Calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band based on gradient-dependent plasticity

A method for calculation of temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band is proposed in terms of gradient-dependent plasticity where the characteristic length describes the interactions and interplaying among microstructures. First, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution in adiabatic shear band is obtained based on gradient-dependent plasticity. Then, the plastic work distribution is derived according to the current flow shear stress and the obtained increment of plastic shear strain distribution. In the light of the well-known assumption that 90% of plastic work is converted into the heat resulting in increase in temperature in adiabatic shear band, the increment of the temperature distribution is presented. Next, the average temperature increment in the shear band is calculated to compute the change in flow shear stress due to the thermal softening effect. After the actual flow shear stress considering the thermal softening effect is obtained according to the Johnson-Cook constitutive relation, the increment of the plastic shear strain distribution, the plastic work and the temperature in the next time step are recalculated until the total time is consumed. Summing the temperature distribution leads to rise in the total temperature distribution. The present calculated maximum temperature in adiabatic shear band in titanium agrees with the experimental observations. Moreover, the temperature profiles for different flow shear stresses are qualitatively consistent with experimental and numerical results. Effects of some related parameters on the temperature distribution are also predicted.

Analysis of localized shear deformation of ductile metal based on gradient-dependent plasticity

Shear localization in linear strain softening heterogeneous material under simple shear was investigated analytically. The closed-form solutions obtained based on gradient plasticity theory considering interactions and interplaying among microstructures due to heterogeneity of metal material show that in the normal direction of shear band, elastic shear displacement is linear; while plastic and total shear displacement are non-linear. Elastic shear strain in the band is uniform and the non-uniformity of total shear displacement stems from localized plastic shear displacement. In the center of the band, plastic and total shear displacement all reach their maximum values. In strain-softening process, elastic displacement decreases as flow shear stress decreases. Contrarily, plastic and total shear displacement increase and manifest shear localization occurs progressively. Under the same shear stress level, plastic and total shear displacement increase as strain softening modulus and elastic shear modulus decrease. The present analytical solutions were compared with many experimental results and the agreement is good.

ANALYSIS OF SIZE EFFECT,SHEAR DEFORMATION AND DILATION IN DIRECT SHEAR TEST BASED ON GRADIENT- DEPENDENT PLASTICITY

The paper concerns the issue of size law,localized deformation and dilation or compaction due to shear localization. It is assumed that the shear localization initiates at the peak shear stress in the form of single shear band,and based on gradient-dependent plasticity,an analytical solution on size effect or snap-back is obtained. The results show that the post peak response becomes steeper and even exhibits snap-back with increasing of length. For small specimen,the relative shear displacement when specimen failure occurs is lower than that of larger specimen and the shear stress-relative displacement curve becomes steeper. The theoretical solution on non-uniformity of strains in shear band is obtained and evolution of the relative shear displacement is represented. By resorting to the linear relation between local plastic shear strain and local plastic volumetric strain,the dilation and compaction within shear band are analyzed. Relation between apparent shear strain and apparent normal strain and relation between shear displacement and vertical displacement are established.

INVESTIGATION ON GRADIENT-DEPENDENT NONLOCAL CONSTITUTIVE MODELS FOR ELASTO-PLASTICITY COUPLED WITH DAMAGE

Firstly, typical) gradient-dependent nonlocal inelastic models were briefly reviewed. Secondly, based on the principle of ‘gradient-dependent energy dissipation', a gradient-dependent constitutive model for plasticity coupled with isotropic damage was presented in the framework of continuum thermodynamics. Numerical scheme for calculation of Laplacian term of damage field with the numerical results obtained by FEM calculation was proposed. Equations have been presented on the basis of Taylor series for both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional cases, respectively. Numerical results have indicated the validity of the proposed gradient-dependent model and corresponding numerical scheme.

