Optimized online filter stack spectrometer for ultrashort X-ray pulses

Currently,with the advent of high-repetition-rate laser-plasma experiments,the demand for online diagnosis for the X-ray spectrum is increasing because the laser-plasma-generated X-ray spectrum is very important for characterizing electron dynamics and applications.In this study,scintillators and silicon PIN(P-type–intrinsic-N-type semiconductor)diodes were used to construct a wideband online filter stack spectrometer.The X-ray sensor and filter arrangement was optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize the condition number of the response matrix.Consequently,the unfolding error was significantly reduced based on numerical experiments.The detector responses were quantitatively calibrated by irradiating the scintillator and PIN diode with various nuclides and comparing the measuredγ-ray peaks.A prototype 15-channel spectrometer was developed by integrating an X-ray detector with front-and back-end electronics.The prototype spectrometer could record X-ray pulse signals at a repetition rate of 1 kHz.Furthermore,an optimized spectrometer was employed to record the real-time spectra of laser-driven bremsstrahlung sources.This optimized spectrometer offers a compact solution for spectrum diagnostics of ultrashort X-ray pulses,exhibiting improved accuracy in terms of spectrum measurements and repetition rates,and could be widely used in next-generation high-repetition-rate high-power laser facilities.

Design and implementation of the monochromator shielding for the cold neutron spectrometers XINGZHI and BOYA

An innovative monochromator shielding is designed and implemented for the cold neutron spectrometers XINGZHI and BOYA operated by Renmin University of China at China Advanced Research Reactor.Via Monte Carlo simulations and careful mechanical designs,a shielding configuration has been successfully developed to satisfy safety requirements of below 3μSv/h dose rate at its exterior,meanwhile fulfilling space,floor load and nonmagnetic requirements.Composite materials are utilized to form the sandwich-type shielding walls:the inner layer of boron carbide rubber,the middle layer of steel-encased lead and the outer layer of borated polyethylene.Special-shaped liftable shielding blocks are incorporated to facilitate a continuous adjustment of the neutron energy while preventing radiation leakage.Our work has demonstrated that by utilizing composite shielding materials,along with the sandwich structure and liftable shielding blocks,a compact and lightweight shielding solution can be achieved.This enables the realization of advanced neutron scattering instruments that provide expanded space of measurement,larger energy and momentum coverage,and higher flux on the sample.This shielding represents the first of its kind in neutron scattering instruments in China.Following its successful operation,it has been subsequently employed by other neutron instruments across the country.

Artificial neural network-based method for discriminating Compton scattering events in high-purity germaniumγ-ray spectrometer

To detect radioactive substances with low activity levels,an anticoincidence detector and a high-purity germanium(HPGe)detector are typically used simultaneously to suppress Compton scattering background,thereby resulting in an extremely low detection limit and improving the measurement accuracy.However,the complex and expensive hardware required does not facilitate the application or promotion of this method.Thus,a method is proposed in this study to discriminate the digital waveform of pulse signals output using an HPGe detector,whereby Compton scattering background is suppressed and a low minimum detectable activity(MDA)is achieved without using an expensive and complex anticoincidence detector and device.The electric-field-strength and energy-deposition distributions of the detector are simulated to determine the relationship between pulse shape and energy-deposition location,as well as the characteristics of energy-deposition distributions for fulland partial-energy deposition events.This relationship is used to develop a pulse-shape-discrimination algorithm based on an artificial neural network for pulse-feature identification.To accurately determine the relationship between the deposited energy of gamma(γ)rays in the detector and the deposition location,we extract four shape parameters from the pulse signals output by the detector.Machine learning is used to input the four shape parameters into the detector.Subsequently,the pulse signals are identified and classified to discriminate between partial-and full-energy deposition events.Some partial-energy deposition events are removed to suppress Compton scattering.The proposed method effectively decreases the MDA of an HPGeγ-energy dispersive spectrometer.Test results show that the Compton suppression factors for energy spectra obtained from measurements on ^(152)Eu,^(137)Cs,and ^(60)Co radioactive sources are 1.13(344 keV),1.11(662 keV),and 1.08(1332 keV),respectively,and that the corresponding MDAs are 1.4%,5.3%,and 21.6%lower,respectively.

