Integrated approach for understanding spatio-temporal changes in forest resource distribution in the central Himalaya

Intense anthropogenic exploitation has altered distribution of forest resources. This change was analyzed using visual interpretation of satellite data of 1979, 1999 and 2009. Field and interactive social surveys were conducted to identify spatial trends in forest degradation and data were mapped on forest cover and land use maps. Perceptions of villagers were compiled in a pictorial representation to understand changes in forest resource distribution in central Himalaya from 1970 to 2010. For- ested areas were subject to degradation and isolation due to loss of con- necting forest stands. Species like Lantana camara and Eupatorium adenophorum invaded forest landscapes. Intensity of human pressure differed by forest type and elevation. An integrated approach is needed to monitor forest resource distribution and disturbance.

Implementing geostatistical analysis to study spatio-temporal distribution patterns of swimming crabs(Portunus trituberculatus)

This study attempted to compare the performance of local polynomial interpolation,inverse distance weighted interpolation,and ordinary kriging in studying distribution patterns of swimming crabs.Cross-validation was used to select the optimum method to get distribution results,and kriging was used for making spatial variability analysis.Data were collected from 87 sampling stations in November of 2015(autumn)and February(winter),May(spring)and August(summer)of 2016.Results indicate that swimming crabs widely distributed in autumn and summer:in the summer,they were more spatially independent,and resources in each sampling station varied a lot;in the winter and spring,the abundance of crabs was much lower,but the individual crab size was bigger,and they showed the patchy and more concentrative distribution pattern,which means they were more spatially dependent.Distribution patterns were in accordance with ecological migration features of swimming crabs,which were affected by the changing marine environment.This study could infer that it is applicable to study crab fishery or even other crustacean species using geostatistical analysis.It not only helps practitioners have a better understanding of how swimming crabs migrate from season to season,but also assists researchers in carrying out a more comprehensive assessment of the fishery.Therefore,it may facilitate advancing the implementation in the pilot quota management program of swimming crabs in northern Zhejiang fishing grounds.

Response of Spatio-temporal Distribution of Fishery Resources to Mairne Environment in the Northern South China Sea

[Objective] The paper was to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of fishery resources in the northern South China Sea and to provide reference for scientific evaluation and effective protection of fishery resources in the northern South China Sea. [Methods] Based on monitoring data and satellite remote sensing data [including Sea Surface Temperature(SST), Chlorophyll a concentration(Chl a) and Sea Surface Wind(SSW)] in winter(January to February) and summer(August to September) in the northern South China Sea, the relationship between spatio-temporal distribution of fishery resources and marine environment was investigated by using Generalized Linear Models(GLM), fishing ground gravity and correlation analysis. [Results] The suitable SST and Chl a of light falling-net fishing ground in winter were 17-23°C and 0.2-0.6 mg/m3, respectively. The suitable SST and Chl a in summer were approximately 28°C and 0.2-1.0 mg/m3. Standardized Catch Per Unit Effort(SCPUE) was higher in summer(2-4) and lower in winter(1-3). From winter to summer, the fishing ground gravity migrated to the east about 1 °E. [Conclusion] The spatio-temporal distribution of fishery resources is related to eastern Hainan-western Guangdong upwelling and the coastal flow, caused by the monsoon in the northern South China Sea, and the major catch species of light falling-net.

Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution in Binzhou City Based on Large Computer Data

Based on the relevant statistics on the agricultural non-point source pollution in Binzhou City,we studied the spatio-temporal variation in agricultural non-point source nitrogen pollution and phosphorus pollution in Binzhou City during 2008-2015. The results showed that the agricultural non-point source nitrogen pollution and phosphorus pollution in Binzhou City changed from 114400 t and 28800 t in 2008 to110600 t and 24400 t in 2015,respectively; for the non-point source nitrogen pollution sources,the proportion of chemical fertilizer,manure and domestic sewage changed from 80. 41%,10. 47% and 9. 13% in 2008 to 82. 94%,4. 77% and 12. 29% in 2015,respectively; for the non-point source phosphorus pollution sources,the proportion of chemical fertilizer,manure and domestic sewage changed from 89. 29%,8. 32% and 2. 39% in 2008 to 91. 6%,4. 78% and 3. 62% in 2015,respectively; in 2015,the non-point source nitrogen pollution was most serious in Wudi County and Huimin County and least serious in Zhanhua County; the non-point source phosphorus pollution was most serious in Zouping County and least serious in Wudi County.

