Epidemic Characteristics and Spatio-Temporal Patterns of HFRS in Qingdao City,China,2010-2022

Objective This study investigated the epidemic characteristics and spatio-temporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Qingdao City,China.Methods Information was collected on HFRS cases in Qingdao City from 2010 to 2022.Descriptive epidemiologic,seasonal decomposition,spatial autocorrelation,and spatio-temporal cluster analyses were performed.Results A total of 2,220 patients with HFRS were reported over the study period,with an average annual incidence of 1.89/100,000 and a case fatality rate of 2.52%.The male:female ratio was 2.8:1.75.3%of patients were aged between 16 and 60 years old,75.3%of patients were farmers,and 11.6%had both“three red”and“three pain”symptoms.The HFRS epidemic showed two-peak seasonality:the primary fall-winter peak and the minor spring peak.The HFRS epidemic presented highly spatially heterogeneous,street/township-level hot spots that were mostly distributed in Huangdao,Pingdu,and Jiaozhou.The spatio-temporal cluster analysis revealed three cluster areas in Qingdao City that were located in the south of Huangdao District during the fall-winter peak.Conclusion The distribution of HFRS in Qingdao exhibited periodic,seasonal,and regional characteristics,with high spatial clustering heterogeneity.The typical symptoms of“three red”and“three pain”in patients with HFRS were not obvious.

Dynamic Characteristics of Functionally Graded Timoshenko Beams by Improved Differential Quadrature Method

This study proposes an effective method to enhance the accuracy of the Differential Quadrature Method(DQM)for calculating the dynamic characteristics of functionally graded beams by improving the form of discrete node distribution.Firstly,based on the first-order shear deformation theory,the governing equation of free vibration of a functionally graded beam is transformed into the eigenvalue problem of ordinary differential equations with respect to beam axial displacement,transverse displacement,and cross-sectional rotation angle by considering the effects of shear deformation and rotational inertia of the beam cross-section.Then,ignoring the shear deformation of the beam section and only considering the effect of the rotational inertia of the section,the governing equation of the beam is transformed into the eigenvalue problem of ordinary differential equations with respect to beam transverse displacement.Based on the differential quadrature method theory,the eigenvalue problem of ordinary differential equations is transformed into the eigenvalue problem of standard generalized algebraic equations.Finally,the first several natural frequencies of the beam can be calculated.The feasibility and accuracy of the improved DQM are verified using the finite element method(FEM)and combined with the results of relevant literature.

Research on Spatio-Temporal Differentiation Characteristics of the Construction Level of Green and Plaza Land in China

Green and plaza land(GPL)is one of the basic elements of urban construction,and is also the most basic public space to meet the needs of citizens for a better life.The exploration on its internal development laws can provide theoretical foundations for the planning of GPL and creating good human settlements.Taking 612 cities in China as the study area and from the"people-land"perspective,this paper selects the total GPL area,the per capita GPL area,and the land use proportion of per capita GPL as indicators to analyze the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics and evolution rules of the construction level of GPL in China from 1996 to 2016,by using mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods.The result shows:(1)from a national perspective,the construction level of GPL in China has been rapidly improved along with the temporal evolution,but there is still a big gap from the upper limit of the standard.In terms of the spatial distribution,regional differences have always been great,and the cities scoring below the standard are concentrated in the eastern and central regions,while high-scoring cities are more concentrated in the western region;the distribution of the land use proportion of per capita GPL is in a pattern that the eastern region has the highest proportion,followed by the western region,central region,and northeastern region successively.(2)From the perspective of scale,differences between cities of different sizes exist over a long period of time,and there is an obvious imbalance in the per capita GPL area as well as the land use proportion of per capita GPL between different cities.The construction level shows that small cities have the highest level,followed by medium-sized cities and then large cities.

