Mechanism and Method of Testing Fracture Toughness and Impact Absorbed Energy of Ductile Metals by Spherical Indentation Tests

To address the problem of conventional approaches for mechanical property determination requiring destructive sampling, which may be unsuitable for in-service structures, the authors proposed a method for determining the quasi-static fracture toughness and impact absorbed energy of ductile metals from spherical indentation tests (SITs). The stress status and damage mechanism of SIT, mode I fracture, Charpy impact tests, and related tests were frst investigated through fnite element (FE) calculations and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, respectively. It was found that the damage mechanism of SITs is diferent from that of mode I fractures, while mode I fractures and Charpy impact tests share the same damage mechanism. Considering the diference between SIT and mode I fractures, uniaxial tension and pure shear were introduced to correlate SIT with mode I fractures. Based on this, the widely used critical indentation energy (CIE) model for fracture toughness determination using SITs was modifed. The quasi-static fracture toughness determined from the modifed CIE model was used to evaluate the impact absorbed energy using the dynamic fracture toughness and energy for crack initiation. The efectiveness of the newly proposed method was verifed through experiments on four types of steels: Q345R, SA508-3, 18MnMoNbR, and S30408.

ASYMPTOTIC DISTRIBUTION OF LIKELIHOOD RATIO STATISTIC FOR TESTING SPHERICTY IN GROWTH CURVE MODELS

In this paper, asymptotic expansions of the distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic for testing sphericity in a crowth curve model have been derived in the null and nonnull cases when the alternatives are dose to the null hypothesis. These expansions are given in series form of beta distributions.

TESTING SPHERICITY IN A GMANOVA-MANOVA MODEL WITH NORMAL ERROR

This article presents a statistic for testing the sphericity in a GMANOVA- MANOVA model with normal error. It is shown that the null distribution of this statistic is beta and its nonnull distribution is given in series form of beta distributions.

New Inverse Method for Determining Uniaxial Flow Properties by Spherical Indentation Test

The spherical indentation test has been successfully applied to inversely derive the tensile properties of small regions in a non-destructive way.Current inverse methods mainly rely on extensive iterative calculations,which yield a considerable computational costs.In this paper,a database method is proposed to determine tensile flow properties from a single indentation force-depth curves to avoid iterative simulations.Firstly,a database that contain numerous indentation force-depth curves is established by inputting varied Ludwic material parameters into the indentation finite elements model.Secondly,for a given experimental indentation curve,a mean square error(MSE)is designated to evaluate the deviation between the experimental curve and each curve in the database.Finally,the true stresses at a series of plastic strain can be acquired by analyzing these deviations.To validate this new method,three different steels,i.e.A508,2.25Cr1 Mo and 316L are selected.Both simulated indentation curves and experimental indentation curves are used as inputs of the database to inversely acquire the flow properties.The result indicates that the pro-posed approach provides impressive accuracy when simulated indentation curves are used,but is less accurate when experimental curves are used.This new method can derive tensile properties in a much higher efficiency compared with traditional inverse method and are therefore more adaptive to engineering application.

Implementation of a Conservative Two-step Shape-Preserving Advection Scheme on a Spherical Icosahedral Hexagonal Geodesic Grid

An Eulerian flux-form advection scheme, called the Two-step Shape-Preserving Advection Scheme （TSPAS）, was generalized and implemented on a spherical icosahedral hexagonal grid （also referred to as a geodesic grid） to solve the transport equation. The C grid discretization was used for the spatial discretization. To implement TSPAS on an unstructured grid, the original finite-difference scheme was further generalized. The two-step integration utilizes a combination of two separate schemes （a low-order monotone scheme and a high-order scheme that typically cannot ensure monotonicity） to calculate the fluxes at the cell walls （one scheme corresponds to one cell wall）. The choice between these two schemes for each edge depends on a pre-updated scalar value using slightly increased fluxes. After the determination of an appropriate scheme, the final integration at a target cell is achieved by summing the fluxes that are computed by the different schemes. The conservative and shape-preserving properties of the generalized scheme are demonstrated. Numerical experiments are conducted at several horizontal resolutions. TSPAS is compared with the Flux Corrected Transport （FCT） approach to demonstrate the differences between the two methods, and several transport tests are performed to examine the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of the two schemes.