Distributed spatio-temporal generative adversarial networks

Owing to the wide range of applications in various fields,generative models have become increasingly popular.However,they do not handle spatio-temporal features well.Inspired by the recent advances in these models,this paper designs a distributed spatio-temporal generative adversarial network(STGAN-D)that,given some initial data and random noise,generates a consecutive sequence of spatio-temporal samples which have a logical relationship.This paper builds a spatio-temporal discriminator to distinguish whether the samples generated by the generator meet the requirements for time and space coherence,and builds a controller for distributed training of the network gradient updated to separate the model training and parameter updating,to improve the network training rate.The model is trained on the skeletal dataset and the traffic dataset.In contrast to traditional generative adversarial networks(GANs),the proposed STGAN-D can generate logically coherent samples with the corresponding spatial and temporal features while avoiding mode collapse.In addition,this paper shows that the proposed model can generate different styles of spatio-temporal samples given different random noise inputs,and the controller can improve the network training rate.This model will extend the potential range of applications of GANs to areas such as traffic information simulation and multiagent adversarial simulation.

Spatial-temporal distribution of debris flow impact pressure on rigid barrier

Grain composition plays a vital role in impact pressure of debris flow. Current approaches treat debris flow as uniform fluid and almost ignore its granular effects. A series of flume experiments have been carried out to explore the granular influence on the impact process of debris flow by using a contact surface pressure gauge sensor(Tactilus~?, produced by Sensor Products LLC). It is found that the maximum impact pressure for debris flow of low density fluctuates drastically with a long duration time while the fluctuation for flow of high density is short in time, respectively presenting logarithmic and linear form in longitudinal attenuation. This can be ascribed to the turbulence effect in the former and grain collisions and grainfluid interaction in the latter. The horizontal distribution of the impact pressure can be considered as the equivalent distribution. For engineering purposes, the longitudinal distribution of the pressure can be generalized to a triangular distribution, from which a new impact method considering granular effects is proposed.

Taxonomic Revision of Raorchestes menglaensis(Kou,1990)(Amphibia:Anura),with Descriptions of Two New Species from Yunnan,China

Raorchestes is a group of Bush frogs mainly distributed in South and Southeast Asia that are poorly recognized by morphological criteria.We recognize the true R.menglaensis(Kou) based on 10 specimens newly collected from the type locality.An expanded description is also provided,and we delist the recently reported record,R.parvulus(Boulenger) from China.Combing with morphological and molecular data,two new species are respectively described from Menghai and Lvchun,Yunnan,China.Raorchestes hillisi sp.nov.is distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of morphological characters:(1) small body sized(males 15.9-17.7 mm,n=7;female 17.5 mm,n=1);(2) head longer than wide;(3) snout longer than eye diameter;(4) the tip of upper jaws slightly notched;(5) internasal space slightly less than interorbital space;(6) tympanum distinct;(7)fingers lacking lateral dermal fringe;(8) outside of toe Ⅰ and both sides of toe Ⅱ lacking lateral dermal fringe,other toes having weak lateral dermal fringes;(9) rudimentary web on toes;(10) lacking a series of tubercles along the outer sides of forearm and foot;(11) discs of fingers and toes not orange.Raorchestes huanglianshan sp.nov.is distinguished from all other congeners by the following combination of morphological characters:(1) small body size(males 17.0-19.6 mm,n=12;female 21.5 mm,n=1);(2) head slightly wider than long or equal;(3) snout longer than eye diameter;(4)the tip of upper jaws slightly notched;(5) internasal space distinctly less than interorbital space(6) tympanum distinct;(7) fingers lacking lateral dermal fringe;(8) toes lacking lateral dermal fringe;(9) rudimentary web on toes;(10)lacking a series of tubercles along the outer sides of forearm and foot;(11) discs of all fingers and toes orange or parts of them orange in life.

