The first factor affecting dryland winter wheat grain yield under various mulching measures: Spike number

Water is the key factor limiting dryland wheat grain yield.Mulching affects crop yield and yield components by affecting soil moisture.Further research is needed to determine the relationships between yield components and soil moisture with yield,and to identify the most important factor affecting grain yield under various mulching measures.A long-term 9-yearifeld experiment in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China was carried out with three treatments:no mulch (CK),plastic mulch (M_(P)) and straw mulch (M_(S)).Yield factors and soil moisture were measured,and the relationships between them were explored by correlation analysis,structural equation modeling and significance analysis.The results showed that compared with CK,the average grain yields of M_(P) and M_(S) increased by 13.0and 10.6%,respectively.The average annual grain yield of the M_(P) treatment was 134 kg ha^(–1) higher than the M_(S) treatment.There were no significant differences in yield components among the three treatments (P<0.05).Soil water storage of the M_(S) treatment was greater than the M_(P) treatment,although the differences were not statistically signifiant.Soil water storage during the summer fallow period (SWSSF) and soil water storage before sowing (SWSS) of M_(S) were significantly higher than in CK,which increased by 38.5 and 13.6%,respectively.The relationship between M_(P) and CK was not statistically significant for SWSSF,but the SWSS in M_(P) was significantly higher than in CK.In terms of soil water storage after harvest (SWSH) and water consumption in the growth period(ET),there were no signi?cant differences among the three treatments.Based on the three analysis methods,we found that spike number and ET were positively correlated with grain yield.However,the relative importance of spike number to yield was the greatest in the M_(P )and M_(S) treatments,while that of ET was the greatest in CK.Suifcient SWSSF could indirectly increase spike number and ET in the three treatments.Based on these results,mulch can improve yield and soil water storage.The most important factor affecting the grain yield of dryland wheat was spike number under mulching,and ET with CK.These findings may help us to understand the main factors influencing dryland wheat grain yield under mulching conditions compared to CK.

The wheat sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 is a determinant of grain number per spike

Some haplotypes of the sucrose synthase gene TaSus1 are associated with thousand-grain weight(TGW)in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.).However,no mutations have been identified within the gene to test this association.The effects of TaSus1 on grain number per spike(GNS)also are largely unknown.Our previous genome-wide association study identified TaSus-A1 as a candidate gene controlling fertile spikelet number per spike(FSN).In the present study,we generated two independent mutants for the three TaSus1 homoeologs by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing.The triple mutants displayed lower FSN,GNS,grain number per spikelet(GNST),and TGW than wild-type plants.In 306 hexaploid wheat accessions,two single-nucleotide polymorphisms in TaSus-A1 contributed differently to GNS.Introgression of the two alleles into a wheat genetic background confirmed their effects.The alleles differed in geographical distribution among the accessions.

Quantitating Changes in Jitter and Spike Number Using Concentric Needle Electrodes in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients

Background： Single-fiber electromyography （SFEMG） has been suggested as a quantitative method for supporting chronic partial denervation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis （ALS） by the revised El Escorial criteria. Although concentric needle （CN） electrodes have been used to assess jitter in myasthenia gravis patients and healthy controls, there are few reports using CN electrodes to assess motor unit instability and denervation in neurogenic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether quantitative changes in jitter and spike number using CN electrodes could be used for ALS studies. Methods： Twenty-seven healthy controls and 23 ALS patients were studied using both CN and single-fiber needle （SFN） electrodes on the extensor digitorum communis muscle with an SFEMG program. The SFN-jitter and SFN-fiber density data were measured using SFN electrodes. The CN-jitter and spike number were measured using CN electrodes. Results： The mean CN-j itter was significantly increased in ALS patients （47.3 ±17.0 μs） than in healthy controls （27.4 ± 3.3 las） （P 〈 0.001 ）. Besides, the mean spike number was significantly increased in ALS patients （2.5 ± 0.5） than in healthy controls （1.7 ± 0.3） （P 〈 0.001）. The sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of ALS were 82.6% and 92.6% for CN-jitter （cut-offvalue： 32 gs）, and 91.3% and 96.3% for the spike number （cut-off value： 2.0）, respectively. There was no significant difference between the SFN-jitter and CN-jitter in ALS patients; meanwhile, there was no significant difference between the SFN-jitter and CN-jitter in healthy controls. Conclusion： CN-jitter and spike number could be used to quantitatively evaluate changes due to denervation-reinnervation in ALS.