Adiabatic shear localization evolution for steel based on the Johnson-Cook model and gradient-dependent plasticity

Gradient-dependent plasticity is introduced into the phenomenological Johnson-Cook model to study the effects of strainhardening, strain rate sensitivity, thermal-softening, and microstructure. The microstructural effect （interactions and interplay among microstructures） due to heterogeneity of texture plays an important role in the process of development or evolution of an adiabatic shear band with a certain thickness depending on the grain diameter. The distributed plastic shear strain and deformation in the shear band are derived and depend on the critical plastic shear strain corresponding to the peak flow shear stress, the coordinate or position, the internal length parameter, and the average plastic shear strain or the flow shear stress. The critical plastic shear strain, the distributed plastic shear strain, and deformation in the shear band are numerically predicted for a kind of steel deformed at a constant shear strain rate. Beyond the peak shear stress, the local plastic shear strain in the shear band is highly nonuniform and the local plastic shear deformation in the band is highly nonlinear. Shear localization is more apparent with the increase of the average plastic shear strain. The calculated distributions of the local plastic shear strain and deformation agree with the previous numerical and experimental results.

Temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band for ductile metal based on JOHNSON-COOK and gradient plasticity models

Gradient-dependent plasticity considering interactions and interplay among microstructures was included into JOHNSON-COOK model to calculate the temperature distribution in adiabatic shear band(ASB), the peak and average temperatures as well as their evolutions. The differential local plastic shear strain was derived to calculate the differential local plastic work and the temperature rise due to the microstructural effect. The total temperature in ASB is the sum of initial temperature, temperature rise at strain-hardening stage and non-uniform temperature due to the microstructural effect beyond the peak shear stress. The flow shear stress—average plastic shear strain curve, the temperature distribution, the peak and average temperatures in ASB are computed for Ti-6Al-4V. When the imposed shear strain is less than 2 and the shear strain rate is 1 000 s?1, the dynamic recovery and recrystalliza-tion processes occur. However, without the microstructural effect, the processes might have not occurred since heat diffusion decreases the temperature in ASB. The calculated maximum temperature approaches 1 500 K so that phase transformation might take place. The present predictions support the previously experimental results showing that the transformed and deformed ASBs are observed in Ti-6Al-4V. Higher shear strain rate enhances the possibility of dynamic recrystallization and phase transformation.

Stress Dependence of Transformation Plastic Behavior

Transformation plasticity is known to play an important role in the course of heat treatment processes, and so affect the results of heat treatment simulations, which means that the transformation plasticity coefficient is necessary to be identifies. The authors developed a new method by use of four-point bending system of a beam to identify transformation plasticity coefficient taking advantage of its easiness and high accuracy compared with other conventional methods like tension test, etc., and identified the coefficient for four kinds of steels; plane carbon steel, Cr-steel, Cr-Mo steel and bearing steel. In this paper, further experimental data are presented for the steels if the coefficient Kp during pearlite transformation depend on the applied stress. Obtained results reveals that the stress dependence of Kp is rather trivial except for uncertain tendency detected in plane carbon steel. The relation between the Kp and carbon content included is discussed in comparison with other data referred from references.

Adiabatic Shear Localization for Steels Based on Johnson-Cook Model and Second-and Fourth-Order Gradient Plasticity Models

To consider the effects of the interactions and interplay among microstructures, gradient-dependent models of second- and fourth-order are included in the widely used phenomenological Johnson-Cook model where the effects of strain-hardening, strain rate sensitivity, and thermal-softening are successfully described. The various parameters for 1006 steel, 4340 steel and S-7 tool steel are assigned. The distributions and evolutions of the local plastic shear strain and deformation in adiabatic shear band （ASB） are predicted. The calculated results of the second- and fourth- order gradient plasticity models are compared. S-7 tool steel possesses the steepest profile of local plastic shear strain in ASB, whereas 1006 steel has the least profile. The peak local plastic shear strain in ASB for S-7 tool steel is slightly higher than that for 4340 steel and is higher than that for 1006 steel. The extent of the nonlinear distribution of the local plastic shear deformation in ASB is more apparent for the S-7 tool steel, whereas it is the least apparent for 1006 steel. In fourth-order gradient plasticity model, the profile of the local plastic shear strain in the middle of ASB has a pronounced plateau whose width decreases with increasing average plastic shear strain, leading to a shrink of the portion of linear distribution of the profile of the local plastic shear deformation. When compared with the sec- ond-order gradient plasticity model, the fourth-order gradient plasticity model shows a lower peak local plastic shear strain in ASB and a higher magnitude of plastic shear deformation at the top or base of ASB, which is due to wider ASB. The present numerical results of the second- and fourth-order gradient plasticity models are consistent with the previous numerical and experimental results at least qualitatively.