Thermal Error Compensation of the Wear-Depth Real-Time Detecting of Self-Lubricating Spherical Plain Bearings

The spherical plain bearing test bench is a necessary detecting equipment in the research process of self?lubricating spherical plain bearings. The varying environmental temperatures cause the thermal deformation of the wear?depth detecting system of bearing test benches and then a ect the accuracy of the wear?depth detecting data. However, few researches about the spherical plain bearing test benches can be found with the implementation of the detect?ing error compensation. Based on the self?made modular spherical plain bearing test bench, two main causes of ther?mal errors, the friction heat of bearings and the environmental temperature variation, are analysed. The thermal errors caused by the friction heat of bearings are calculated, and the thermal deformation of the wear?depth detecting sys?tem caused by the varying environmental temperatures is detected. In view of the above results, the environmental temperature variation is the main cause of the two error factors. When the environmental temperatures rise is 10.3 °C, the thermal deformation is approximately 0.01 mm. In addition, the comprehensive compensating model of the thermal error of the wear?depth detecting system is built by multiple linear regression(MLR) and time series analysis. Compared with the detecting data of the thermal errors, the comprehensive compensating model has higher fitting precision, and the maximum residual is only 1 μm. A comprehensive compensating model of the thermal error of the wear?depth detecting system is proposed, which provides a theoretical basis for the improvement of the real?time wear?depth detecting precision of the spherical plain bearing test bench.

A Novel Engineering Spherical Bearing, with Potential Application for a Hip Implant

It is a research which could enter into contradiction with the current trend concerning the hip implants. It is known as sliding friction, which is characteristic of present artificial hip joints, is higher than in the case of rolling friction. The paper reports the studies of the functioning mode of a novel spherical bearing MoM （metal on metal） with rolling friction, with potential application for an artificial hip joint obtained by introducing a number of balls between the femoral head and the acetabular cup. After over 15 years of research upon the functional principle and constructive solution, a version that offered a coefficient of minimum friction in the hip joint came to light. This version was based on a constructive solution of motion with lower friction, ＂Omnitrack~ movement solutions＂, which has been modified and rebuilt to be used as a joint of a total hip prosthesis--MOMJ. The joint was built entirely in stainless steel, SS316L medical grade. Tests have been carried out on the experimental laboratory devices that showed very low values of the coefficient of friction （μ = 0.0225）. For validation, the prosthesis had to be put through tests for 500,000 cycles, in terms of physiological motion and dynamic loading, according to ISO 14242-3. Testing was conducted on a multiaxial dynamics machine, MTS Bionix, equipped with system for hip implant testing. The testing results of this total hip prosthesis with rolling friction have been successful in signing up for a friction moment of 0.525 kNmm which means a coefficient of friction la = 0.0143, for a joint with femoral head diameter 28 mm.

Effect of preparation conditions on the electrochemical properties of spherical Ni(OH)_2

Spherical nickel hydroxide is used as the active material of the positive electrode in alkaline recharged batteries,it determines the most important properties of the battery. Spherical nickel hydroxide made in China meets less than half of total demand of the Chinese batteries industry. Most of the spherical nickel hydroxide used for high performance MH/Ni batteries is imported because the Chinese one cannot reach the requirements of "fine crystal grain, high density and high-activity". In this thesis, the spherical nickel hydroxide with fine crystal grain high-density and high-activity was prepared with complexation-precipitation method. The effects of the preparation conditions on the electrochemical activity of the products were investigated by means of orthogonal test, comprehensive range analysis on all the used factors. And theirs levels showed that the optimum process parameters of preparation the fine crystal grain high-density and high- activity spherical nickel hydroxide is specified as reaction temperature 60℃, pH value 11.0, stronger stirring intensity, the mole ratio of ammonia and nickel 0.3,desiccation temperature 100℃. Furthermore, the relative influence degree of those technology factors is stirring intensity>pH value>reaction temperature>desiccation temperature>mole ratio of ammonia and nickel. The spherical nickel hydroxide made at those optimum process parameters is characterized as with high bulk density(1.78 g/cm^3), larger specific surface(11.9 m^2/g), higher discharged specific capacity (281 mAh/g), and fine crystal grain (15.8 nm). The full width of half maximum intensity(FWHM) of XRD patterns of samples in (101) lines can reach as high as 0.983°. All of these merits make it completely meet the requirements of spherical nickel hydroxide used for high performance MH/Ni batteries.