An empirical method for joint inversion of wave and wind parameters based on SAR and wave spectrometer data

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)and wave spectrometers,crucial in microwave remote sensing,play an essential role in monitoring sea surface wind and wave conditions.However,they face inherent limitations in observing sea surface phenomena.SAR systems,for instance,are hindered by an azimuth cut-off phenomenon in sea surface wind field observation.Wave spectrometers,while unaffected by the azimuth cutoff phenomenon,struggle with low azimuth resolution,impacting the capture of detailed wave and wind field data.This study utilizes SAR and surface wave investigation and monitoring(SWIM)data to initially extract key feature parameters,which are then prioritized using the extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)algorithm.The research further addresses feature collinearity through a combined analysis of feature importance and correlation,leading to the development of an inversion model for wave and wind parameters based on XGBoost.A comparative analysis of this model with ERA5 reanalysis and buoy data for of significant wave height,mean wave period,wind direction,and wind speed reveals root mean square errors of 0.212 m,0.525 s,27.446°,and 1.092 m/s,compared to 0.314 m,0.888 s,27.698°,and 1.315 m/s from buoy data,respectively.These results demonstrate the model’s effective retrieval of wave and wind parameters.Finally,the model,incorporating altimeter and scatterometer data,is evaluated against SAR/SWIM single and dual payload inversion methods across different wind speeds.This comparison highlights the model’s superior inversion accuracy over other methods.

Design and calibration of an elliptical crystal spectrometer for the diagnosis of proton-induced x-ray emission(PIXE)

Laser-driven proton-induced x-ray emission(laser-PIXE) is a nuclear analysis method based on the compact laser ion accelerator. Due to the transient process of ion acceleration, the laser-PIXE signals are usually spurted within nanoseconds and accompanied by strong electromagnetic pulses(EMP), so traditional multi-channel detectors are no longer applicable.In this work, we designed a reflective elliptical crystal spectrometer for the diagnosis of laser-PIXE. The device can detect the energy range of 1 keV–11 ke V with a high resolution. A calibration experiment was completed on the electrostatic accelerator of Peking University using samples of Al, Ti, Cu, and ceramic artifacts. The detection efficiency of the elliptical crystal spectrometer was obtained in the order of 10-9.

Evaluation of Uncertainty in Determination of Ethyl Maltol in Vegetable Oil by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer(UPLC-MS)

[Objectives]This study was conducted to establish an uncertainty evaluation method for the determination of ethyl maltol by ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer(UPLC-MS).[Methods]A mathematical model of uncertainty was established by analyzing the method for determining ethyl maltol using UPLC-MS.The sources of uncertainty were analyzed,and the components of uncertainty were calculated to evaluate the expanded uncertainty of the method.[Results]When the content of ethyl maltol in edible vegetable oil was 1657μg/kg,the expanded uncertainty was 22.4μg/kg(K=2,P=95%).[Conclusions]The uncertainty in this evaluation model mainly came from standard solution preparation,sample weighing,dilution of sample to constant volume,standard curve fitting,and repeated measurement.

Accuracy analysis of iron content of galvanized coating using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with an L-spectrum

The accuracy(repeatability and reproducibility) of the iron content analysis of galvanized coating using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with an L-spectrum is not better than that of flame atomic absorption spectrometry, sometimes it exceeds the quality control limit.Influences, such as current, voltage, equipment(internal circulating water, 10%CH4+90%Ar, and vacuum) checking, instrument monitoring, sample cleaning, and oper-ators, were investigated by means of 6-sigma and lean operations to improve accuracy.