In vitro growth, differentiation and biological characteristics of neural stem cells

OBJECTIVE： To summarize the biological characteristics of neural stem cells, and the separation, purification. differentiation and source of neural stem cells. DATA SOURCES ： An online search of Pubmed database was undertaken to identify English articles about the growth of neural stem cells in vitro published from January 2000 to October 2006 by using the keywords of ＂neural stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells （BMSCs）, umbilical cord blood stem cells, embryonic stem cells （ESC）, separation methods, neural growth factor＂. And relevant articles published in IEEE/IEE Electronic Library （IEL） database, Springer Link database and Kluwer Online Journals were also searched, Chinese relevant articles published between January 2000 to October 2006 were searched with the same keywords in Chinese in Chinese journal full-text database. STUDY SELECTION ： The articles were primarily screened, and then the full-texts were searched. Inclusive criteria： （1） Articles relevant to the biological characteristics and classification of neural stem cells; （2） Articles about the source, separation and differentiation of the ESCs, BMSCs and umbilical cord blood stem cells. The repetitive studies and reviews were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION ： Thirty articles were selected from 203 relevant articles according to the inclusive criteria Articles were excluded because of repetition and reviews. DATA SYNTHESES ： Neural stem cells have the ability of self-renewing and high differentiation, and they are obtained from ESCs, nerve tissue, nerve system, BMSCs and umbilical cord blood stem cells. ESCs can be separated by means of mechanical dissociation is better than that of the trypsin digestion, BMSCs by density gradient centrifuge separation, hemolysis, whole-blood culture, etc., and umbilical cord blood stem ceils by Ficoil density gradient centrifugation, hydroxyethyl starch （HES） centrifugation sedimentation, etc. Neural growth factor （NGF） and other factors play an important role in the growth of NSCs, such as transforming growth factor （TGF） is an important player in repairing organs, NGF accelerates the process of growth, insulin-like growth factor serves importantly in the differentiation of stem cells into neuron-like cells. CONCLUSION ： As unipotent stem cells, NSCs have the abilities of self-renewal and potential of high differentiation. The method of mechanical dissociation is better than trypsin digestion in e separating ESCs. However, density gradient centrifuge separation is better than other methods in the separation of the BMSCs. NGF and other factors play an important role in the growth of NSCs.

Tourism Competitiveness Evaluation and Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Chinese Border Counties

Under the current government strategy of building a Silk Road economic belt, tourism in Chinese border counties has becoming increasingly popular. Studying tourism competitiveness in Chinese border counties is of sizable theoretical and practical importance, as there are several notable factors involved. In this study, we constructed a tourism competitiveness evaluation model based on eight factors: natural environment, tourism resource, location and transportation, social environment, tourism service facility, border port, tourism industrial cluster and tourism market. We then analyzed the spatial characteristics of tourism competitiveness in border counties and identified five types of border counties: resource advantage type(RA), border-port advantage type(PA), location advantage type(LA), agglomeration advantage type(AA), and relative balance type(RB), and examined the correlation between tourism market competitiveness and interior competitiveness factors in the counties from 2006 to 2011. Results showed that tourism resource, location and transportation, and tourism service facility are the most important competition factors for RA border counties during the study period. Competition factors in PA counties transferred from tourism resource, social environment and tourism service facility to border port and tourism industrial cluster; competition factors in LA counties transferred from natural environment and tourism resource to tourism service facility and tourism industrial cluster and border port. Competition factors in AA counties transferred from tourism service facility to tourism resource. Tourism industrial cluster, tourism service facility and tourism resource proved to be important competition factors in RB counties. The findings of this study can be used to target tourism strategies according to different county types.

Spatio-temporal Differentiation in the Incidence of Influenza and Its Relationship with Air Pollution in China from 2004 to 2017

