Bird specimen number linked with species trait and climate niche breadth

Biological specimens are fundamental for taxonomy and flora/fauna research.More importantly,they also play crucial roles in recording environmental impacts on morphology and behavior,which is vital for biodiversity research and conservation.However,there are few systematic studies on the patterns and drivers of bird specimen number at regional scales.This study is the first attempt to examine the relationships between bird specimen number and species traits as well as climate niche breadth in China,aiming to answer two questions:1)how do species’temperature niche breadth and precipitation niche breadth influence specimen number?2)which trait is most associated with bird specimen number?The associations between bird specimen number and explanatory variables were examined using ordinary least squares,generalized linear models,phylogenetic generalized linear mixed models,and multiple comparisons.The results showed that Muscicapidae was the family with the highest specimen number,and Passeriformes was the order with the highest specimen number.Bird specimen number significantly increased with larger temperature niche breadth and precipitation niche breadth.Specimen number was also positively associated with geographic range size,habitat specificity,hunting vulnerability and clutch size,but negatively associated with body size.These findings suggest that future bird specimen collection should pay more attention to birds with limited ecological niches,large body sizes,and small clutch sizes.This research enhances the use of bird specimen data to study and preserve biodiversity.

Existence of Entropy Solution for Degenerate Parabolic-Hyperbolic Problem Involving p(x)-Laplacian with Neumann Boundary Condition

We consider a strongly non-linear degenerate parabolic-hyperbolic problem with p(x)-Laplacian diffusion flux function. We propose an entropy formulation and prove the existence of an entropy solution.

Enhancing fly ash utilization in backfill materials treated with CO_(2)carbonation under ambient conditions

The environmental concerns resulting from coal-fired power generation that produces large amounts of CO_(2)and fly ash are of great interest.To mitigate,this study aims to develop a novel carbonated CO_(2)-fly ash-based backfill(CFBF)material under ambient conditions.The performance of CFBF was investigated for different fly ash-cement ratios and compared with non-CO_(2)reacted samples.The fresh CFBF slurry conformed to the Herschel-Bulkley model with shear thinning characteristics.After carbonation,the yield stress of the fresh slurry increased significantly by lowering fly ash ratio due to gel formation.The setting times were accelerated,resulting in approximately 40.6%of increased early strength.The final strength decreased when incorporating a lower fly ash ratio(50%and 60%),which was related to the existing heterogeneous pores caused by rapid fluid loss.The strength increased with fly ash content above 70%because additional C-S(A)-H and silica gels were characterized to precipitate on the grain surface,so the binding between particles increased.The C-S(A)-H gel was developed through the pozzolanic reaction,where CaCO_(3)was the prerequisite calcium source obtained in the CO_(2)-fly ash reaction.Furthermore,the maximum CO_(2)uptake efficiency was 1.39 mg-CO_(2)/g-CFBF.The CFBF material is feasible to co-dispose CO_(2)and fly ash in the mine goaf as negative carbon backfill materials,and simultaneously mitigates the strata movement and water lost in post-subsurface mining.

Phytoecological evaluation with detail floristic appraisal of the vegetation arround Malam Jabba,Swat,Pakistan

Objective:To determine the present status of plant communities and their possible association with the habitat in Malam Jabba,Swat,Pakistan.Methods:A study on the phytoecology was conducted in various ecologically important sites of Malam Jabba,Swat,Pakistan from 2002 to 2004.The altitude of these sites ranged from 1200 m to.1200 m.Quadrat method was used for evaluation of plants communities and the data on these attributes was converted to relative values. The plant communities were named after 3 leading species with highest importance values. Biological spectrum of the flora based on the life form was prepared by following Raunkiar's life form classes.Results:The floristic composition and structure of the study area were found to be 200 species belonging to 75 families.Asteraceae,Lamiaceae and Poaceae were important families in the study area.The biological spectrum showed that therophytic and hemicrytophytic life form and micro-nonophyllous leaf sizes were dominant in the area.The air and soil temperatures were decreasing with increasing elevation.Both the air and soil temperatures were relatively higher in south slopes than on the northeast slopes.The vegetation analysis of the area indicated eleven plant communities around the area.The present vegetation is the relics of moist temperate coniferous forest in the area.The communities reflect highly deteriorated conditions. Both the structure and composition of the surrounding vegetation were associated with the types of habitats.Conclusions:The conservation of the remaining populations of the reported communities will be best achieved by proper time of sustainable harvesting.It is only possible with the participation of local communities.