风洞试验模型姿态精确计算

针对传统姿态角计算存在计算复杂和不准确的问题,根据理论和工程实践方法,建立向量角度坐标系,给出不同飞行姿态坐标系之间的变换与角度定义关系,能够精确计算出对应坐标系姿态角大小,并判定其方向,尤其在通道耦合计算时,使得坐标系间的姿态角计算只跟角度有关系,而跟坐标系变化次序没有关系。结果表明:该方法能简化计算过程,解决风洞实验和飞行器运动过程中姿态角求解复杂、误差大的问题。

泥石流中球形巨石运动规律模型试验研究

该研究通过室外水槽模型试验,模拟了不同直径巨石与不同密度泥石流完全固液耦合作用下的运动状态,分析了泥石流沟内巨石在泥石流中的运动模式、运动的影响因素及其在泥石流中的受力情况,并探讨了泥石流密度与巨石粒径对其运动速度的影响。研究结果表明:巨石在运动过程中可能出现滚动、跳跃与滑动等运动模式,巨石出现的运动模式同泥石流的密度以及巨石粒径有关;巨石的直径越大,运动速度越小,它在泥石流中的运动模式越简单,越倾向于发生滚动运动,在泥石流流体中的跟随性越好,速度比n越容易趋近于1;巨石粒径对巨石运动速度的影响大于泥石流密度对它的影响。

基于Fluent的球形托卡马克装置磁体的水冷结构设计

应用Fluent软件对SUNIST-2球形托卡马克磁体内部流动与传热进行了数值模拟,对磁体的水冷结构设计进行了优化。依据SUNIST-2特定的工作状态,分别对磁体水冷系统在多种流速及不同进口温度条件下的性能进行了仿真分析,对比了各条件下的冷却效能与压力降。模拟研究表明,基于数值模拟优化的磁体水冷结构方案,显著增强了磁体在实际运行状态下的稳定性与安全性。加工后的磁体水冷结构的压力降测试的实验结果验证了数值模拟的结论。

全海深潜水器载人舱球壳模型疲劳试验研究

载人舱球壳作为全海深载人潜水器最关键的部件,在潜水器下潜及上浮过程中需承受交变海水压力,对结构长期安全性来说是一个巨大的考验。为考核全海深载人潜水器载人舱球壳疲劳性能,本文首次对内径800mm的载人舱钛合金球壳缩比模型开展疲劳试验研究,分析疲劳载荷对球壳形状、焊缝残余应力、关键部位结构应力、缺陷萌生和扩展的影响,为全海深载人潜水器载人舱球壳的疲劳性能和结构安全性评估提供试验依据。

球形传声器阵列下基于主导声源检测MUSIC群时延算法的多声源定位

针对混响环境中,多径效应、散射、衍射等原因导致声源定位失败或分辨能力不足的现象,提出一种基于主导声源检测MUSIC群时延的邻近多声源定位方法。该方法采用球形传声器阵列,相比平面阵列可以捕获3D声场信息,利用球谐域下信号的频率分量与角度分量解耦的优势,从而可直接利用频率平滑技术处理宽带语声信号而不需要构造聚焦矩阵,并在球谐域下通过设置阈值对一组时频段进行主导声源检测,从而选择出包含直达声的一组时频块来构造MUSIC群时延空间谱。上述举措在提升波达方向估计在高混响环境下定位鲁棒性的同时,也提高了多个邻近声源的分辨能力。仿真实验结果表明,所提出的主导声源检测MUSIC群时延算法,在高混响和低信噪比条件下,仍具有更好的定位精度与更优的邻近多声源分辨效果。

全海深潜水器载人球壳缩比模型疲劳试验技术研究

为考查全海深载人潜水器载人舱球壳在交变海水压力作用下的结构长期安全性,项目中共设计2只钛合金缩比球壳在深海环境模拟装置内开展疲劳试验。为降低对深海环境模拟装置的损伤并有效缩短试验时长,提出了一种超高压深海环境下采用内外压差法开展的双球并行疲劳试验技术,并据此进行了近7000个循环周期的加卸载试验。结果表明,该试验技术长期有效可靠,可为同类型试验提供技术依据和应用参考。