The Healthy China Initiative is a major health strategy being pursued by the country.To prevent and control different types of diseases as well as their complex variants,research on the spatio-temporal differentiation among and mechanisms of influence of epidemic diseases is growing worldwide.This study analyzed monthly data on the incidence of influenza by using different methods,including Moran’s I,the hotspot analysis model,concentration analysis,and correlation analysis,to determine the characteristics of spatiotemporal differentiation in the incidence of influenza across prefecture-level cities in China from 2004 to 2017,and to examine its relationship with air pollution.According to the results,the overall incidence of influenza in China exhibited a trend of increase from 2004 to 2017,with small peaks in 2009 and 2014.More cases of influenza were recorded in the first and fourth quarters of each year.Regions with higher incidences of influenza were concentrated in northwestern and northern China,and in the coastal areas of southeastern China.Over time,the distribution of regions with a higher incidence of influenza has shifted from the west to the east of the country.A significant relationship was observed between the incidence of influenza and factors related to air pollution.The contents of five air pollutants(PM_(2.5),PM10,SO_(2),NO_(2),and CO)were significantly positively correlated with the incidence of influenza,with a decreasing order of contribution to it of SO_(2)>CO>NO_(2)>PM_(2.5)>PM_(10).The content of O_(3) in the air was negatively correlated with the incidence of influenza.The influence of air pollution-related factors on the incidence of influenza in different regions and seasons showed minor differences.The large-scale empirical results provided here can supply a scientific basis for governmental disease control authorities to formulate strategies for regional prevention and control.

SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTREMELY HEAVY PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY OVER SOUTH CHINA IN THE LAST 50 YEARS

This paper comprehensively studies the spatio-temporal characteristics of the frequency of extremely heavy precipitation events over South China by using the daily precipitation data of 110 stations during 1961 to 2008 and the extremely heavy precipitation thresholds determined for different stations by REOF, trend coefficients, linear trend, Mann-Kendall test and variance analysis. The results are shown as follows. The frequency distribution of extremely heavy precipitation is high in the middle of South China and low in the Guangdong coast and western Guangxi. There are three spatial distribution types of extremely heavy precipitation in South China. The consistent anomaly distribution is the main type. Distribution reversed between the east and the west and between the south and the north is also an important type. Extremely heavy precipitation events in South China mainly occurred in the summer-half of the year. Their frequency during this time accounts for 83.7% of the total frequency. In the 1960 s and 1980 s, extremely heavy precipitation events were less frequent while having an increasing trend from the late 1980 s. Their climatological tendency rates decrease in the central and rise in the other areas of South China, and on average the mean series also shows an upward but insignificant trend at all of the stations. South China's frequency of extremely heavy precipitation events can be divided into six major areas and each of them shows a different inter-annual trend and three of the representative stations experience abrupt changes by showing remarkable increases in terms of Mann-Kendall tests.

Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Area Coverage and Observation Geometry of the MISR Land-surface BRF Product: A Case Study of the Central Part of Northeast Asia

The Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer(MISR) land-surface(LS) bidirectional reflectance factor(BRF) product(MILS_BRF) has unique semi-simultaneous multi-angle sampling and global coverage. However, unlike on-satellite observations, the spatio-temporal characteristics of MILS_BRF data have rarely been explicitly and comprehensively analysed. Results from 5-yr(2011–2015) of MILS_BRF dataset from a typical region in central Northeast Asia as the study area showed that the monthly area coverage as well as MILS_BRF data quantity varies significantly, from the highest in October(99.05%) through median in June/July(78.09%/75.21%) to lowest in January(18.97%), and a large data-vacant area exists in the study area during four consecutive winter months(December through March). The data-vacant area is mainly composed of crop lands and cropland/natural vegetation mosaic. The amount of data within the principal plane(PP)±30°(nPP) or cross PP ±30°(nCP), varies intra-annually with significant differences from different view zeniths or forward/backward scattering directions. For example, multiple off-nadir cameras have nPP but no nCP data for up to six months(September through February), with the opposite occurring in June and July. This study provides explicit and comprehensive information about the spatio-temporal characteristics of product coverage and observation geometry of MILS_BRF in the study area. Results provide required user reference information for MILS_BRF to evaluate performance of BRDF models or to compare with other satellite-derived BRF or albedo products. Comparing this final product to on-satellite observations, what was found here reveals a new perspective on product spatial coverage and observation geometry for multi-angle remote sensing.