紫外小F数高变倍高光谱成像仪设计

常规成像光谱仪一般变倍比较低,不利于大视场长狭缝多通道光学系统的扩展应用,此外,空间遥感中紫外波段的辐射能量较低,需要成像光谱仪具有更小的F数。针对高光谱分辨率成像光谱仪小F数的探测需求,本文设计了一种具有高变倍的高光谱分辨率Offner紫外成像光谱仪。该成像光谱仪的后置分光系统采用了具有轻小型特点的改进型Offner结构。结合成像光谱仪对变倍比和小F数的需求,通过理论推导得到Offner初始结构参数。在像面前插入一块弯月透镜,增加系统的优化自由度,进而提升系统的成像质量。最终得到的成像光谱仪工作在270~300 nm波段时,具有40 mm的长狭缝,光谱分辨率优于0.6 nm,系统变倍比小于0.22,F数小于2,在截止频率为14 lp/mm时,系统调制传递函数(MTF)均优于0.9,系统各波段各视场均方根半径(RMS)均小于12μm。本文的研究对紫外波段高光谱探测成像光谱仪实现小F数、高变倍设计提供了一种设计方案。

科学仪器自搭建实验的课程思政设计——以教学质谱仪的搭建、调试及应用为例

培养能够开展科学仪器原理创新、设计制造、应用开发的高端人才已成为建设人才强国、科技强国的必然要求。本案例在本科实验中引入我国科学家自主研制的教学质谱仪,采用学生亲自动手拆装、调试及应用的方式,深化学生对质谱仪工作原理、构造和相关分析方法的认识,破除对“高端仪器”的神秘感和畏难情绪,激发学生研制科学仪器的兴趣,培养敢于挑战自我、勇于自主创新的意志品质,坚定科技报国、服务国家的家国情怀。

亚角秒空间分辨的太阳极紫外宽波段成像光谱仪光学设计

狭缝式成像光谱仪是太阳极紫外光谱成像探测的重要工具之一,然而目前国内尚无该类载荷,导致太阳物理学和空间天气学等学科在极紫外光谱诊断研究方面主要依赖国外仪器数据,严重制约了相关学科的发展.国外已发射的成像光谱仪仅具有2"量级的空间分辨率,很难观测到日冕加热模型预测的等离子体核心特征.为了更好地理解太阳不同层次大气之间的耦合过程,需要更宽光谱覆盖的太阳观测数据.鉴于此,本文提出并设计了一款亚角秒空间分辨的太阳极紫外宽波段成像光谱仪,相比现有仪器,系统能够实现更高空间和光谱分辨率、更宽光谱范围覆盖的观测.性能评价结果表明,系统在62—80 nm,92—110 nm波段内的像元空间分辨率均优于0.4",光谱分辨率均优于0.007 nm,光谱成像质量接近衍射极限,对我国未来首台空间太阳极紫外成像光谱仪的研制具有重要参考价值.

一种空间微型质谱仪的芯片级离子源研究

设计了一种空间微型质谱仪用三电极场芯片级离子源结构,该离子源由5层电极板构成气体电离区和离子引出区。采用MEMS技术制备了芯片级离子源原理样机,测试了其电子流、离子流和稳定性。结果表明:该芯片级离子源能够产生0.357 mA以上的电子流,接收到的离子流可以达到527 pA,满足空间探测任务中微小型质谱仪离子源的功能要求。

一款紧凑型磁谱仪的特性参数分析与实验刻度研究

超短脉冲激光与靶相互作用可产生高能电子以及质子、离子、X/γ射线等次级粒子和射线,这些粒子和射线在惯性约束聚变、激光核物理、实验室天体物理、生物、医学以及材料科学等领域具有广泛的应用前景。高能电子的特征参数测量对理清激光等离子体相互作用过程、优化粒子参数和拓展其应用具有重要意义。本文研究设计了一款紧凑型矩形结构磁谱仪,在永磁铁均匀场中采用前、侧、后三面IP板布局,满足了几十keV到10 MeV的电子能谱测量需求,并对磁谱仪的特征参数如能量色散、能量色散梯度、能量分辨率、斜入射效应等进行详细分析。基于北京大学DC-SRF-Ⅱ射频超导光阴极电子枪开展了磁谱仪能量刻度实验,在真空条件下实验测量了0.7~1.8 MeV区间内多个能量的电子能谱,结果显示,磁谱仪的能量测量与监测系统结果基本符合。电子能谱的能量分辨率主要决定于磁谱仪自身分辨能力,为提高能量分辨率,需通过准直系统进一步减小入射孔径和电子发散角。

