Biochemical, functional and antioxidant potential of higher fungi cultivated on agro-industrial residues. Part Ⅱ: Cultures on mixtures of spent mushroom substrates and mushroom cropping by-products

Novel substrates consisted of different fresh agro-industrial residues,their corresponding and commercial spent mushroom substrates(i.e.SMS deriving from laboratory-scale experiments and SMS deriving from industrial-scale experiments by Green Zin S.A.-SMS GZ)and Pleurotus waste(PW;stipes/mishappen mushrooms)were used in blends for a new cultivation cycle of Pleurotus ostreatus and P.eryngii mushrooms in bags.Their impact on the biochemical properties(intra-cellular polysaccharides-IPSs,protein,lipid,total phenolic compounds-TPCs,individual carbohydrates composition of the IPSs)in the first-and second-flush whole mushrooms,pilei and stipes,as well as the fatty acids composition,the antioxidant activity(in the first-flush mushroom parts)and glucan content of stipes were examined.Both species produced satisfactory IPSs quantities in all substrates(28.69-46.38%,w/w)and significant protein amounts(18.37-26.80%,w/w).The further SMS addition(80%,w/w instead of 40%,w/w)in the cultivation substrates affected positively the mushroom IPSs values,whereas the highest protein content was detected in mushroom’s parts cultivated on substrates consisted of fresh agro-industrial residues.Mushroom’s lipid content was affected differently by the various substrate combinations,with SMS presence resulting in mushrooms with a lower fat content than those produced in substrates with PW addition.Fresh substrates with PW and those with coffee residue were the most favorable for TPCs production.Regarding production flushes,the nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between them,only a slight increase in TPCs of second-flush carposomes was detected.Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide of the produced IPSs,combined with a significant production of total and β-glucans.SMSs and PW addition had a positive impact on antioxidant activity,too.A higher quantity of lipids,TPCs and significant antioxidant activity were detected in all Pleurotus pilei than stipes,whereas the latter were richer in IPSs.Both pilei and stipes had a significant protein amount.Hence,the data obtained by this study support the positive effect of different types of SMS and mushroom waste on P.ostreatus and P.eryngii nutritional value.

Preparation of Rice Seedling-raising Substrate with Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii

This study aimed to explore the effect of fermented spent mushroom substrate(SMS) of Pleurotus eryngii as a basic material on rice seedling-raising substrate. The physical and chemical indices of the SMS indicated that the fermented SMS was fully composted and was very suitable for preparing rice seedling-raising substrate. The fermented SMS effectively regulated the bulk density, total porosity, aeration porosity and water-holding porosity of rice seedling-raising substrate. With the increased addition amount of fermented SMS, the bulk density of rice seedling-raising substrate was decreased, but the total porosity, aeration porosity and water-holding porosity were increased. Compared with those in the substrates of 100% soil and 100% SMS,the height, chlorophyll content, 100-shoot dry weight, 100-root dry weight, root activity, nitrogen content, phosphorus content and potassium content of rice seedlings in the substrate composed of spent mushroom substrate of P. eryngii and soil were higher.The quality of rice seedlings in the substrate composed of 20% soil and 80% SMS was best, followed by that in the substrate composed of 30% soil and 70% SMS.

Effects of Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii as Fermentation Bed Padding on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microflora and Immunity of Weaning Piglets

[Objective] The paper was to examine the effects of spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus eryngii as fermentation bed padding on growth performance, intestinal microflora and immunity of weaning pigs. [Method] A total of 120 weaning piglets （DurocxLandracexYorkshire） with the average initial body weight of （8.0±0.5） kg were allocated to five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design for 42 d, each of which was replicated three times with eight piglets per replicate （ half male and half female）. The padding for control group was 50% sawdust ＋50% rice husk; experimental group I, 100% spent mushroom substrate; experimental group II, 15% sawdust ＋15% rice husk ＋70% spent mushroom sub- strate; experimental group III, 25% sawdust ＋25% rice husk ＋50% spent mushroom substrate; and experimental group IV, 35% sawdust ＋35% rice husk ＋30% spent substrate. [Result] Except for experimental group IV, the other three experimental groups had higher average daily gain compared to the control group （P〈0.05）. The average daily feed intake in experimental group I increased obviously compared to the control group（P〈0.05）. Except for experimental group I, the diarrhea rate of weaning piglets in experimental groups II, III and IV significantly decreased compared to the control group（P〈0.05）. The number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in colon and cecum in experimental groups I, II and III increased distinctly （P〈 0.05）, while the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella decreased remarkably compared to the control group （P〈0.05）. The positive rates of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of weaning piglets in four experimental groups were significantly higher than that in control group at 21 and 42 d post weaning （P〈0.05）. The IgA content of intestinal mucous in piglets was significantly improved in experimental groups II and III （P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] It enhances the production performance when improving immunity and reducing diarrhea rate of piglets by using spent mushroom substrate of P. eryngii as the fermentation bed padding. Experimental group III （25% sawdust ＋25% rice husk ＋50% spent mushroom substrate） is the optimal proportion of spent mushroom substrate.