Spatio-temporal Differentiation and Driving Factors of Industrial Ecology of Restricted Development Zone from Adaptive Perspective:A Case Study of Shandong,China

Based on the adaptive analysis paradigm,this paper constructs an evaluation index system and an evaluation model of the level of industrial ecology of a restricted development zone from the perspective of the industrial system and of the environmental system,and studies the spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics and the driving factors of the level of industrial ecology of the restricted development zone of the Shandong Province,China,by using a variety of measurement methods.The results show that:1)In the temporal dimension,the level of industrial ecology of the research area increased from 2005 to 2017,while in the regional dimension,it was higher in the eastern coastal areas,followed by the northwestern area and the southwestern area;2)In the spatial dimension,from 2005 to 2017 the level of industrial ecology of the research area had a clear spatial dependence,and the regional spatial agglomeration of the restricted development zones with similar industrial ecology levels become increasingly evident;3)On the whole,the industrial ecology level in the study area had a clear spatial differentiation pattern,as it was higher in the north and in the east and lower in the south and in the west.Moreover,its evolution model changed from a‘three-core driven model’to a‘spatial scattered mosaic distribution model’,and then to a‘single-core driven model’;4)Industrial ecology was positively correlated with economic development,foreign investment,science and technology,and negatively correlated with the government role,while industrial structure and environmental regulation failed to pass the statistical significance test.

Regional characteristics and spatiotemporal differentiation of the prevalence of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Xinjiang, China

In recent years,the number of hand,foot,and mouth disease(HFMD)cases in China has continued to grow,and the disease has become a serious public health issue.Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is located in the arid areas of Northwest China,where the epidemiological trend of HFMD is gradually increasing and characterized by geographical heterogeneity.In this study,based on the HFMD case data in all counties and cities in Xinjiang,we employed statistical and GIS spatial analyses,and geographic probe models to characterize the spatiotemporal differentiation of HFMD epidemics in Xinjiang during the period of 2009–2018,and quantitatively analyzed the factors influencing the spatial differentiation of HFMD epidemics.The results showed that HFMD incidence rate in Xinjiang had non-stationary temporal characteristics on the interannual and monthly scales,and the monthly variation characteristics of HFMD epidemic were quite different in southern and northern Xinjiang.The spatial distribution characteristics of HFMD epidemics showed a north–south spatial differentiation pattern with the Tianshan Mountains as the boundary;cold spot and hot spot of HFMD epidemics in Xinjiang have shifted from scattered to concentrated,and the spatial differentiation pattern had gradually stabilized.Moreover,the dominant factors influencing the spatial differentiation of HFMD epidemics in Xinjiang were socioeconomic factors,such as per capita GDP and urbanization rate,while the basic factors affecting its spatial differentiation were natural environmental factors.The spatial differentiation and evolution patterns of HFMD epidemics differed between northern and southern Xinjiang.Specifically,the leading role of socioeconomic factors is more obvious in southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang,while natural environmental factors(e.g.,dryness and relative humidity)contribute to the prevalence of HFMD epidemics in northern Xinjiang,and the perturbing effect of these factors was more prominent than other factors.The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for the prevention of HFMD epidemics and early warning of HFMD epidemics in Xinjiang.

Spatio-Temporal Characteristics of Winter Cold Events in China from 1960 to 2020

Under the background of global warming, extreme cold events occur frequently. It is important to enhance the understanding of cold air patterns for forecasting cold air and reducing cold air-induced meteorological disasters. The study used the daily minimum temperatures from the National Climate Centre to classify the cold events affecting China into five different grades and the characteristics of different intensity cold events in China during the winter from 1960 to 2020 were analyzed. The results showed that there is little difference in the distribution of the frequency of general cold events from north to south, with duration longer in the north than in the south and an increase in frequency in the north in the last 60 years. The frequency of strong cold events is more in the north of China than in the south of China, and the duration is longer in the south than in the north China, with the frequency decreasing in most parts of the country. In addition to latitude, cold events frequency is closely linked to topography, with basins surrounded by high mountains being difficult to be affected by cold events, especially extreme cold events. In terms of month distribution, December was subject to the highest frequency of cold events and the longest duration of a single cold events process.