Analysis of spatio-temporal changes in forest biomass in China

Forests play a central role in the global carbon cycle.China's forests have a high carbon sequestration potential owing to their wide distribution,young age and relatively low carbon density.Forest biomass is an essential variable for assessing carbon sequestration capacity,thus determining the spatio-temporal changes of forest biomass is critical to the national carbon budget and to contribute to sustainable forest management.Based on Chinese forest inventory data(1999–2013),this study explored spatial patterns of forest biomass at a grid resolution of 1 km by applying a downscaling method and further analyzed spatiotemporal changes of biomass at different spatial scales.The main findings are:(1)the regression relationship between forest biomass and the associated infuencing factors at a provincial scale can be applied to estimate biomass at a pixel scale by employing a downscaling method;(2)forest biomass had a distinct spatial pattern with the greatest biomass occurring in the major mountain ranges;(3)forest biomass changes had a notable spatial distribution pattern;increase(i.e.,carbon sinks)occurred in east and southeast China,decreases(i.e.,carbon sources)were observed in the northeast to southwest,with the largest biomass losses in the Hengduan Mountains,Southern Hainan and Northern Da Hinggan Mountains;and,(4)forest vegetation functioned as a carbon sink during 1999–2013 with a net increase in biomass of 3.71 Pg.

Delta distribution of electronegative plasma predicted by reformed“spring oscillator”dynamic equation with dispersing force

In our relevant paper[Zhao S X(2021)Chin.Phys.B 30055201],a delta distribution of negative ions is given by fluid simulation and preliminarily explained by decomposed anions transport equation.In the present work,first,the intrinsic connection between the electropositive plasma transport equation and spring oscillator dynamic equation is established.Inspired by this similarity,reformed“spring oscillator”equation with dispersing instead of restoring force that gives quasi-delta solution is devised according to the math embodied in the anion equation,which is of potential significance to the disciplines of atomic physics and astronomy as well.For solving the“diffusion confusion”the physics that determines the delta profile within the continuity equation is explored on the basis that recombination loss source term plays the role of drift flux,which is applicable for fluid model of low temperature plasma,but not the ordinary fluid dynamics.Besides,the math and physics revealed in this work predict that the ratio of recombination or attachment(for electrons)frequency versus the species diffusion coefficient is a very important parameter in determining the delta distribution,as it acts as the acceleration of object,according to the reformed oscillator equation.With this theory,the analogous delta profile of electrons density in the famous drift and ambi-polar diffusion heating mechanism of electronegative capacitively coupled plasma is interpreted.

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cladocera and Rotifer of the Mangrove Waters of Mouanko (Coastal Cameroon): Influence of Some Abiotic Variables

The Mouanko mangrove is subjected to major anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, fishing and deforestation, hence information on Cladocerans and Rotifers amongst other aquatic organisms in order to monitor and manage this ecosystem is vital. The aim of this work is to study the physicochemical parameters of the environment that influence the diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of Cladocerans and Rotifers in the mangrove waters of Mouanko. This study was carried out from November 2019 to October 2020 at 8 sampling stations. Both biological and physico-chemical sampling and analyses were done following standard recommendations. The results of the phyico-chemical analyses revealed that the waters of the Mouanko mangroves were slightly basic (7.64 ± 0.71 UC), moderately oxygenated (69.56% ± 14.29%) with low levels of nutrients [ NO -2 (0. 06 ± 0.05 mg/L), NH+4 (0.39 ± 0.3 mg/L) and PO3-4 (up to 0.12 mg/L)] and high values of electrical conductivity (up to 6531.04 μS/cm), salinity (up to 3.71‰). 15 species of Cladocerans and 30 species of Rotifers were identified accounting for a total abundance of 612 ind/L. The species richness was higher in freshwater influenced zones (40 taxa) compared to marinewater influenced zones (17 taxa). Among these species, the Cladocera, Penilia avirostris was the most abundant in marinewater influenced zones (84 ind/L) while the Rotifer, Keratella tecta was the most abundant in freshwater influenced zones (64 ind/L). Shannon-Weaver’s diversity and Pielou’s equitability indices indicated that freshwater influenced zones host a diverse community with a tendency towards equi-partition of species while marinewater influenced zones revealed the opposite. The low levels of organic pollution indicator variables recorded and the high diversity of the freshwater influenced zones population studied attested to the low level of anthropization in this environment. High salinity and electrical conductivity values influence the distribution of these organisms.