Inheritance and Availability of High Grain Number Per Spike in Two Wheat Germplasm Lines

Grain number per spike （GNPS） is a major factor in wheat yield breeding. The development of high GNPS germplasm is widely emphasized in wheat-yield breeding. This paper reported two high GNPS wheat germplasm lines, Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504, which had a stable and wide adaptability to different ecological regions. By exploring a nested cross design with reciprocals using Pubing 3228 or Pubing 3504 as a common parent and investigating the GNPS phenotypes of F1 hybrids in 2007-2008 and F2 populations in 2008-2009 of different cross combinations, the narrow-sense GNPS heritability was up to 49.58 and 52.23%, respectively. Genetic model analysis predictions suggested that GNPS in Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 was mainly controlled by additive genetic effects. Correlation analysis results between GNPS and 1 000- kernel weight （TKW） of F2 populations showed that TKW was not influenced with the increase of GNPS. The good coordination among three yield components of spike number per plant （SNPP）, GNPS, and TKW in the F2 segregating population implied that selection of good candidate individuals in breeding programs would be relatively straightforward. Overall, our results indicated that Pubing 3228 and Pubing 3504 are two potential germplasm lines for yield improvement of GNPS in pedigree selection of wheat breeding.

Gene and protein expression profiling analysis of young spike development in large spike wheat germplasms

The wheat grain number per spike （GNPS） is a major yield-limiting factor in wheat-breeding programs. Germplasms with a high GNPS are therefore valuable for increasing wheat yield potential. To investigate the molecular characteristics of young spike development in large-spike wheat germplasms with high GNPS, we performed gene and protein expression profiling analysis with three high-GNPS wheat lines （Pubing 3228, Pubing 3504 and 4844-12） and one Iow-GNPS control variety （Fukuho）. The phenotypic data for the spikes in two growth seasons showed that the GNPS of the three large-spike wheat lines were significantly higher than that of the Fukuho control line. The Affymetrix wheat chip and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-tandam mass spectrometry （iTRAQ-MS/MS） technology were employed for gene and protein expression profiling analyses of young spike development, respectively, at the floret primordia differentiation stage. A total of 598 differentially expressed transcripts （270 up-regulated and 328 down-regulated） and 280 proteins （122 up- regulated and 158 down-regulated） were identified in the three high-GNPS lines compared with the control line. We found that the expression of some floral development-related genes, including Wknoxlb, the AP2 domain protein kinase and the transcription factor HUA2, were up-regulated in the high-GNPS lines. The expression of the SHEPHERD （SHD） gene was up-regulated at both the transcript and protein levels. Overall, these results suggest that multiple regulatory pathways, including the CLAVATA pathway and the meristem-maintaining KNOX protein pathway, take part in the development of the high-GNPS phenotype in our wheat germplasms.

Introgression of chromosome 6PL terminal segment from Agropyron cristatum to increase both grain number and grain weight in wheat