Plasticity-induced characteristic changes of pattern dynamics and the related phase transitions in small-world neuronal networks

Phase transitions widely exist in nature and occur when some control parameters are changed. In neural systems, their macroscopic states are represented by the activity states of neuron populations, and phase transitions between different activity states are closely related to corresponding functions in the brain. In particular, phase transitions to some rhythmic synchronous firing states play significant roles on diverse brain functions and disfunctions, such as encoding rhythmical external stimuli, epileptic seizure, etc. However, in previous studies, phase transitions in neuronal networks are almost driven by network parameters （e.g., external stimuli）, and there has been no investigation about the transitions between typical activity states of neuronal networks in a self-organized way by applying plastic connection weights. In this paper, we discuss phase transitions in electrically coupled and lattice-based small-world neuronal networks （LBSW networks） under spike-timing-dependent plasticity （STDP）. By applying STDP on all electrical synapses, various known and novel phase transitions could emerge in LBSW networks, particularly, the phenomenon of self-organized phase transitions （SOPTs）： repeated transitions between synchronous and asynchronous firing states. We further explore the mechanics generating SOPTs on the basis of synaptic weight dynamics.

Frequency Dependence of the <i>b</i>-Value Used for Acoustic Emission Analysis of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics

Acoustic Emission Testing (AT) is one of the major non-destructive testing methods used for severity evaluation of structures. Amplitude distributions of AE signals are characterized by b-value and the value is mainly used for the severity evaluation of concrete structures until now. The value is assumed to be independent with propagation distance between acoustic emission sources to AE sensors. We evaluate the influence of the wide frequency band encountered in the fracture behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) on the b-value analysis. In tensile tests, the b-value was determined from an acoustic emission (AE) source generated near a centered hole in a specimen of GFRP. At 15 mm from the hole, the b-value analysis indicated a decreasing trend with increasing tensile stress. At a propagation length of 45 mm, farthest from the hole, a?small number of AE signals were received. The attenuation is more rapid for high-frequency AE signals. Thus, the amplitude distribution bandwidth is wide and the b-value changes. This change in b-value for GFRPs is investigated by analyzing the spectral components of the AE signals. For a single-frequency AE source, the b-value is unchanged with propagation length. In contrast, multiple-frequency AE sources produce changes in b-value proportional to the fraction of each spectral component in the received signal. This is due to the frequency dependence of the attenuation with propagation length.?From these results, the b-value analysis cannot be applied to considering frequency dependence of AE attenuation.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON HISTORY-DEPENDENCEOF PLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF TYPE 302 STAINLESS STEELUNDER COMBINED AXIAL-TORSIONAL LOADS

Experimental investigations were pedermed on the plastic deformation along bilinear strain paths with various values of corner-angle by subjecting thin-walled tubular specimens of type 302 stainless steel to combined axial and torsional loads. Variations of scalar and vectorial behavior of the stress response are discnssed in the vector space of plastic strain. It is found that the intrinsic geometry of loading path, the plastic strain history and the coapled effect among strain components effect effectively the stress response of the material. The experimental results also show that these effects will disappear gradually with increasing strain.