Computational Fracture Analysis of an AFM-Specimen under Mixed Mode Loading Conditions

Fracture processes in ship-building structures are in many cases of a 3-D character. A finite element （FE） model of an all fracture mode （AFM） specimen was built for the study of 3-D mixed mode crack fracture behavior including modes Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ. The stress intensity factors （SIFs） were calculated by the modified virtual crack closure integral （MVCCI） method, and the crack initiation angle assessment was based on a recently developed 3-D fracture criterion--the Richard criterion. It was shown that the FE model of the AFM-specimen is applicable for investigations under general mixed mode loading conditions, and the computational results of crack initiation angles are in agreement with some available experimental findings. Thus, the applicability of the FE model of the AFM-specimen for mixed mode loading conditions and the validity of the Richard criterion can be demonstrated.

On the Caginalp for a Conserve Phase-Field with a Polynomial Potentiel of Order 2<i>p</i>- 1

Our aim in this paper is to study on the Caginalp for a conserved phase-field with a polynomial potentiel of order 2p - 1. In this part, one treats the conservative version of the problem of generalized phase field. We consider a regular potential, more precisely a polynomial term of the order 2p - 1 with edge conditions of Dirichlet type. Existence and uniqueness are analyzed. More precisely, we precisely, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions.

An Experimental Analysis of Water and Soil Conservation Effected by Micro-landscape Structure

[Objective] This comparative experiment was to explore the soil loss con- trol effects under cultivation combination of different soil and vegetation types, and to provide scientific basis for the upcoming pilot project of ecological recovery. [Method] Both the rudiment of water locomotion functioned by micro-landscape structures and different spatial combinations of various landscape constituents are considered, thus, the combination of multi-soil type, crop species and site conditions is designed in three different experimental sites. [Result] Soil loss estimates in experiments in South Wello significantly depended on various soil type, slope, vegetation and type of con- servation structure; grass cover tremendously reduces soil loss; legume cultivation performed better than cereal cultivation in soil loss control. [Conclusion] By conduct- ing the data analysis of the experiment, a scientific reference is proposed to the agri- culture planting and protective mode for the alleviation of water and soil loss in Amhara Region, Ethiopia.

Eigen-Property of Single-j System and Seniority Conservation Condition

In this paper we study the system with three nucleons within a single-j shell, which can be described as the angular momentum coupling of a nucleon pair and the odd nucleon. The overlaps between these non-orthonormal states form a special matrix coincidental with the one obtained by Rowe and Rosensteel. They proposed a proposition related to the eigenvalue problems of that matrix and dimensions of the associated subspaces. We prove their proposition with the help of the symmetric properties of the six-j symbols. We also derive algebraic expressions for eigen energies as well as conditions for conservation of seniority through the decomposition of the angular momentum.

THE SHOCK WAVES FOR A MIXED-TYPE SYSTEM FROM CHEMOTAXIS

In this paper,we study the shock waves for a mixed-type system from chemotaxis.We are concerned with the jump conditions for the left state which is located in the elliptical region and the right state in the hyperbolic region.Under the generalized entropy conditions,we find that there are different shock wave structures for different parameters.To guarantee the uniqueness of the solutions,we obtain the admissible shock waves which satisfy the generalized entropy condition in both parameters.Finally,we construct the Riemann solutions in some solvable regions.

Inference of Reference Conditions for Nutrient Concentrations of Chaohu Lake Based on Model Extrapolation

In the mid-eastern China,there are few or no lakes which are in the absence of anthropogenic disturbances,or their sediments remain undisturbed.As a result,the reference lakes distribution and paleolimnological reconstruction approaches usually are inappropriate to estimate lake reference conditions for nutrients.This yields the necessity of using the extrapolation methods to estimate the lake reference conditions for nutrients within those regions.The lake reference conditions for nutrients could be inferred inversely from the law of mass conservation,current lake nutrient concentration,and the loadings from watershed.Considering the scarcity of hydrological and water quality data associated with lakes and watersheds in China,as well as the low requirement of the watershed nutrient loadings models for these data,the soil conservation service(SCS) distributed hydrological model and the universal soil loss equation(USLE) were applied.The SCS model simulates the runoff process of the watershed,thereby calculating dissolved nutrients annually.The USLE estimates the soil erosion and particulate nutrients annually in a watershed.Then,with the loadings from atmospheric deposition and point source,the previous annual average nutrient concentrations could be acquired given the current nutrient concentrations in a lake.Therefore,the nutrient reference conditions minimally impacted by human activities could be estimated.Based on the proposed model,the reference conditions for total nitrogen and total phosphorus of Chaohu Lake,Anhui Province,China are 0.031 mg/L and 0.640 mg/L,respectively.The proposed reference conditions estimation model is of clear physical concept,and less data required.Thus,the proposed approach can be used in other lakes with similar circumstances.

