性空间差异化呈现扩大趋势。

Effects of the Spatial Coupling of Water and Fertilizer on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters of Winter Wheat Leaves

Wheat is an important agricultural crop in the Loess region of China, where there is drought stress and low availability of soil nitrogen and phosphorus. Using a pulse modulation fluorometer, we studied the effects of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus on the kinetic parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence in winter wheat. The wheat was grown in layered columns of Eum-Orthic Anthrosol （Cinnamon soil）, with the water content and nutrient composition of each layer controlled. The results showed that the kinetic parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence were sensitive to water stress. The basic fluorescence （F0） of leaves was higher in the dry treatment （0-30 cm layer at 40-45% of field capacity, 30-90 cm at 75-80% of field capacity） compared to the wet treatment （entire soil column at 75-80% of field capacity）. The maximal fluorescence （Fm）, the variable fluorescence （Fv）, the photochemical efficiency （Fv/Fm） and potential activites （Fv/F0） of photosystem 2 （PS2） were significantly lower in the dry treatment. Although drought stress impaired PS2 function, this effect was significantly ameliorated by applying P or NP fertilizer, but not N alone. P application increased FJFm, both in well-watered and water stressed plants, especially when fertilizer was applied throughout the column or within the top 30 em of soil. A combined fertilizer improved photosynthesis in well watered plants, with Fm and F,fFm being the highest when fertilizer was applied throughout the columns. For drought stressed, plants FJFm was significantly greater when combined fertilizer was added within the top 30 cm of soil. We concluded that, when growing winter wheat in both arid and semi-arid parts of the Loess region of China, it is important to guarantee the nutrient supply in the top 30 cm of the soil.

某空间螺旋塔斜拉桥合理结构体系研究

某斜拉桥方案采用反对称螺旋形桥塔,空间四索面,造型较为新颖。由于桥梁结构较为复杂,为选用适宜的结构体系,基于桥梁结构的受力形态,在综合比较了漂浮体系、半漂浮体系、半固结体系的优劣后,确定半漂浮体系为最佳方案,并进一步讨论了地震作用下该桥合理的约束体系。这一流程对解决类似复杂结构桥梁合理结构体系的问题有一定参考价值。

2-Methyl-5H-benzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazin-5-imine, an edaravone analog, exerts neuroprotective effects against acute ischemic injury via inhibiting oxidative stress

Oxidative stress plays an indispensable role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia.Inhibiting oxidative stress has been considered as an effective approach for stroke treatment.Edaravone,a free radical scavenger,has been shown to prevent cerebral ischemic injury.However,the clinical efficacy of edaravone is limited because it has a low scavenging activity for superoxide anions（O_2-（·-））.Here,we report that 2-methyl-5 H-benzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazin-5-imine,a novel small-molecule compound structurally related to edaravone,showed a stronger inhibitory effect on oxidative stress in vitro.In vivo,2-methyl-5 H-benzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazin-5-imine reversed transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced dysfunctions of superoxide dismutases and malondialdehyde,two proteins crucial for oxidative stress,suggesting a strengthened antioxidant system.Moreover,2-methyl-5 H-benzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazin-5-imine decreased blood brain barrier permeability.Then,we found that 2-methyl-5 Hbenzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazin-5-imine had a stronger neuroprotective effect than edaravone.More importantly,2-methyl-5 H-benzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazin-5-imine decreased not only infarct size and neurological deficits in the acute phase but also modified neurological severity score and escape latency in Morris water maze task in the delayed period,indicating enhanced neuroprotection,sensorimotor function and spatial memory.Together,these findings suggest that 2-methyl-5 H-benzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazin-5-imine could be a preferable option for stroke treatment.

Spatial Patterns of Irrigation Water Withdrawals in China and Implications for Water Saving

By considering numerical features, spatial variation, and spatial association, the spatial patterns of China's irrigation water withdrawals in 2001 and 2010 were explored at the regional, provincial, and prefectural scales. In addition, an overlay analysis was used to develop specific water-saving guidance for areas under different levels of water stress and with different degrees of irrigation water withdrawals. It was found that at the regional scale, irrigation water withdrawals were highest in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River region in both years, while at the provincial scale, the largest irrigation water withdrawals occurred in Xinjiang. During 2001–2010, the total of irrigation water withdrawals decreased; however, in the Northeast region, especially in Heilongjiang Province, it experienced a dramatic increase. The spatial variation was largest at the prefectural scale, with an apparent effect. The spatial association was globally negative at the provincial scale, and Xinjiang was the only significant high-low outlier. In contrast, the association displayed a significant positive relationship at the prefectural scale, and several clusters and outliers were detected. Finally, it was found that the water stress in the northern part of China worsened and water-saving irrigation techniques urgently need to be applied in the Northeast region, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain region, and Gansu-Xinjiang region. This study verified that a multi-scale and aspect analysis of the spatial patterns of irrigation water withdrawals were essential and provided water-saving advice for different areas.