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of 232 patients with poorly differentiated gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms

BACKGROUND Poorly differentiated gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms(PDGNENs)include gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma(NEC)and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma,which are highly malignant and rare tumors,and their incidence has increased over the past few decades.However,the clinicopathological features and outcomes of patients with PDGNENs have not been completely elucidated.AIM To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic factors of patients with PDGNENs.METHODS The data from seven centers in China from March 2007 to November 2019 were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS Among the 232 patients with PDGNENs,191(82.3%)were male,with an average age of 62.83±9.11 years.One hundred and thirteen(49.34%)of 229 patients had a stage III disease and 86(37.55%)had stage IV disease.Three(1.58%)of 190 patients had no clinical symptoms,while 187(98.42%)patients presented clinical symptoms.The tumors were mainly(89.17%)solitary and located in the upper third of the stomach(cardia and fundus of stomach:115/215,53.49%).Most lesions were ulcers(157/232,67.67%),with an average diameter of 4.66±2.77 cm.In terms of tumor invasion,the majority of tumors invaded the serosa(116/198,58.58%).The median survival time of the 232 patients was 13.50 mo(7,31 mo),and the overall 1-year,3-year,and 5-year survival rates were 49%,19%,and 5%,respectively.According to univariate analysis,tumor number,tumor diameter,gastric invasion status,American Joint Committee on Cancer(AJCC)stage,and distant metastasis status were prognostic factors for patients with PDGNENs.Multivariate analysis showed that tumor number,tumor diameter,AJCC stage,and distant metastasis status were independent prognostic factors for patients with PDGNENs.CONCLUSION The overall prognosis of patients with PDGNENs is poor.The outcomes of patients with a tumor diameter>5 cm,multiple tumors,and stage IV tumors are worse than those of other patients.

Characteristics of highly differentiated granite and metallization of tungsten-tin, rare and rare earth metal in the eastern Nanling region, China

1 Introduction Massive tungsten-tin,rare and rare earth metals ore deposits were formed with the widespread granite magmatic activity in early Yanshanian period in the eastern Nanling region.Recent studies indicate that the Yanshanian highly differentiated-granite formation is closely related to the deposits of tungsten and tin,rare and rare earth metals mineralization in the region(Xiao

Spatial differentiation and dynamic mechanism of micro-geomorphology based on acoustic spectrum data of the Huanghe(Yellow)River Delta

Submarine micro-geomorphology is a geo-morphological type occurring in shallow and surface areas of seabed.The combined relationships and distribution of the micro-geomorphology indirectly reflect coupling relationships among the sediment deposition,dynamic environment,and geomorphologic evolution.Spatial differentiation and dynamic changes in micro-geomorphology were studied based on acoustic data interpretation from a wide range(3200 km^(2))of the Huanghe(Yellow)River delta(HRD).The combination of the sub-bottom profiler and the side-scan sonar methods allowed for the identification of submarine shallow micro-geomorphologic types,as well as their scale and spatial distributions.There were seven typical micro-geomorphologic features in the shallow and surface areas of the HRD,including buried ancient channels,stratigraphic disturbances,scour troughs,sand waves,pits,erosional remnants,and sand spots.The coupling and superposition of the sediment,sediment characteristics,seabed scouring and silting,and hydrodynamic conditions of the Huanghe River had combined effects on the patterns of micro-geomorphologic types,characteristics,and ranges.From the perspective of acoustic profile interpretations,the scale,range,and spatial locations of the microgeomorphology in the HRD revealed seasonal variation characteristics,and the spatial distributions displayed significant regional differentiation characteristics.In addition,strong stratigraphic disturbances and areas with densely distributed buried ancient channels reflected the activity and instability of the submarine shallow strata.Through the interpretation of the sub-bottom profile detection data,the diversion processes of the flow paths in the lower reaches of the Huanghe River were obtained for a certain historical period in the coastal waters of the HRD.This study further clarified the relationships between the micro-geomorphologic features and spatial combinations,which is important for research on micro-geomorphologic features and their dynamic mechanisms.