Effect of Fermentation Bed with Spent Mushroom Substrate of Pleurotus eryngii on Weaning Piglets

[Objective] The paper was to investigate effects on fermentation bed temperature,growth performance,diarrhea rate and digestive en-zyme activity of weaning piglets by using spent mushroom substrate of Pleurotus eryngii as padding.[Method] A total of 120 weaning piglets（Duroc × Landrace ×Yorkshire） with average initial body weight of（8.0 ±0.5）kg were allocated to five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design for 42 d,each of which was replicated three times with eight piglets per replicate（half male,half female）.The padding for control group was（50% sawdust ＋50% rice husk）;experimental group Ⅰ 100% spent mushroom substrate;experimental group Ⅱ（15% sawdust ＋15% rice husk ＋70% spent mushroom substrate）;experimental group Ⅲ（25% sawdust ＋25% rice husk ＋50% spent mushroom substrate）;experimental group Ⅳ（35% sawdust ＋35% rice husk ＋30% spent substrate）.[Result] There was no significant difference in surface temperature of fermentation bed between experimental groups and control group（P〉0.05）.Compared with the control group,the temperature under 20 cm of fermentation bed in ex-perimental groups I,Ⅱ and Ⅲ increased significantly（P〈0.05）.Except for experimental group Ⅳ,other three experimental groups had higher aver-age daily gain（P〈0.05） and experimental group Ⅰ had higher average daily feed intake（P〈0.05） compared to the control group.The diarrhea rate and mortality of weaning piglets in experimental groups Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significantly decreased compared with the control group（P〈0.05）.Compared with the control group,other three experimental groups had higher digestive enzyme activity in duodenal contents except for experimental group Ⅳ（P〈0.05）.[Conclusion] Spent mushroom substrate of P.eryngii can be used as fermentation bed padding,and the optimal proportion was experimental group Ⅲ.

夏季闲置大棚利用杏鲍菇菌渣栽培草菇技术

利用夏秋季蔬菜大棚空闲期,以杏鲍菇菌渣90%、干稻草10%为原料栽培草菇,每667 m2大棚产草菇约700 kg,按照上海批发市场20元/kg收购价计,除去成本,净产值约9700元,既提高了蔬菜大棚棚歇期土地利用率,草菇种植后菌渣直接还田还可改良土壤,减少化肥使用,是一种实现农业废弃物循环利用、经济和生态效益显著的绿色种植模式。从设施选择、季节安排、品种选择、培养料制作、铺料播种、覆膜、覆土、发菌管理、出菇管理、病虫害防控等方面详述该套技术。

杏鲍菇菌糠循环利用安全性研究

针对杏鲍菇菌糠作为食用菌栽培基质循环利用中可能存在的安全性问题。该研究从化感效应和重金属含量2个方面开展研究,评价杏鲍菇菌糠作为培养基质循环利用的可行性。采用平板培养法研究了杏鲍菇菌糠提取液对杏鲍菇、平菇、金针菇萌发及菌丝生长的影响,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)法检测重金属。结果表明,杏鲍菇菌糠水提取液对平菇、杏鲍菇、金针菇的菌丝萌发无影响,对平菇和杏鲍菇菌丝的生长速度和长势无抑制,且水提液浓度70%时菌丝生长速度最快,平菇菌丝生长速度为11.01 mm/d,化感效应指数达到最高为9.55%。杏鲍菇菌丝生长速度为10.12 mm/d,化感效应指数达59.62%;杏鲍菇菌糠醇提液对平菇、杏鲍菇、金针菇的菌丝萌发和菌丝的生长速度和长势均有显著的抑制作用,而随浓度的增加抑制作用增强,对金针菇的抑制作用弱于平菇和杏鲍菇。杏鲍菇菌糠及子实体中的As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量均低于国家相关标准,不会对食品、环境造成风险。菌糠替代量为30%时,栽培平菇经济效益最高。菌糠回收用于二次栽培时,具有降低生产成本和减少环境影响的双重优势,兼顾降低成本和减少环境影响,菌糠替代量为50%时,综合效果最佳。