高温环境下花岗岩损伤演变及量化研究

为揭示高温环境下岩石的损伤演变,将花岗岩加热至600℃、800℃、1 000℃并分析其断口形貌特征,采用数字图像处理技术、损伤力学和“损伤微元”理论,结合各温度下花岗岩细观裂纹特性,建立了岩石损伤评价方法,并开展岩石损伤量化研究。结果表明:花岗岩的断口特征与裂纹的萌生和扩展相关,且裂纹数量、分布密度随温度上升而增加;各温度区间下,花岗岩细观裂纹长度服从对数正态分布,内部损伤表现形式以短裂纹为主,长裂纹为辅;不同温度下花岗岩细观裂纹由单方向延伸发育成多方向贯穿,最高损伤度和温度呈正相关。该研究揭示了高温下花岗岩内部裂纹损伤演化规律,该损伤评价方法对高温地层岩石稳定性评估和地下工程的维护具有重要的参考价值。

基于光谱成像仪的量子化能级测试与分析

以反射式光栅和CCD为核心器件,搭建了反射式光谱成像仪,开发程序对CCD输出的光敏像元与待测光谱波长之间的关系进行快速定标和可视化处理,进而对特定气体原子或分子的量子化能级进行测试和光谱分析,并对该量子化能级测量试验仪的性能进行了评估与不确定评定.实验系统的搭建与测试,增加了学生的动手能力,加深了学生对能级的量子化、原子内部结构和运动特征等知识的深入理解.

紧凑型激光诱导击穿光谱仪的研制

基于煤质分析、冶金、水质检测等众多领域对激光诱导击穿光谱技术(LIBS)的需求,本研究设计了一台基于激光诱导击穿光谱原理的紧凑型快速检测装置,其具有良好的稳定性和较高的激光能量(0~100 mJ),可进行全自动化谱线对比与筛选,从而实现多样品、多元素的LIBS快速检测。在参数优化的基础上,利用该装置对7个钢样所含的硅元素与碳元素进行了检测分析。实验结果表明,当延迟时间为1μs、离焦量为0 mm、激光能量为60 mJ时,可以获得最佳的硅、碳特征光谱数据。在最优实验条件下,对7个样品进行定量分析,利用内标法建立硅、碳元素的定标拟合曲线,其相关系数分别为0.986和0.999,相对强度比的相对标准误差不超过5%,预测值与实际值偏差较小。研究结果验证了该仪器具有良好的分析性能,对多元素检测、可移动式LIBS仪器的发展具有参考意义。

手性分子构象分析装置圆二色光谱仪的加强与改造

圆二色光谱仪是对手性分子进行构象分析和理化性质表征的重要仪器.然而长期高强度的使用会产生光谱仪光学元件劣化、检测器灵敏度降低等问题.通过优化分光系统的光学元件提升光传输效率,升级具有更高量子效率的大面积雪崩硅光电二极管检测器,进而大幅提高仪器信噪比,同时将测量波长范围从175~900 nm扩展到175~1150 nm.在氙灯被点燃之前用氮气彻底净化仪器,把氧气排除在光谱仪之外是非常重要的操作步骤.安装具有监视、计划、流量设置、报警和辅助控制等功能的活性氮监测系统,可以实时监测控制仪器内部氮气吹扫情况.通过升级改造,既加强了仪器的性能,又节省了氮气消耗成本,同时仪器使用寿命将进一步延长.