Analysis on characteristics of extreme precipitation indices and atmospheric circulation in Northern Shanxi

This article utilizes daily precipitation data from 28 national meteorological stations in northern Shanxi Province spanning from 1972 to 2020,and the US NCEP/NCAR monthly average reanalysis and ERA5 monthly average reanalysis data.The study employs techniques such as empirical orthogonal function(EOF)decomposition,MannKendall mutation and other methods to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of extreme precipitation index in northern Shanxi and their correlation with atmospheric circulation.The research results show that:the absolute index,relative index,intensity index and sustained dry period index(CDD)in the continuous index appear from southwest to northeast.The spatial distribution characteristics of the central region decrease,while the continuous wet period(CWD)decreases from the central to the east and west.The three indices Rx1day,Rx5day,and CWD mutated in 1978,1975,and 1983 respectively,and other extreme precipitation indices all appeared in a sudden change from a low-value period to a high-value period occurred around 2010.In the high-value years of the summer extreme precipitation index,there is a significant negative anomaly in the height field in the mid-high latitude regions of Eurasia.Northern Shanxi is controlled by a broad low-pressure trough in the Lake Baikal area.Water vapor transported via the east,west,and south routes converges in the northern Shanxi region and encounters cold air from the north.There is a strong upward motion anomaly at 500 hPa in the troposphere,and the dynamic conditions of upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence lead to more summer extreme precipitation in the northern Shanxi region.Conversely,in the low-value years of the summer extreme precipitation index,northern Shanxi is affected by a strong high-pressure ridge north of Lake Baikal.There is a downward motion anomaly at 500 hPa,and the northern Shanxi region lacks water vapor.The cold and warm air cannot converge,and both the water vapor conditions and dynamic conditions are poor,which is not conducive to the production of extreme precipitation in northern Shanxi.

基于组合权重-TOPSIS模型的贵州省水资源承载力评价

以贵州省为研究对象,基于2010—2020年水资源公报、统计年鉴数据等相关数据,从水资源、社会、经济、生态环境4个方面选取16项指标,构建水资源承载力评价指标体系,采用组合权重-TOPSIS模型对研究区88个县进行水资源承载力评价分析。结果表明:1)贵州省2020年县域水资源承载变化范围为0.329~0.716,总体水资源承载状况差异显著,较2010年水资源承载力有明显提升,且2020年水资源承载力呈现黔中区域的水资源承载力较低、周边区域较高的变化趋势,黔东区域水资源承载力最高。2)利用ArcGIS对贵州省县域的水资源承载指数进行全局莫兰指数分析,贵州省县域水资源承载力的莫兰指数为0.515,z值显著大于临界值2.58,p值小于显著性水平,贵州省水资源承载指数呈现空间集聚趋势。3)通过地理探测器分析可知,单因子对水资源承载力影响解释力最大的是人均水资源占有量;双因子交互作用下对水资源承载力的影响程度结果显示,人均水资源占有量是水资源承载力的主导因子。

基于风云卫星遥感资料的中国青藏高原积雪分布研究

文章以中国青藏高原地区为研究区,通过对1990-2019年气象站实测雪深数据(简称“实测雪深”)和卫星遥感反演雪深数据(简称“遥感雪深”)互补应用,分析实测雪深与遥感雪深的差值情况,评估遥感雪深的精度;通过多种方法对遥感雪深进行订正,形成质量最优的长时间序列遥感雪深订正数据集;总结积雪的时空变化典型趋势和特征,揭示在全球气候变暖过程中,雪深对时间变化的响应,以期为青藏高原雪灾防御工作中对积雪资料的应用提供参考。