两种菌糠对平菇栽培过程中菌丝生长及产酶能力的影响

以白灵菇菌糠和白玉菇菌糠为试验材料,按照不同比例添加到平菇栽培基质中,探讨菌糠对平菇菌丝生长和酶活性的影响。结果表明:添加两种菌糠后,平菇菌丝的生长速度、菌丝长势、满瓶时间等指标均优于对照组;胞外及胞内酶活性测定结果显示,白玉菇菌糠添加量为45%时,羧甲基纤维素酶活性达最高值,为2.61 U/mL;白玉菇菌糠添加量为30%时,木聚糖酶活性最高,为9.02 U/g;白玉菇菌糠添加量为60%时,漆酶活性最高,为263.72 U/L;当栽培料中白灵菇菌糠添加量为60%时,过氧化氢酶活性最高,为13.44 U/g。

平菇栽培技术及菌渣利用研究进展

平菇栽培成本低、生长速度快、栽培规模大,具有较高的营养价值、药用价值和较好的医疗保健作用。然而,每生产1 kg食用菌大约产生5 kg菌渣,如不妥善处理可能会对环境造成严重污染,并产生潜在的疾病传播风险。通过介绍平菇品种、平菇栽培原料和平菇栽培方式,分析影响平菇生长及产量的因素,对菌渣利用途径及存在的问题进行综述,并对平菇栽培现状及菌渣利用情况进行展望。

工厂化杏鲍菇菌渣生物炭制备及质量评价

为了更好地利用菌渣制备稳定、优质的生物炭,以12种不同原料配方工厂化杏鲍菇菌渣为材料,建立高温裂解生物炭制备工艺,利用孔雀石绿吸附能力对生物炭进行快速质量评价。12种菌渣理化性质表现出一定差异。以X0组菌渣为材料,12种处理炭得率为26.00%~47.17%,且随着温度升高而降低。综合炭得率、孔雀石绿吸附率和能耗,确定400℃、2.5 h为菌渣生物炭最适制备条件。以该条件制备的11种菌渣生物炭各组间炭得率无显著差异,对400 mg/L孔雀石绿2 h吸附率均达到95%以上,表明具有良好的孔隙度和吸附效果。本研究建立了一种菌渣生物炭制备工艺和评价方法,为工厂化菌渣生物炭化利用提供理论和实践依据。

白灵菇菌糠栽培基质对杏鲍菇菌丝生长的影响

为延长菌糠物质循环链条,实现白灵菇菌糠的资源化利用,以白灵菇菌糠为研究对象,向杏鲍菇栽培基质中添加不同比例(10%~50%)的白灵菇菌糠,通过观察杏鲍菇菌丝在不同基质条件下的萌发时间、生长速度、生长状态、满瓶时间等宏观指标,并测定不同菌糠添加比例下菌丝的木聚糖酶与漆酶活性,综合探讨白灵菇菌糠添加量对杏鲍菇菌丝生长的影响。研究结果表明:当白灵菇菌糠添加量为30%~50%时,杏鲍菇菌丝较对照组生长速度明显提高,菌丝浓密度增加,漆酶活性也大幅提升;当菌糠添加量为50%时,生长速度达到了0.74 cm·d^(-1),满瓶时间与CK相比减少了3 d。因此,利用白灵菇菌糠作为杏鲍菇栽培基质不仅可以降低生产成本,还可以减少资源浪费导致的环境污染,同时为食用菌栽培提供了新的思路和方法。

杏鲍菇、香菇、金针菇、蛹虫草、滑菇、平菇菌糠营养分析评价

为了探讨食用菌生产后产生的大量菌糠在饲料上的应用价值,按饲料养分的检测方法对6种菇类菌糠进行了营养检测。从6种菌糠的粗水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维等基本营养成分分析结果表明:6种菌糠均可以做为饲料的添加料使用,但在使用过程中,注意使用比例调配,根据饲料种类有选择性添加。从总氨基酸含量上看,蛹虫草、香菇、杏鲍菇和金针菇菌糠含量较高,适合做精细饲料的填料,但从必需氨基酸含量上看,蛹虫草、香菇、滑菇有其自己的优势,可根据需要酌情添加。做为饲料的添加料蛹虫草和滑菇菌糠需要适当添加钙素营养。各菌糠水溶性氯化物含量均在0.01%以上,符合饲料对氯元素的要求。