Experimental Study of Energy-Saving Air-Conditioner with Hot Water

Energy-saving air-conditioner with hot water is an air source heat pump air-conditioner,which can also supply hot water.The hot water is heated by a double pipe condenser connected with an air-cooled condenser in series in the system.This experiment of the energy-saving air-conditioner was carried out in the enthalpy-difference air-conditioner laboratory.The hot water temperature and the compressor's discharge and suction pressure were recorded in the working condition,where the ambient temperature was at 43 ℃,35 ℃,21 ℃,7 ℃,and 2 ℃ separately.The results showed that the system operated stably and reliably.This system can supply 240 L hot water at 50 ℃ in the whole year,and its coefficience of performance(COP)is much higher than the conventional air source heat pump system.Its energy conservation was proved by comparing the thermal efficiency with other sourece water heaters.

High-order field theory and a weak Euler–Lagrange–Barut equation for classical relativistic particle-field systems

In both quantum and classical field systems,conservation laws such as the conservation of energy and momentum are widely regarded as fundamental properties.A broadly accepted approach to deriving conservation laws is built using Noether's method.However,this procedure is still unclear for relativistic particle-field systems where particles are regarded as classical world lines.In the present study,we establish a general manifestly covariant or geometric field theory for classical relativistic particle-field systems.In contrast to quantum systems,where particles are viewed as quantum fields,classical relativistic particle-field systems present specific challenges.These challenges arise from two sides.The first comes from the mass-shell constraint.To deal with the mass-shell constraint,the Euler–Lagrange–Barut(ELB)equation is used to determine the particle's world lines in the four-dimensional(4D)Minkowski space.Besides,the infinitesimal criterion,which is a differential equation in formal field theory,is reconstructed by an integro-differential form.The other difficulty is that fields and particles depend on heterogeneous manifolds.To overcome this challenge,we propose using a weak version of the ELB equation that allows us to connect local conservation laws and continuous symmetries in classical relativistic particle-field systems.By applying a weak ELB equation to classical relativistic particle-field systems,we can systematically derive local conservation laws by examining the underlying symmetries of the system.Our proposed approach provides a new perspective on understanding conservation laws in classical relativistic particle-field systems.

通信户外机柜用温控设备节能措施及运行效果分析

针对目前通信户外机柜存在设备频繁高温报警、空调能耗过高等突出问题,提出以热管为主、空调为辅的温控系统方案,并开发样机,应用于郑州市逸泉小区三联柜移动通信基站。经全年实地测试表明,该温控设备调控机柜温度范围在10~38℃之间,完全符合国家移动通信基站机柜温控要求,机柜内通信设备全年无高温报警,与原门载式空调相比,该温控设备在春夏秋冬各季节能率分别为68.2%,47.0%,64.7%,75.5%,全年节能率高达60.0%,节能效果十分显著。该研究成果对通信户外机柜温控节能具有一定的实用价值。

一维热传导方程推导及定解条件小结

以均匀且各向同性的细棒为例,用两种方法推导细棒在传热过程中温度所满足的偏微分方程,且对一些常见的定解条件进行总结说明.

钢渣对混凝土安定性的影响及评价

以钢渣生产的钢渣粉、钢渣砂和钢渣石为研究对象,依据YB/T 4228-2010《混凝土多孔砖和路面砖用钢渣》测试钢渣砂、钢渣石,以及钢渣粉、钢渣砂和钢渣石复合对混凝土安定性的影响,研究钢渣用于混凝土的压蒸膨胀率及其试件状态,结果表明,当混凝土配合比中钢渣粉替代矿粉率、钢渣砂替代中砂率、钢渣石替代碎石率之和为75%~95%,且钢渣砂替代中砂率高于钢渣石替代碎石率时,钢渣替代矿粉、中砂和碎石的混凝土压蒸安定性良好。单条试件安定性评价标准为:当出现断裂时,试件不合格;当大损伤数≥2处时,试件不合格;3条试件安定性评价标准为:当压蒸平均膨胀率实测值>0.15%,混凝土安定性不合格;当压蒸平均膨胀率实测值≤0.15%且有单条试件不合格时,混凝土安定性不合格。