不同干燥方式八角果实挥发性化合物代谢组分析

【目的】探明不同干燥方式对八角果实挥发性成分的影响,筛选出适宜八角果实干燥的处理方式,为八角后期深加工、保存及应用提供参考。【方法】以新鲜八角果实为材料,采用自然晾晒、40℃、50℃、60℃、70℃、80℃和90℃烘干7种处理方式进行干燥,通过液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)技术检测分析八角果实代谢产物,阐明八角果实不同温度干燥与自然晾晒处理的代谢物差异。【结果】与自然晾晒相比,八角果实40℃干燥差异代谢产物有11类17种,其中,萜类、醇类和醛类3类代谢物上调;50℃干燥差异代谢物有10类25种,其中,上调代谢物6类(萜类、醇类、酯类、酮类、卤代烃类、酚类);60℃干燥差异代谢物有8类13种,其中,醇类和烃类代谢物上调;70℃干燥差异代谢物为13类40种,其中,醇类、萜类和酯类3类代谢物上调;80℃干燥差异代谢物有13类38种,仅醇类代谢物上调;90℃干燥差异代谢物有13类52种,其中,上调代谢物4类(萜类、醇类、酮类、卤代烃类)。40℃、50℃和60℃干燥的八角果实与自然晾晒差异代谢物较少,上调代谢物主要是苯甲醛、醋酸植物醇、茴香脑、6-异羟基樟脑、乙酸异丁香酚酯和甲基丁香酚等挥发性化合物,提升了八角浓厚的香味。70℃、80℃和90℃干燥的八角果实与自然晾晒差异代谢物较多,且与八角香味相关的许多代谢物下调表达,主要有香芹酮、茴香脑、E-氧化玫瑰、4-蒈烯、对薄荷脑1,5,8-三烯、苯甲醛、芳樟醇、3-甲基苯并噻吩、2-甲基-2-四氢呋喃和2-乙酰基-5-甲基呋喃等挥发性化合物,减弱了八角香味。【结论】不同干燥处理八角果实的挥发性化合物种类均存在一定差异。40℃、50℃和60℃干燥八角果实,苯甲醛、醋酸植物醇和茴香脑等上调表达的挥发性化合物提升了八角香味。八角果实经50℃干燥后,上调表达的代谢物有萜类、醇类、酯类、酮类、卤代烃类和酚类6类,果实独特香气保持最好,宜在生产上推广应用。

行星际超低噪声三维能量粒子谱仪设计

太阳系能量粒子的起源和加速一直是空间物理学的重要前沿课题之一.在行星际空间中观测到的太阳系能量粒子主要分为两类:一类是持续存在的“太阳风能量粒子”,另一类是间歇性的“太阳能量粒子事件”.受限于以往行星际粒子探测器的灵敏度还不足够高,人类迄今仍未洞悉这些能量粒子起源和加速的物理过程与本质.本文设计了技术指标均为国际领先水平的行星际超低噪声三维能量粒子谱仪,采用双端望远镜结构(一端利用薄膜阻挡质子技术实现高灵敏电子探测,另一端利用磁场偏转电子技术实现高灵敏质子探测),结合多层、多像素半导体探测器阵列和覆盖近4π立体角的大视场设计,实现对行星际空间中20~1000 keV电子和25~12000 keV质子的三维分布进行高时间分辨率、高角度分辨率和高能量分辨率探测,用以揭示太阳系能量粒子起源和加速的机理,满足我国行星际探测和即将开展的深空探测的迫切需求.

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱质谱法检测水中大环内酯类抗生素

采用固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆线性离子阱质谱技术(SPE-UPLC-QTRAP MS)建立了环境水样中阿奇霉素、林可霉素、克林霉素、红霉素及替米考星5种大环内酯类抗生素的检测方法。调节水样pH为10后经HLB固相萃取柱净化、富集,然后用Kinetex F5色谱柱进行分离,用0.1%甲酸水溶液和0.1%甲酸乙腈溶液进行洗脱,采用电喷雾正离子源(ESI+),多反应监测(MRM)-信息依赖采集(IDA)-增强子离子(EPI)扫描模式对样品进行检测,用多反应监测(MRM)进行定量,增强子离子(EPI)谱图库辅助定性。结果表明:5种大环内酯类抗生素线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9992;检出限为0.01~0.30μg·L^(-1),定量限为0.10~0.50μg·L^(-1);3种不同浓度的水样加标回收率为71.60%~111.05%,相对标准偏差均在10%以内,EPI谱库比对纯度值均大于90%。该方法将传统的MRM扫描模式结合EPI谱图库检索,实现了同时定性和定量分析,对未知物准确定性定量检测提供了重要参考。

X射线光电子能谱技术及其应用

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