Agropyron cristatum(2n=4x=28,PPPP),which harbours many high-yield and disease-resistance genes,is a promising donor for wheat improvement.Narrow genetic diversity and the trade-off between grain weight and grain number have become bottlenecks for increasing grain yield in wheat.In this study,a novel translocation line,WAT650l,was derived from the chromosome 6P addition line 4844–12,which can simultaneously increase both grain number per spike(GNS)and thousand-grain weight(TGW).Cytological analysis and molecular marker analysis revealed that WAT650l was a 5BL.5BS-6PL(bin 12–17)translocation line.Assessment of agronomic traits and analysis of the BC4F2 and BC5F2 populations suggested that the 6PL terminal chromosome segment in WAT650l resulted in increased grain number per spike(average increased by 14.07 grains),thousand-grain weight(average increased by 4.31 g),flag leaf length,plant height,spikelet number per spike and kernel number per spikelet during the two growing seasons of 2020–2021 and 2021–2022.Additionally,the increased GNS locus and high-TGW locus of WAT650l were mapped to the bins 16–17 and 12–13,respectively,on chromosome 6PL by genetic population analysis of three translocation lines.In summary,we provide a valuable germplasm resource for broadening the genetic base of wheat and overcoming the negative relationship between GNS and TGW in wheat breeding.

A rare natural variation in TaFT-D2 underlies QTss.cas-3D associated with increased total spikelet number per spike in wheat

Total spikelet number per spike(TSS)is a crucial yield component in wheat.Dissecting and characterizing major stable quantitative trait loci(QTL)associated with TSS can significantly enhance the genetic improvement of yield potential.In a previous study,we identified a stable major QTL for TSS,named QTss.cas-3D.In the present study,we conducted fine mapping of QTss.cas-3D,interval to approximately 6.35 Mb,ranging from 105.03 to 111.38 Mb,based on the IWGSC RefSeq v2.1.Through genome resequencing and gene function annotation,we identified TraesCS3D03G0308000(TaFT-D2)as the candidate gene.Phenotypic evaluation with paired near-isogenic lines revealed that this locus predominantly increases kernel number per spike by enhancing TSS and fertile spikelet number per spike,without significantly affecting thousand-kernel weight or tiller number.The presence of the TaFT-D2 allele in the parent P3228,which is rare in nature populations,highlights its potential value.This study provides a valuable gene resource and functional marker for wheat molecular breeding aimed at improving TSS and establishes a foundation for gene functional analysis of TaFT-D2.

不同季秸秆还田对冬小麦不同穗粒位结实粒数和粒重的影响

为探讨安徽淮北平原砂姜黑土区长期秸秆连续全量还田对冬小麦穗部结实特性的影响,2021-2022年基于农业农村部华东地区作物栽培科学观测站13年的长期定位试验,比较分析了小麦单季秸秆全量粉碎覆盖还田(T1)、小麦玉米秸秆全量粉碎还田(T2)、玉米秸秆全量粉碎翻埋还田(T3)、小麦玉米秸秆全年不还田(CK)4个不同还田模式下小麦不同小穗位结实粒数及粒重的差异。结果表明,T1、T2、T3处理的主茎穗小穗结实总粒数较CK分别提高了21.21%、7.50%和12.55%;第2粒位(G2)结实粒数分别提高了7.71%、7.71%和5.79%;上部小穗结实粒数分别提高了51.41%、22.79%和31.36%,其G2结实粒数分别提高了30.95%、30.95%和23.09%,其中T1处理对小麦粒数的提升效果最好。不同季秸秆还田处理下小麦主茎穗及其G2粒重、分蘖穗及其第三粒位(G3)粒重均高于CK,T1、T2和T3处理的主茎穗粒重增幅分别为16.06%、4.14%和16.06%,分蘖穗增幅分别为9.86%、0.71%和8.87%;T1、T2和T3处理下主茎穗G2粒重增幅分别为20.69%、10.34%和17.24%,分蘖穗G3粒重4.55%、2.27%和6.82%,其中T1处理对粒重提升效果最好,其次是T3。综合来看,在安徽淮北平原砂姜黑土区长期秸秆还田能够提高小麦穗粒数和粒重,进而促进产量提升,其中T1处理对小麦结实粒数和粒重的提升效果最好,是适宜在该地区推广的秸秆还田模式。