新型球型钢支座耗能减震元件试验研究与数值模拟

在万向减震球型钢支座的基础上对其弹簧元件进行耗能设计,提出了一种新型耗能减震球型钢支座,采用钢板弹簧叠加耗能钢作为耗能减震元件。通过单调拉伸加载试验和循环拉伸加载试验,研究了Q295钢材的耗能能力,采用拟静力试验和数值分析相结合的方法,分析了支座耗能减震元件的滞回性能和自复位性能;将该新型球型钢支座应用于网架结构中,考察其耗能减震能力。研究结果表明,Q295钢材的滞回曲线饱满,具有一定的耗能能力;减震元件的耗能减震性能较好,并且具有一定的复位能力;相较于一般的弹性减震支座,新型球型钢支座可以吸收部分地震能量,从而进一步降低结构的动力响应。

震后桥梁球型支座服役性能评估与试验研究

桥梁支座是保障铁路桥梁结构安全的重要部件,发挥着将上部结构载荷及变形传递给墩台的重要作用。为研究桥梁支座的长期使用性能,结合西北某高铁线路震后复旧工程,对已服役十余年的震后桥梁球型支座进行检查和试验分析。结果表明:震后桥梁球型支座的竖向承载力、摩擦系数和转动力矩参数等指标仍满足设计要求,可继续使用。

环口板加强带脱空缺陷的钢管混凝土T型节点滞回性能试验研究

为研究环口板加强带脱空缺陷的钢管混凝土T型节点的抗震性能,完成了12根节点试件在主管受恒定轴拉力与支管受轴向往复荷载作用下的滞回试验,基于试件破坏模式、荷载-位移滞回关系和应变发展考察了采用环口板加强带脱空缺陷T型节点试件的效果,并对比分析支主管直径比和主管径厚比对试件加强效果的影响。试验结果表明:采用环口板加强T型节点有效抑制了脱空缺陷导致的主管塑性变形,并实现带缺陷T型节点承载力、刚度、延性和耗能能力的完全恢复,甚至优于相应的无脱空试件,其中加强试件的承载力较带脱空缺陷试件提升12.6%以上,较无脱空试件提升6.5%以上,表明经合理设计的环口板加强措施能够弥补脱空缺陷对节点抗震性能的不利影响。

基于压痕法对高温合金GH3536单轴拉伸性能的评估研究

镍基高温合金GH3536因其优异的抗氧化和耐腐蚀性能及良好的蠕变强度,被广泛应用于高温气冷堆、石油化工设备、各类能源转换装置等能源化工行业的高温核心设备。以锻造态和增材制造GH3536为研究对象,探究了将王-张拟合系数模型用于球压头压入试验,从而实现GH3536单轴拉伸性能反演的可行性。研究结果表明,2种不同制造工艺GH3536的屈服强度与常规拉伸测试结果具有较好的一致性,而抗拉强度的预测则存在一定误差,但误差范围与结果稳定性同样能够基本满足工程应用需求。该研究为高温受监部件材质劣化的在线评定提供了重要技术手段,有助于保障相关能源化工行业高温核心设备的服役安全。

基于相似理论的风电机组主轴轴承结构参数对其应力的影响分析

针对大型风电机组主轴轴承的试验及可靠性评估周期长,成本高等问题,基于相似理论,以3种不同安装尺寸的双列调心滚子轴承为研究对象,基于仿真软件建立轴承有限元模型,在确保轴承安全的条件下分析了滚子数量、滚子长度以及轴承宽度对内、外圈和滚子最大应力以及承载滚子数的影响,并通过正交试验分析确定参数的敏感性,结果表明:最大应力在滚子上,内、外圈应力次之,对应力的影响程度由大到小依次为滚子长度、轴承宽度、滚子数量。保证轴承内径不变,适当改进滚子长度、轴承宽度、滚子数量,可有效提高轴承承载能力。

固定效应下部分线性变系数面板模型的协方差矩阵检验

面板数据的建模分析一直是计量经济学与统计学的研究热点之一。随着面板数据的深入研究,面板数据固定效应模型得到了广泛应用。关于部分线性时变系数模型的面板数据分析已有很多成果,但大多数假设模型误差是独立同分布的,这一点在实际问题中未必符合。随着高维面板数据的出现,对模型的协方差检验也成了研究的重点。文章基于局部光滑技术和轮廓最小二乘估计方法,研究了模型误差结构的协方差矩阵球形检验和单位矩阵检验问题,并证明了对应的统计量的渐近正态分布和大样本性质。蒙特卡洛模拟进一步说明了检验方法的有效性和稳健性。