Expression patterns of cluster of differentiation 147 impact the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)has very low overall survival.According to global cancer statistics,approximately 905677 new cases were reported in 2020,with at least 830180 of them being fatal.Cluster of differentiation 147(CD147)is a novel,transmembrane glycoprotein that is expressed in a wide variety of tumor cells and plays an important role in various stages of tumor development.Based on the reports described previously,we theorize that CD147 may be used as a novel biological indicator to predict the prognosis of HCC.To study this possibility,expression profiles of CD147 and corresponding clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA)and Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO)databases were analyzed,and a hazard ratio(HR)was established.AIM To explore the pattern of CD147 expression and its applicability in the prognosis of HCC.To establish HRs and probability points for predicting the prognosis of HCC by correlating CD147 expression with clinical characteristics.To determine if CD147 can be a reliable biomarker in HCC prognosis.METHODS The CD147 expression profile in HCC and corresponding clinical data were obtained from TCGA database.The expression patterns of CD147 were then validated by analyzing data from the GEO database.In addition,CD147 immunohistochemistry in HCC was obtained from the Human Protein Atlas.CD147 expression patterns and clinical characteristics in the prognosis of HCC were analyzed by accessing the UALCAN web resource.Accuracy,sensitivity,and specificity of the CD147 expression profile in predictive prognosis were determined by the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves.Kaplan-Meier curves were plotted to estimate the HR of survival in HCC.Univariate and multivariate Cox regression proportional hazards analyses of CD147 expression levels and clinical characteristics as prognostic factors of HCC were performed.Nomograms were used to establish probability points and predict prognosis.RESULTS Data from TCGA and GEO databases revealed that CD147 was significantly overexpressed in HCC(P=1.624×10^(-12) and P=1.2×10^(-5),respectively).The expression of CD147 and prognosis of HCC were significantly correlated with the clinical characteristics of HCC as per the data from the UALCAN web resource(P<0.05).Kaplan-Meier analysis of CD147 expression in HCC revealed that the high expression groups showed poor prognosis and an HR of survival>1[log-rank test,P=0.000542,HR(in high expression group):1.856,95%confidence interval(CI):1.308 to 2.636].ROC curves were plotted to analyze the 1-year,3-year,and 5-year survival rates.The area under the ROC curve values were 0.675(95%CI:0.611 to 0.740),0.623(95%CI:0.555 to 0.692),and 0.664(95%CI:0.582 to 9.745),respectively.Univariate Cox analysis of CD147 expression and clinical characteristics of HCC and multivariate Cox analysis of CD147 patterns and pathological tumor-node-metastasis stage showed significant differences(univariate Cox,P=0.00013,HR:1.424,95%CI:1.884 to 1.707 and P=0.00066,HR:1.376,95%CI:1.145 to 1.654,respectively;multivariate Cox,P=0.00578,HR:1.507,95%CI:1.126 to 2.018 and P=0.00336,HR:1.443,95%CI:1.129 to 1.844,respectively).Nomograms were plotted to establish the probability points and predict prognosis.The total points ranged from 0 to 180,and the C-index value was 0.673(95%CI:0.600 to 1.000,P<0.01).CONCLUSION Overexpression of CD147 was correlated with poor prognosis in HCC.The CD147 expression profile combined with clinical characteristics can reliably predict the prognosis of HCC.CD147 can serve as a biomarker to predict the prognosis of HCC.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Drought in the North-Eastern Coastal Region of Vietnam Using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)

Spatio-temporal analysis of drought provides valuable information for drought management and damage mitigation. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index at the time scale of 6 months (SPI-6) is selected to reflect drought conditions in the North-Eastern coastal region of Vietnam. The drought events and their characteristics from 1981 to 2019 are detected at 9 meteorological stations and 10 Chirps rainfall stations. The spatio-temporal variation of drought in the study region is analyzed on the basis of the number, duration, severity, intensity, and peak of the detected drought events at the 19 stations. The results show that from 1981 to 2019 the drought events mainly occurred with 1-season duration and moderate intensity and peak. The number, duration, severity, and peak of the drought events were the greatest in the period 2001-2010 and were the smallest in the period 2011-2019. Among the 19 stations, the drought duration tends to decrease at 11 stations, increase at 7 stations, and has a slight variant at 1 station;the drought severity tends to decrease at 14 stations, increase at 4 stations, and has not a significant trend at 1 station;the drought intensity tends to decrease at 17 stations, increase at 1 station, and has a slight variant at 1 station;and the drought peak tends to decrease at 18 stations and increase at 1 station.