小麦TabHLH112-2B基因克隆及每穗小穗数相关功能标记开发

bHLH(basic Helix-Loop-Helix)转录因子在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究克隆了小麦TabHLH112-2B,该基因由7个外显子和6个内含子构成,编码444个氨基酸,在315~364位氨基酸处具有一个典型的HLH保守结构域。组织表达模式分析表明TabHLH112-2B在小麦幼苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和开花期的各个组织中均有表达,其中在叶和根中表达量较高。顺式作用元件分析发现TabHLH112-2B启动子区含有植物激素应答、胁迫响应、与分生组织发育相关的多种顺式作用元件, qRT-PCR结果显示其表达响应ABA、IAA、MeJA等植物激素和干旱、高盐、低温、高温等胁迫处理。基因组序列多态性分析检测到启动子区域的2个SNP,分为2种单倍型。根据SNP-682开发分子标记并进行关联分析,发现该标记与干旱、高温等多种环境下的每穗小穗数显著相关,Hap-2B-2为每穗小穗数多的优异单倍型。研究结果为培育高产广适小麦新品种的分子标记辅助育种提供了优异基因资源和技术支撑。

秸秆覆盖与施磷对旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响

中国西南丘陵旱地气候冬干春旱且速效磷缺乏,是冬小麦生产的主要限制因素。为明确秸秆覆盖与施磷对西南丘陵旱地小麦小花发育与结实特性的影响,以川麦104为供试材料,采用裂区设计,主区为玉米秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM),裂区为0、75和120 kg P_(2)O_(5)·hm^(-2)3个施磷水平,比较分析了不同处理下小麦小花分化及结实特性的差异。结果表明,秸秆覆盖与施磷均可提高小麦小花分化数和可孕小花数,且磷素效应大于秸秆覆盖效应。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下最大分化小花数分别增加了17.4%和78.0%,可孕小花数分别增加27.0%和94.1%,小花存活率提高了16.5个百分点。施磷后穗基部可孕小花数和结实粒数增幅较大,穗中部和顶部增幅较小。与不施磷相比,施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)条件下,穗基部可孕小花数均极显著增加,增幅分别为100.0%和127.2%;结实粒数显著增加,增幅分别为186.4%和193.2%。秸秆覆盖后产量较不覆盖提高20.5%;施磷75和120 kg·hm^(-2)下产量较不施磷分别提高62.5%和78.1%。综上所述,秸秆覆盖配施磷肥可减少小花退化,增加可孕小花数和穗粒数有利于产量形成。

小麦单株穗数的QTL定位及CAPS标记开发

穗数是小麦产量构成三要素之一,开展小麦成穗数研究,对高产育种及种质资源创制具有重要意义。本研究以安农859/武农988的135份DH群体为研究材料,分别测定两年五个环境下单株穗数表型值,并基于DH群体的55K芯片数据进行单株穗数QTL分析,开发CAPS分子标记。结果表明,在1B、1D、2A、3D、4A、4B、4D、6A、7D等染色体上共检测到21个与单株穗数相关的QTL,其中,位于4B染色体上的Qsn-ahau-4B.2在5个环境下均被检测到,侧翼标记为AX-95004669-AX-109580651,物理区间为2.65Mb,可解释16.92%~49.98%表现变异,加性效应为1.32~3.69个穗数,增效等位基因来自安农859,是一个主效、稳定的QTL。基于Qsn-ahau-4B.2区间内候选基因TraesCS4B01G042700开发一个多态性CAPS标记(T-0507)。本研究结果将为小麦单株成穗数研究提供参考。

Fine mapping and characterization of a major QTL for grain length,QGl.cau-2D.1,that has pleiotropic effects in synthetic allohexaploid wheat