灌草覆盖——干热河谷区植被修复新路径探析

干热河谷集中分布于中国西南横断山脉地区,受地形和局部小气候的影响,形成特殊的水热状况组合,是中国分布最北的一块“热区”。在长期剧烈的人为干扰和严酷的自然环境双重压力下,干热河谷的生态系统极度退化,结构与功能濒临崩溃,严重制约了当地经济社会发展,是中国典型的生态脆弱带、极度退化区和植被修复极端困难地区之一。本文先简要回顾了干热河谷区植被修复的历史,接着系统分析河谷区生态修复工作存在的机遇和挑战,明确提出灌草覆盖技术可能是该区域最为适合的一种生态修复方式。该技术可以克服干旱和高温两大河谷区植被修复的关键限制性因子,并实现保水、固土和增肥的植被修复技术目标。本研究首次提出干热河谷区植被修复3条原则:宜乔则乔、宜灌则灌、宜草则草、宜荒则荒原则;结合生态保护和产业发展实行分区修复原则;优选乡土物种进行植被修复原则。同时,建议从水土保持能力、土壤生态系统健康、植物群落健康和综合效益评价等4个方面来评估河谷区植被修复效果。最后,研究展望了干热河谷区植被修复研究的未来方向,包括加强群落演化规律及其适应性机制的研究,建立和完善动态监测机制,选育和培育乡土物种,以及开发和推广植被修复新技术。

水利工程地质勘察方法探讨

地质勘查是水利工程的主要工作任务之一,勘查的目的在于评估地质的稳定性、预测地质灾害等,勘查质量直接影响水利工程的质量。常用的勘察方法包括影像解析、地质调查、钻探、物探等,每一种方法都有各自的原理、操作过程、适用条件等,通过采用合适的勘察方法得到相应的数据,如近几年地质灾害的频率、影响等,以此来做好水利工程的规划、设计,保证水利工程的质量。然而,受一些因素的影响,依然有一些水利工程因为未做好地质勘察而引发质量问题。基于此,对水利工程地质勘察方法进行研究,通过分析地质勘察的问题、方法等,以此来为地质勘察提供相应的参考。

农村公路路面技术状况评定与养护研究

以某地区农村公路为研究对象,通过对路面破损、平整度等检测数据计算分析,汇总计算得到路面技术状况指数PQI得分及评价等级,在此基础上分析路面主要病害成因。结果表明:该地区农村公路路面沥青路面RQI得分为76.3,水泥路面RQI得分为74.6,路面损坏状况指数PCI为61.27,路面损坏评价等级为次,汇总计算得到PQI得分为66.8,评价为次;最后依据该地区农村公路路面路况的检测结果,提出了农村公路路面养护措施的处治措施,为该地区农村公路养护设计提供指导。

四川省某卷烟厂中央空调系统节能研究

近年来我国烟草产量逐年增加,但同时该行业能源消耗较大,因此对卷烟企业进行节能改造,提高企业的综合生产能耗水平成为了各地企业的重要任务。以四川省某卷烟厂为研究对象,首先结合相关标准规范对厂房的生产水平进行评估,结果表明企业综合产值较低,而厂房中央空调系统能耗占据企业生产用能的70%左右,因此对该系统进行节能降耗有重要意义。对夏、冬季中央空调系统运行性能分析,发现冷水机组、冷冻水泵以及冷却水泵的开启策略以及设定参数均不合理;最终对设备的运行台数及设定参数给出优化建议,计算出夏、冬季中央空调系统可节省684200kWh的电耗。

数据中心空调系统研究进展综述

数据中心作为互联网基础设施的核心,其发展速度的加快带来了能源消耗的严峻挑战,特别是空调冷却系统能耗占据了数据中心总能耗的显著比例。文章系统性地梳理了数据中心空调系统节能的研究工作进展,探讨了机房环境及气流组织优化、废热回收系统以及智能控制系统的应用对提高数据中心空调系统能源利用效率的作用,最后总结了提高数据中心空调系统效率的重要性并提出了优化建议。