平菇菌糠饲料的营养价值与安全性评估分析

试验依据国家饲料卫生标准(GB13078—2001)中的检测方法对平菇不同生长阶段培养基的基质组分进行了检测和安全性评定。通过对平菇不同生长阶段培养基(以棉籽壳和玉米芯为主)基质组分的检测及对基质饲料价值的评定,结果发现,第4潮菌糠用作饲料营养价值较高且生产成本较低。此时粗蛋白质含量为10.10%,较初始培养基提高了59.31%,而粗纤维含量降低了29.57%,木质素、纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别提高到63.62%、46.60%和77.06%;并依据国家饲料卫生标准要求对第4潮菌糠中的游离棉酚、黄曲霉毒素B1和重金属含量等指标进行了检测,其中游离棉酚的含量仅为67.90mg/kg,未测出黄曲霉毒素B1的含量(<10μg/kg),铅、氟、铬、镉、汞的含量均符合国家饲料安全标准。因此,用第4潮菌糠制备反刍动物粗饲料可满足要求,切实可行。

不同食用菌菌糠多糖的组分分析与抗氧化活性评价

目的:比较茶树菇、香菇、白玉菇、平菇和蛹虫草菌糠多糖的组成与抗氧化性。方法:通过酶解水提、乙醇沉淀和Sevag法脱蛋白步骤获得5种菌糠多糖,进一步对其组成和抗氧化性进行分析评价。结果:5种菌糠多糖均具有不同程度的抗氧化性,其中茶树菇菌糠多糖的氧自由基清除能力(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC)值和铁离子还原能力(ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP)值最佳,分别达到了1 215μmol Trolox/g和281μmol Fe2+/g;而白玉菇与平菇的菌糠多糖对2,2’-联氮基双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(2,2’-azinobis(3-ehtylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfnicacid)diammonium salt,ABTS)自由基和1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力较强。

杏鲍菇菌糠对鸡腿菇菌丝生长和产量的影响

为综合利用食用菌菌糠,以杏鲍菇菌糠为试验材料,研究菌糠及其提取液对鸡腿菇菌丝生长及产量的影响。结果表明,在平板培养基上,用60%、80%菌糠提取液代替PDA培养基中的马铃薯汁,菌丝生长速度比对照(PDA培养基)提高22.0%、25.2%(P<0.05),并可增强菌丝长势。用20%、40%、60%、80%菌糠代替栽培料中的玉米芯,菌丝满袋时间和第1茬菇采收时间分别比对照(80%玉米芯)提前0、2、4、6d和2、4、5、7d。配方③(40%菌糠+40%玉米芯)前3茬产量最高,为233.4kg(培养料干质量200kg),比对照(80%玉米芯)提高10.5%(P<0.05),配方②(60%菌糠+20%玉米芯)、配方①(80%菌糠)前3茬产量分别比对照(80%玉米芯)降低4.2%、13.6%(P<0.01)。在发酵料栽培鸡腿菇时可以用杏鲍菇菌糠代替部分玉米芯,其最佳配方为40%菌糠+40%玉米芯。

杏鲍菇菌渣循环利用技术研究

通过对杏鲍菇菌渣成分进行分析,明确菌渣再利用的可能性,并对菌渣进行堆制发酵,堆制后的菌渣通过配比进行蘑菇的制种和栽培试验。研究结果表明,只采摘1茬的杏鲍菇菌渣仍含有丰富的碳源和氮源,可以利用杏鲍菇菌渣替代部分培养料用于双孢蘑菇制种与栽培,提高资源利用率。从杏鲍菇菌渣堆制过程温度变化曲线可以看出,料堆最高温度可升至70℃。堆制后的菌渣加深了腐熟度,适合双孢蘑菇菌丝生长。杏鲍菇菌渣添加10%牛粪进行堆制发酵后按30%～50%的添加比例与棉籽壳混合制作双孢蘑菇菌种,既可降低制种成本(节约制种原料成本约40%),又能保证蘑菇菌丝正常生长。杏鲍菇菌渣栽培双孢蘑菇,菌渣使用量可控制在20%～30%左右,从示范栽培结果看平均单产可与常规堆肥的单产持平,而使用30%杏鲍菇菌渣可降低栽培投料成本约25%。