Grain size is one of the determinants of grain yield,and identifying the genetic loci that control grain size will be helpful for increasing grain yield.In our previous study,a quantitative trait locus(QTL)for grain length(GL),QGl.cau-2D.1,was identified from an F2 population developed from the cross between the natural(TAA10)and synthetic(XX329)allohexaploid wheat.In the present study,we mainly fine mapped and validated its genetic effects.To this end,multiple near-isogenic lines(NILs)were obtained through marker-assisted selection with TAA10 as the recurrent parent.The secondary populations derived from 25 heterozygous recombinants were used for fine mapping of QGl.cau-2D.1,and the allele from XX329 significantly increased GL,thousand-grain weight(TGW),total spikelet number per spike(TSN)and spike compactness(SC).Using NILs for XX329(2D+)and TAA10(2D−),we determined the genetic and pleiotropic effects of QGl.cau-2D.1.The target sequences were aligned with the wheat reference genome RefSeq v2.1 and spanned an~0.9 Mb genomic region.TraesCS2D03G0114900(ortholog of Os03g0594700)was predicted as the candidate gene based on whole-genome re-sequencing and expression analyses.In summary,the map-based cloning of QGl.cau-2D.1 will be useful for improving grain weight with enhanced GL and TSN.

华北平原小麦施肥现状及影响小麦产量的因素分析

针对近年来华北平原水肥投入不断增加而小麦单产徘徊不前的局面,本研究对山东省惠民县小麦的施肥现状和影响小麦产量的主要因素进行了调查。结果表明,研究地区小麦季农民习惯的氮磷钾肥投入量在不同农户间差异较大,平均为424 kg/hm2N,226 kg/hm2P2O5,88 kg/hm2K2O,其中氮磷肥用量已远超过同期作物养分消耗量。在现有的小麦产量水平和施肥水平条件下,土壤有机质含量和亩穗数对小麦产量的贡献最大,其次为土壤速效磷含量和穗粒数,土壤速效钾和千粒重与小麦籽粒产量没有明显相关性。由于过量氮磷肥施用和高的土壤速效钾含量,不同农户间施肥量的差异对小麦产量影响较小。

气候条件对冬小麦穗数的影响研究

田间试验研究气候条件对冬小麦穗数的影响结果表明,初冬剧烈降温或越冬期负积温多、极端最低气温低、降水量少,冬小麦遭受严重冻害而影响其穗数,且其影响程度取决于返青后分蘖生长发育状况。高产栽培条件下有的年份间冬小麦单位面积穗数相差较大,这与年后幼苗阶段生长时间长短、积温多少有关。生长时间长、积温多则穗数多,反之则少。穗数多的年份,适时播种的小麦是通过促进中等分蘖生长发育,进而提高成穗率而增加其穗数;晚播冬小麦则补偿了冬前积温不足,延长了幼苗阶段生长时间,巩固冬前分蘖,增加春季分蘖,并使其提前通过春化阶段,进入光照阶段,幼穗分化开始早、时间长,促进冬小麦分蘖生长发育而提高其穗数。故年后幼苗阶段生长时间长、积温多的年份,应推迟第一肥水时间,防止冬小麦群体过大、基部节间过长而造成倒伏。

小麦新品种川农16农艺性状分析

以四川农业大学小麦研究所创制的新材料 87- 4 2 9与中国科学院成都生物所选育的川育 12为亲本 ,采用杂交育种方法育成的小麦新品种川农 16 ,在四川省区域试验、生产试验和国家区域试验中分别平均增产 14 2 %、14 0 %和 12 7%。结果分析表明 ,川农 16的丰产性、稳产性、穗容量和成穗率均属四川小麦育种的新突破 。

小麦产量性状的QTL分析

为寻找更多与小麦产量性状相关的数量性状位点（QTL），利用江苏地方品种望水白与墨西哥小麦品种Alondra杂交构建的重组自交系群体（104个家系），在3个试验环境下进行了单株有效穗数、主穗粒数、单穗粒数和千粒重4个性状的QTL分析，结果在5A染色体上检测到与单株有效穗数相关、可以解释10．3％～18．8％表型变异的QTL1个；检测到与主穗粒数相关的QTL8个，分别位于染色体1B、1D、3B、4A、5D、6B上和连锁群4上（未知具体染色体归属），单个QTL可以解释9．9％～19．9％的表型变异；检测到与单穗粒数相关的QTL11个，分别位于染色体1B、1D、2A、2B、3B、4A、5D、6B和7A上，单个QTL可解释7．5％～43．4％的表型变异；检测到与千粒重相关的QTL5个，分别位于2A、2B、3B、4D和7A染色体上，单个QTL可解释9．6％～25．7％的表型变异。获得的QTL可以用于分子标记辅助育种。