Is the speed of adjusting to environmental change condition dependent?An experiment with house mice(Mus musculus)

Environmental conditions change constantly either by anthropogenic perturbation or naturally across space and time.Often,a change in behavior is the frst response to changing conditions.Behavioral fexibility can potentially improve an organism’s chances to survive and reproduce.Currently,we lack an understanding on the time-scale such behavioral adjustments need,how they actually affect reproduction and survival and whether behavioral adjustments are suffcient in keeping up with changing conditions.We used house mice(Mus musculus)to test whether personality and life-history traits can adjust to an experimentally induced food-switch fexibly in adulthood or by intergenerational plasticity,that is,adjustments only becoming visible in the offspring generation.Mice lived in 6 experimental populations of semi-natural environments either on high or standard quality food for 4 generations.We showed previously that high-quality food induced better conditions and a less risk-prone personality.Here,we tested whether the speed and/or magnitude of adjustment shows condition-dependency and whether adjustments incur ftness effects.Life-history but not personality traits reacted fexibly to a food-switch,primarily by a direct reduction of reproduction and sloweddown growth.Offspring whose parents received a food-switch developed a more active stress-coping personality and gained weight at a slower rate compared with their respective controls.Furthermore,the modulation of most traits was condition-dependent,with animals previously fed with high-quality food showing stronger responses.Our study highlights that life-history and personality traits adjust at different speed toward environmental change,thus,highlighting the importance of the environment and the mode of response for evolutionary models.

新型抗癫痫药Q808对颞叶癫痫大鼠的改善作用及其机制

目的:探讨新型抗癫痫药6-(4-氯苯氧基)-四唑^((5,1-a))酞嗪(Q808)对颞叶癫痫(TLE)大鼠神经元损伤的改善作用,并阐明其作用机制。方法:采用腹腔注射Q808的方法制备TLE大鼠模型。将45只造模成功大鼠随机分为模型组、低剂量Q808组和高剂量Q808组,每组15只,低剂量Q808组和高剂量Q808组大鼠分别采用20和80 mg·kg^(-1) Q808灌胃,模型组大鼠采用等量0.3%羧甲纤维素钠灌胃,另选15只健康SD大鼠作为对照组。持续灌胃治疗4周后,观察各组大鼠行为表现,采用PONEMAH 6. X实验动物遥测平台记录各组大鼠脑电图,采用高尔基染色观察各组大鼠海马CA1神经元树突形态表现和神经元树突棘密度,采用Western blotting法检测各组大鼠海马组织中突触可塑性特异性蛋白钙/钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(CaMKⅡ)蛋白表达水平。结果:对照组大鼠活动正常,无抽搐等异常表现;模型组、低剂量Q808和高剂量Q808组大鼠出现不同程度活动减少、震颤点头、失去平衡、肌肉强直和前肢的抽搐,逐渐转变为全身肌肉强直和站立,随后向后跌倒,发作间期无抽搐发作。与对照组比较,模型组、低剂量Q808和高剂量Q808组大鼠癫痫发作总持续时间明显延长(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低剂量Q808和高剂量Q808组大鼠癫痫发作总持续时间明显缩短(P<0.01)。对照组大鼠海马组织CA1区神经元树突分布较为规律,树突网密集有序;模型组大鼠海马组织CA1区神经元树突排列紊乱,大量树突缠结,形成较粗大的神经纤维束;与模型组比较,低剂量Q808和高剂量Q808组大鼠海马组织CA1区神经元树突网络有所恢复,排列相对规律。与对照组比较,模型组大鼠海马组织CA1区神经元树突棘密度明显降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低剂量Q808和高剂量Q808组大鼠海马组织CA1区神经元树突棘密度明显升高(P<0.01)。与对照组比较,模型组、低剂量Q808组和高剂量Q808组大鼠海马组织中CaMKⅡ蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.01);与模型组比较,低剂量Q808组和高剂量Q808组大鼠海马组织中CaMKⅡ蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.01)。结论:新型抗癫痫药Q808对TLE模型大鼠有改善作用,其机制可能与Q808能减轻海马组织CA1区神经元树突病变和增加突触可塑性相关蛋白CaMKⅡ蛋白表达水平有关。

The Lightweight Edge-Side Fault Diagnosis Approach Based on Spiking Neural Network