杏鲍菇菌糠提取液对4种食用菌菌丝生长影响

采用平板培养法,探讨了用不同浓度的杏鲍菇菌糠取代马铃薯综合培养基中的马铃薯后,对灵芝、真姬菇、秀珍菇和平菇菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,杏鲍菇菌糠培养基对4种食用菌菌丝的生长具有不同程度的抑制作用,随着菌糠浓度的增加抑制作用增强。对真姬菇菌丝生长率和生长势影响最小,对秀珍菇和平菇菌丝生长率和生长势的影响最大。

白灵菇菌糠对肉牛适口性和育肥效果的影响

为了研究白灵菇菌糠对肉牛适口性、生长性能、经济效益的影响,选择了40头日增重和体重接近的西门塔尔杂交二代牛,按体重配对原则分为对照组(CG)、试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,分别用白灵菇菌糠代替日粮中0,20%,40%,60%的麦秸,进行70 d育肥试验。结果表明:试验组肉牛的日增重分别比对照组提高了1.59%,10.32%和2.38%,但差异不显著(P>0.05);采食速度分别比对照组提高了12.82%,7.69%(P>0.05),38.46%(P<0.01);料重比比对照组下降了1.56%,9.35%和2.33%;每千克增重的成本比对照组节约了2.33%,10.77%和4.61%;盈利分别比对照组提高了3.66%,16.92%和7.24%;其中均以40%组的效果最好。证明了白灵菇菌糠适口性好,可以做为反刍动物的饲料进行发开利用。

杏鲍菇菌糠提取液对不同食用菌的化感作用

杏鲍菇是一种近几年来发展较快的药食两用型食用菌。随着杏鲍菇工厂的逐年增多,产生的菌糠也越来越多,菌糠如何再利用,是目前研究的热点问题。采用平板培养法研究了杏鲍菇菌糠的水提液和醇提液对姬菇、金针菇、杏鲍菇、猴头菇、白玉菇和白灵菇6种食用菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,杏鲍菇菌糠的水提液和醇提液对供试食用菌菌丝生长均有不同程度的影响,水提液有利于猴头菇、白灵菇、姬菇和白玉菇菌丝的生长;醇提液有利于猴头菇和白玉菇菌丝生长;2种提取液均不利于杏鲍菇菌丝的生长。

杏鲍菇菌糠全混合日粮对波尔山羊肉品质的影响

目的研究不同杏鲍菇菌糠添加量的全混合日粮对羊肉品质的影响。方法选取3月龄的波尔山羊,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂含12%、20%、28%杏鲍菇菌糠全混合日粮45 d,测定各组羊肉pH值、色泽、加压失水率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、营养成分,通过上述指标确定最适杏鲍菇菌糠添加量。结果与对照组相比,添加12%-20%杏鲍菇菌糠,羊肉pH值降低,L^＊、a^＊与b^＊值增大,加压失水率增加,蒸煮损失率与剪切力降低、氨基酸总量提高;而添加28%杏鲍菇菌糠,羊肉pH值、色泽、加压失水率、氨基酸总量变化不明显,蒸煮损失率下降,剪切力增加。结论全混合日粮中添加一定比例杏鲍菇菌糠可提高羊肉品质,最适添加量为20%。

刺芹侧耳菌渣含水量、床架层次及发酵处理对草菇栽培的影响

以刺芹侧耳(Pleurotus eryngii)菌渣为原料栽培草菇(Volvariella volvacea),考察层架空间位置、菌渣含水量和发酵时间对草菇生产的影响,还研究了菌渣发酵过程中电导率、pH和温度的变化。结果表明,发菌阶段,不同层架上草菇培养料的温度相近;出菇阶段,层架自下而上料温升高;草菇产量也随层架自下而上逐渐提高。利用刺芹侧耳菌渣栽培草菇,以含水量68.5%的未发酵菌渣产量最高。刺芹侧耳菌渣发酵过程中,电导率在前3 d快速上升,之后缓慢上升并趋于稳定;pH在前3 d变化幅度较大,先降后升,之后缓慢上升并趋于稳定,但明显低于未发酵菌渣。