A spatiotemporal signal processing technique for wafer-scale IC thermomechanical stress monitoring by an infrared camera

In this paper, we describe a new silicon-die thermal monitoring approach using spatiotemporal signal processing technique for Wafer-Scale IC thermome- chanical stress monitoring. It is proposed in the context of a wafer-scale-based (WaferICTM) rapid prototyping platform for electronic systems. This technique will be embedded into the structure of the WaferIC, and will be used as a preventive measure to protect the wafer from possible damages that can be caused by excessive thermomechanical stress. The paper also presents spatial and spatiotemporal algorithms and the experimental results from an IR images collection campaign conducted using an IR camera.

SV波空间斜入射下沥青混凝土心墙响应特性及抗拉破坏评价研究

地震波空间斜入射下沥青混凝土心墙响应和动态抗拉破坏研究存在较大不足。考虑SV波入射方位角和斜入射角的空间任意性,基于波场叠加原理构建了地基边界上非一致自由场,建立了SV波空间斜入射波动输入方法。基于试验结果建立了沥青混凝土瞬时抗拉强度随应变速率变化的经验公式,提出了依据瞬时拉应力和瞬时抗拉强度判别心墙单元抗拉破坏的新方法。分析了入射方位角、斜入射角对沥青混凝土心墙加速度、应力空间分布的影响规律,揭示了空间斜入射相对垂直入射造成心墙局部拉应力激增导致心墙破坏机理,论证了传统静态强度判别方法相对本文方法对心墙破坏判别的误差,明确了不同入射方式下心墙抗拉破坏区分布特征。结果表明:与垂直入射相比,空间斜入射下心墙水流向、坝轴向和竖向加速度最大增加54%,9.2倍和5.2倍,心墙拉应力最大增加14.2倍,忽略空间斜入射,会严重低估心墙加速度和应力响应。入射方向越偏向坝轴向且斜入射角越大,心墙迎波侧更容易发生拉裂破坏;传统静态强度判别方法,会造成心墙较大的拉裂破坏判别误差。

气候变化背景下中国不同区域玉米生育期高温胁迫时空变化特征

研究气候变化背景下作物生长季高温热害的时空分布和变化特征,对于制定适应气候变化的作物栽培管理技术有重要的参考意义。本研究利用我国558个气象站点的逐日气象数据和物候期数据,分析了1961—2020年玉米不同生育阶段的高温度日(heat degree days,HDD)及其气候倾向率的时空变化特征。结果表明,1961—2020年,我国玉米全生育期及各生育阶段的HDD整体呈升高趋势,不同农作区玉米全生育期HDD增加1.19~9.27℃d(10a)^(-1),四川盆地农作区、华南农林渔区和西北农牧区增幅较高,分别显著增加8.79、9.27和5.81℃d(10a)^(-1)。不同生育阶段HDD变化趋势呈现明显区域差异,北方农作区玉米HDD在生育前期增幅较大,而南方农作区玉米HDD在生育后期增幅较大。播种-抽穗期,北方农作区中西北农牧区和北部中低高原农牧区HDD分别显著增加2.67℃d(10a)^(-1)和2.00℃d(10a)^(-1),黄淮海平原农作区增加1.41℃d(10a)^(-1),都高于其他农作区。抽穗至乳熟期,南方农作区的HDD增幅较大,华南农林渔区和四川盆地农作区HDD分别显著增加3.68℃d(10a)^(-1)和2.11℃d(10a)^(-1)。乳熟至成熟期,南方农作区HDD增幅为0.88~5.31℃d(10a)^(-1),大幅超过北方农作区的-0.01~0.59℃d(10a)^(-1)。因此,为应对不断增加的玉米高温胁迫风险,北方玉米产区应重点关注播种-乳熟期高温对玉米生产的影响,南方玉米产区应重点关注抽穗后高温对玉米生产的影响。