Network fault diagnosis methods play a vital role in maintaining network service quality and enhancing user experience as an integral component of intelligent network management.Considering the unique characteristics of edge networks,such as limited resources,complex network faults,and the need for high real-time performance,enhancing and optimizing existing network fault diagnosis methods is necessary.Therefore,this paper proposes the lightweight edge-side fault diagnosis approach based on a spiking neural network(LSNN).Firstly,we use the Izhikevich neurons model to replace the Leaky Integrate and Fire(LIF)neurons model in the LSNN model.Izhikevich neurons inherit the simplicity of LIF neurons but also possess richer behavioral characteristics and flexibility to handle diverse data inputs.Inspired by Fast Spiking Interneurons(FSIs)with a high-frequency firing pattern,we use the parameters of FSIs.Secondly,inspired by the connection mode based on spiking dynamics in the basal ganglia(BG)area of the brain,we propose the pruning approach based on the FSIs of the BG in LSNN to improve computational efficiency and reduce the demand for computing resources and energy consumption.Furthermore,we propose a multiple iterative Dynamic Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity(DSTDP)algorithm to enhance the accuracy of the LSNN model.Experiments on two server fault datasets demonstrate significant precision,recall,and F1 improvements across three diagnosis dimensions.Simultaneously,lightweight indicators such as Params and FLOPs significantly reduced,showcasing the LSNN’s advanced performance and model efficiency.To conclude,experiment results on a pair of datasets indicate that the LSNN model surpasses traditional models and achieves cutting-edge outcomes in network fault diagnosis tasks.

基于机器学习的废塑料热解制燃料模型构建研究

废塑料热解制油(如航空燃料)与合成气(一氧化碳和氢气)是回收利用废塑料的重要途径。原料类型、工况条件等因素对热解产物产生重要影响,这使得热解过程的反应机理较为复杂,需通过大量实验数据探究反应规律,且实验成本高。机器学习具有数据处理量大、便于提炼统计规律的优势,可降低成本与研究难度。因此,基于多种机器学习算法,利用以无催化和分子筛催化剂催化为主体的数据构建模型,对原料热解进行研究。结果表明,在选取的几种模型中,梯度提升回归算法(GBR)对热解油产率的预测具有最好的拟合性能(R^(2)=0.91,RMSE=7.78),而自适应提升算法(AdaBoost)对热解气产率的预测具有最好的拟合性能(R^(2)=0.83,RMSE=6.42),因此用于预测反应条件。通过排列重要性分析与单依赖性分析,在加热速率约为20℃/min、温度为500℃时,油料的产率较高。同时,对热解油产率与反应温度、加热速率和反应时间3个条件进行了双依赖性分析。量化了加热速率、热解温度等反应条件对废塑料热解油气产率的影响,为废塑料回收的生产实践提供了理论基础。

A CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR THE ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE OF LOW CYCLIC FATIGUE PROPERTY OF A NICKEL-BASE SINGLE CRYSTAL SUPERALLOY

Fully reversed low cyclic fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted on [0 0 1], [0 1 2], [(1) over bar 1 2], [0 1 1] and [(1) over bar 1 4] oriented single crystals of nickel-bared superalloy DD3 with different cyclic strain rates at 950 degrees C. The cyclic strain rates were chosen as 1.0 x 10(-2), 1.33 x 10(-3) and 0.33 x 10(-3) s(-1). The octahedral slip systems were confirmed to be activated on all the specimens. The experimental result shows that the fatigue behavior depends an the crystallographic orientation and cyclic strain rate. Except [0 0 1] orientation specimens, it is found from the scanning electron microscopy(SEM) examination that there are typical fatigue striations on the fracture surfaces. These fatigue striations are made up of cracks. The width of the fatigue striations depends on the crystallographic orientation and varies with the total strain range. A simple linear relationship exists between the width and total shear strain range modified by an orientation and strain rate parameter. The nonconformity to the Schmid law of tensile/compressive flaw stress and plastic behavior existed at 95 degrees C, and an orientation and strain rate modified Lall-Chin-Pope ( LCP) model was derived for the nonconformity. The influence of crysrallographic orientation and cyclic strain rate on the LCF behavior can be predicted satisfactorily by the model. In terms of an orientation and strain rate modified total strain range, a model for fatigue life was proposed and used successfully to correlate the fatigue lives studied.