County scale spatial differential characteristics of cultivated land use grade: A case of Binchuan County

Land resource is the material foundation of human survival and economic development, and the cultivated land is the essence of land resources. This paper takes the county scale, by using the method of GIS spatial analysis and statistical analysis unifies, to explore the quality of cultivated land in Binchuan County using level, and explain the utilization level of county cultivated land quality spatial differentiation characteristics. The results showed that:(1) in the quantity of cultivated land quality and utilization level, the average utilization of paddy land was greater than that of dry land, and the comprehensive utilization of cultivated land and so on. Among them, the paddy land ranged from grade 6 to 15, the average utilization was grade 11.6; dry land ranged from grade 2 to 11, the average utilization was grade 5.9; comprehensive range of cultivated land is grade 2 to 15, the average utilization was grade 8.1;(2) the quality of cultivated land utilization spatial differentiation. Paddy field, dry land and cultivated land and large value distribution in the central and southern, inverted V shape distribution; the smaller the value distribution in the East and West, a dumbbell shaped distribution. Among them, they don't use a larger value of paddy land distributed in the central, South and southwest, the maximum value is 14.3, the smaller the value distribution in the West and East, the minimum value is grade 7; the larger the value distribution by the dry land in the South and West, the maximum value is grade 10.2, the smaller the value distribution in the West and East. The minimum value is grade 2.3; the comprehensive utilization of cultivated land don't distributed larger value in the central, South and south-west, the maximum value is grade 12.7, the smaller the value distribution in the West and East, the minimum value is grade 3.5. This paper can provide scientific basis for the dynamic monitoring of cultivated land quality, the transformation of low yield farmland and the early warning of cultivated land pressure.

A Testing Method for Ratio Restraint Characteristics of Differential Relay Protection of Transformers

In this paper, a method to calculate the slope of the ratio restraint characteristic of a transformer differential relay protection is proposed. The method allows using some concise but effective means to get the slope. Modulating the argument of current output from ONLLY testing equipment can make the relay protection device operate, thus, the data used for calculation would be obtained naturally after several trails. In order to make sure how effective that method could be, some experiment data is given as well.

A novel ethanol-based method to induce differentiation of adipose-derived stromal cells into astrocytes

The quantity and survival time of astrocytes,which were differentiated from adult adipose-derived stromal cells after exposure to an inducer containing 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine,have thus far been unsatisfactory.The present study investigated the growth and differentiation characteristics of induced astrocytes by observing their growth curves.After induction for 48 hours with an inducer containing 0.5% ethanol,some adult adult adipose-derived stromal cells displayed typical astrocytic morphology.The cell quantity gradually decreased with prolonged induction time.Nestin,glial fibrillary acidic protein,and S-100 expression reached peak levels at 14 days,but neuron-specific enolase was not expressed.These results suggest that the induced astrocytes reached their peak at 14 days.Further optimization of the culture environment may yield mature astrocytes with normal functions,in greater quantity,and prolonged survival time.

Numerical modeling of DPSK pressure signals and their transmission characteristics in mud channels

A numerical model and transmission characteristic analysis of DPSK （differential phase shift keying） pressure signals in mud channels is introduced. With the control logic analysis of the rotary valve mud telemetry, a logical control signal is built from a Gate function sequence according to the binary symbols of transmitted data and a phase-shift function is obtained by integrating the logical control signal. A mathematical model of the DPSK pressure signal is built based on principles of communications by modulating carrier phase with the phase-shift function and a numerical simulation of the pressure wave is implemented with the mathematical model by MATLAB programming. Considering drillpipe pressure and drilling fluid temperature profile along drillpipes, the drillpipe of a vertical well is divided into a number of sections. With water-based drilling fluids, the impacts of travel distance, carrier frequency, drillpipe size, and drilling fluids on the signal transmission were studied by signal transmission characteristic analysis for all the sections. Numerical calculation results indicate that the influences of the viscosity of drilling fluids and volume fraction of gas in drilling fluids on the DPSK signal transmission are more notable than the others and the signal will distort in waveform with differential attenuations of the signal frequent component.