小麦田间测产和实际产量转换系数实证研究

小麦田间测产与实际产量的折算系数长期以来一直采用0.85,但是在近些年的实践中,发现实打验收和实收产量往往高于这一系数折算后的理论产量,导致在测产系数是否需要调整及调整幅度上颇存争议。为了深入探讨这一问题,利用连续7年的田间小区试验取样测产和实收产量结果,结合大田取样测产和实打收获案例,对田间取样测产和实收产量之间的转换系数(即测产系数)进行了系统计算和统计分析。结果表明,在使用实测千粒重进行产量估算时,测产系数平均为0.85,而使用常年千粒重时平均为0.92。由于千粒重不同年份间波动较大,因此建议在田间理论测产中使用当年实测千粒重时,折算系数采用0.85;使用常年千粒重时,测产系数采用0.90。

定植密度和留果穗数对春大棚番茄生长及产量和品质的影响

以春大棚番茄"郑番12158"为试材,研究了定植密度和留果穗数对春大棚番茄生长及产量和品质的影响,以期为番茄生产提供指导。结果表明:留果穗数越多株高越高,留4、5、6穗果对果实中的糖酸含量影响不明显,留果穗数与果实中的酸含量及果实的硬度均无相关性,对果实的品质影响不大。667m2定植密度6 800株,留2穗果早熟性最好;667m2定植密度4 100株、留4穗果总产量最高,植株生长和品质综合表现最好。

小麦单株穗数的遗传分析及基于QTL定位的最优基因型预测

为给小麦育种提供参考,以种植于陕西杨凌、岐山、乾县三地的中国春(母本)×兰考大粒(父本)F2∶3家系为材料,对小麦单株穗数进行数量性状主基因+多基因混合模型遗传分析和QTL定位,并对最优株系基因型及遗传效应进行预测。结果表明:(1)单株穗数符合数量性状遗传特征,由一对加性和部分显性主基因(A-1模型)控制。(2)联合分析三个环境下的单株穗数得到9个控制单株穗数的QTL位点,其中QPn4B-2为主效位点,具有增穗的加性效应,与遗传分析结果相吻合,同时还得到自身无主效应但存在较强上位效应的5个位点;单独分析得到具有QTL与环境互作效应的7个位点,可见上位效应及环境互作效应对小麦单株穗数遗传有较大的影响。(3)在排除基因与环境互作效应以及分别考虑三地基因与环境互作效应4种情况下,单株穗数最优基因型预测效应值较中国春(P1)分别增加了1.45、1.45、1.9337和1.45,其中岐山地区预测效应值最高,达3.954 2,由此可推知此杂交组合后代在提高单株穗数这一性状上存在较大潜力;岐山地区最优株系QTL基因型在QPn2A、QPn6B位点上与杨凌和乾县两地不同,可见不同环境所对应的最优株系基因型存在差异。预测了普通最优株系的最佳基因型组合,同时讨论了在育种中获得最优株系的途径。

小麦单株产量及其相关性状的全基因组QTL分析

探索和鉴定调控小麦产量因子的基因位点有助于产量的遗传改良。以安农0711/烟农19 BC1F2回交群体(680个家系)为供试材料,单粒播种,于黄熟期测定单株有效穗数,收获后测定穗粒数、千粒重及单株产量。利用完备区间作图法对上述单株产量及其相关性状进行全基因组QTL定位。结果表明,控制千粒重的QTL有3个,主要分布在染色体1D(2个)和4B(1个)上,分别位于标记区间Xcfd27-Xwmc432,Xwmc432-Xcfd61和Xwmc89-Xwmc48;控制单株产量和单株有效穗数的QTL均各有2个,分别位于染色体1A和5D的相同区间Xwmc312-Xwmc120和Xgwm271-Xcfd18;没有检测到控制穗粒数的QTL位点。