Fractional-order visco-plastic constitutive model for uniaxial ratcheting behaviors

This paper proposes a novel unified visco-plastic constitutive model for uniaxial ratcheting behaviors. The cyclic deformation of the material presents remarkable time-dependence and history memory phenomena. The fractional(fractional-order)derivative is an efficient tool for modeling these phenomena. Therefore, we develop a cyclic fractional-order unified visco-plastic(FVP) constitutive model. Specifically, within the framework of the cyclic elasto-plastic theory, the fractional derivative is used to describe the accumulated plastic strain rate and nonlinear kinematic hardening rule based on the Ohno-Abdel-Karim model. Moreover, a new radial return method for the back stress is developed to describe the unclosed hysteresis loops of the stress-strain properly.The capacity of the FVP model used to predict the cyclic deformation of the SS304 stainless steel is verified through a comparison with the corresponding experimental data found in the literature(KANG, G. Z., KAN, Q. H., ZHANG, J., and SUN, Y. F. Timedependent ratcheting experiments of SS304 stainless steel. International Journal of Plasticity, 22(5), 858–894(2006)). The FVP model is shown to be successful in predicting the rate-dependent ratcheting behaviors of the SS304 stainless steel.

考虑状态相关的砂土非正交弹塑性本构模型

砂土的力学特性具有显著的状态相关性,主要体现为不同应力状态与密实状态下砂土的变形特性具有显著差异。合理的状态相关硬化规律与剪胀规律描述是反映砂土状态相关变形特性的基础。提出了能够有效描述砂土等向压缩规律与临界状态规律的微分表达式,并基于等向压缩硬化规律建立了状态相关因子ω,发展了砂土状态相关的硬化参数H,旨在合理确定塑性应变增量的大小;在利用非正交塑性流动法则确定塑性应变增量的方向的过程中,引入了状态变量ψ对分数阶次μ的影响,从而考虑了塑性应变增量方向的状态相关性,合理地描述了砂土的状态相关剪胀性。进一步,结合引入了状态变量的Hooke定律,确定了弹性应变增量,从而发展得出能够描述砂土状态相关特征的非正交弹塑性本构模型。通过合理预测Toyoura砂的常规三轴排水及不排水试验结果,验证了所建模型能够有效捕获砂土的状态相关力学特性。

Self-sustained firing activities of the cortical network with plastic rules in weak AC electrical fields

Both external and endogenous electrical fields widely exist in the environment of cortical neurons. The effects of a weak alternating current （AC） field on a neural network model with synaptic plasticity are studied. It is found that self-sustained rhythmic firing patterns, which are closely correlated with the cognitive functions, are significantly modified due to the self-organizing of the network in the weak AC field. The activities of the neural networks are affected by the synaptic connection strength, the exterrtal stimuli, and so on. In the presence of learning rules, the synaptic connections can be modulated by the external stimuli, which will further enhance the sensitivity of the network to the external signal. The properties of the external AC stimuli can serve as control parameters in modulating the evolution of the neural network.

基于忆阻器突触的脉冲神经网络综述

忆阻器是一种具有非易失性、类突触可塑性和多值性的新型存储器件,能够模拟生物神经元和突触的功能,实现神经形态计算的存算一体化。脉冲神经网络是一种基于生物神经系统信息处理机制的第三代人工神经网络,具有高效性、并行性、稀疏性和自适应性的特点,能够处理复杂的时空信号。利用忆阻器构建的脉冲神经网络是神经形态计算的一个重要研究方向,已经在图像处理、语音识别、自然语言处理、机器学习等领域实现突破性的进展。本文总结忆阻器脉冲神经网络的基本原理、主要应用和存在的挑战,并对其未来的发展趋势和研究方向进行展望。