Variation of spatio-temporal distribution of on-road vehicle emissions based on real-time RFID data

High-resolution vehicular emissions inventories are important for managing vehicular pollution and improving urban air quality. This study developed a vehicular emission inventory with high spatio-temporal resolution in the main urban area of Chongqing, based on realtime traffic data from 820 RFID detectors covering 454 roads, and the differences in spatiotemporal emission characteristics between inner and outer districts were analysed. The result showed that the daily vehicular emission intensities of CO, hydrocarbons, PM2.5, PM10,and NO_(x) were 30.24, 3.83, 0.18, 0.20, and 8.65 kg/km per day, respectively, in the study area during 2018. The pollutants emission intensities in inner district were higher than those in outer district. Light passenger cars(LPCs) were the main contributors of all-day CO emissions in the inner and outer districts, from which the contributors of NO_(x) emissions were different. Diesel and natural gas buses were major contributors of daytime NO_(x) emissions in inner districts, accounting for 40.40%, but buses and heavy duty trucks(HDTs) were major contributors in outer districts. At nighttime, due to the lifting of truck restrictions and suspension of buses, HDTs become the main NO_(x) contributor in both inner and outer districts,and its three NO_(x) emission peak hours were found, which are different to the peak hours of total NO_(x) emission by all vehicles. Unlike most other cities, bridges and connecting channels are always emission hotspots due to long-time traffic congestion. This knowledge will help fully understand vehicular emissions characteristics and is useful for policymakers to design precise prevention and control measures.

分布式SCS-CN有效降雨修正模型建立及应用

为解决SCS-CN模型改进后方程结构复杂的问题,基于SCS-CN标准模型,经与SCS-CN改进模型比较,引入有效降雨修正系数建立SCS-CN有效降雨修正模型,并对城市低影响开发复杂区域综合考虑LID设施蓄存容积对降雨径流的影响,构建基于水文响应单元的分布式SCS-CN有效降雨修正模型,以北京双紫园小区为例开展降雨径流模拟与效果检验。分析SCS-CN有效降雨修正模型,当对修正系数取值等于1.0时其等同于标准模型,当对修正系数取值小于1.0时其等效于改进模型;修正系数表征了径流系数随降水量增大而变化趋向稳定的极限值。模型应用结果表明,分别对渗透地表有效降雨修正系数取值等于1.0与小于1.0,两者对不同场次降雨径流深的计算值与实测值散点均位于45°线附近、符合较好,确定性系数与Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数值分别为0.91与0.83、0.92与0.91,后者效果优于前者,说明对渗透地表有效降雨修正系数取值小于1.0能够有效提高模拟效果。

Spatio-temporal disparities of Clonorchis sinensis infection in animal hosts in China:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Clonorchis sinensis,one of the most important food-borne zoonotic trematodes,remains prevalent in China.Understanding its infection status in animals is crucial for controlling human clonorchiasis.Here we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to focus on the spatio-temporal disparities ofC.sinensis infection in animals in China.Methods Data onC.sinensis prevalence in snails,the second intermediate hosts,or animal reservoirs in China were extracted from electronic databases including PubMed,Embase,Web of Science,Chinese Wanfang database,CNKI,VIP,and China Biomedical Literature database.A random-effects meta-analysis model was utilized to estimate the pooled prevalence in each of the above animal hosts.Subgroup analysis and multivariable meta-regression were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity across studies and compare the temporal disparity of infection rates between high and low epidemic areas.Scatter plots were used to depict the biogeographical characteristics of regions reportingC.sinensis infection in animals.Results The overall pooled prevalence ofC.sinensis was 0.9%(95%CI:0.6-1.2%)in snails,14.2%(12.7-15.7%)in the second intermediate host,and 14.3%(11.4-17.6%)in animal reservoirs.Prevalence in low epidemic areas(with human prevalence<1%)decreased from 0.6%(0.2-1.2%)before 1990 to 0.0%(0.0-3.6%)after 2010 in snails(P=0.0499),from 20.3%(15.6-25.3%)to 8.8%(5.6-12.6%)in the second intermediate hosts(P=0.0002),and from 18.3%(12.7-24.7%)to 4.7%(1.0-10.4%)in animal reservoirs.However,no similar decrease in prevalence was observed in high epidemic areas(with human prevalence≥1.0%).C.sinensis infections were predominantly reported in areas with altitudes below 2346 m and annual cumulative precipitation above 345 mm and were mostly concentrated in eastern China.Conclusions There are spatio-temporal disparities in the animal infections ofC.sinensis in different areas of China.Animal infections are primarily concentrated in regions with low altitude and high precipitation.The results suggest that implementing One Health-based comprehensive measures targeting both humans and animals,especially in high epidemic areas,is essential for successful eradication ofC.sinensis in China.

中国猕猴的分类及分布

本文根据外部形态、头骨特征及地理分布,对猕猴(Macaca mulatta)在中国的亚种分类进行了重新整理。结果表明M.m.mulatta、M.m.brevicaudus,M.m.lasiotis、M.m.littoralis和M.m.vestita均为有效亚种,M.m.tcheliensis可能也是一有效亚种。

中国高原鳅属鱼类及其分类研究现状

高原鳅属鱼类广泛分布于青藏高原及其周边地区,迄今已记录有123种,我国分布有105种,其中半数以上(58种)是近20年内相继发表的新种。该属的一些用于物种鉴定的形态学性状随栖息环境或鱼体生长变异较大,大量新种描述后缺乏系统比较和分类整理。本文总结了我国高原鳅属鱼类的种类和分布、分类研究历史、现状及存在的主要问题,并对今后的系统分类进行展望。

宽带蕨属(水龙骨科)的系统学研究

对喜马拉雅和横断山地区特有的水龙骨科的宽带蕨属PlatygyriaChing&S .K .Wu植物进行了形态学、分类学、生态和植物地理学的观察与分析 ,探讨了该属植物的系统位置、亲缘关系和生态适应性 ,推测宽带蕨属是随着喜马拉雅山脉的隆升 ,由瓦韦属Lepisorus (J.Sm .)Ching网眼瓦韦群植物适应高寒生态环境演化而来的新生类群。确定宽带蕨属有 5种 ,即川西宽带蕨P .soulieana (Christ)X .C .Zhang&Q .R .Liu、多变宽带蕨P .variabilisChing&S .K .Wu、耳基宽带蕨P .inaequibasisChing&S .K .Wu、深波宽带蕨P .sinuataChing&S .K .Wu和宽带蕨P .waltonii (Ching)Ching&S .K .Wu。

2007～2008年大连地区闪电时空分布特征分析(英文)

The cloud-to-ground lightning data between 2007 and 2008 were collected by lightning detection and location system,which was composed of four lightning detectors in four different sites of Dalian area.The spatio-temporal distribution of cloud-to-ground lightning in surrounding areas of Dalian was analyzed from several aspects of polarity distribution,diurnal variation,lightning intensity and lightning density.The results showed that the number of negative lightning accounted for 93.9% of the total number of lightning,and its average lightning intensity was 27.99 kA.The number of positive lightning accounted for 6.1% of the total number of lightning,and its average lightning intensity was 35.56 kA.The diurnal variation of lightning frequency showed an obvious structure of two peaks (17:00-18:00 and 04:00-05:00) and two valleys (09:00-10:00 and 00:00-01:00).The number of lightning between May and September was 91.5% of the annual number,and the lightning occurred the most frequently between June and August.Most of positive and negative lightning was at the intensity of 15-35 kA,80.0% lower than 40 kA,and 99.3% lower than 100 kA.The lightning density had obvious regional differences in distribution,high in the Liaodong Bay and the Dalian Bay and low in inland areas.Therefore,coastal areas should attract more attention in lightning disaster defense in the surrounding areas of Dalian.