The internal control and risk managementof drug research and development enterprises directlyaffects the survival and development of enterprises.With the development of information technologyand the integration with t...The internal control and risk managementof drug research and development enterprises directlyaffects the survival and development of enterprises.With the development of information technologyand the integration with the global economy,pharmaceutical companies are able to achieve moreachievements in development while facing increasingcompetitive pressures. Finance is a pivotal spine of acompany’s development. If the internal control andrisk management of a company are not complete andcomprehensive, the enterprise will inevitably turn intoa crisis. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen theanalysis of the problems in the internal control andrisk management of drug research and developmententerprises, and propose corresponding solutions.展开更多
The main aim is to give a synopsis of the articles which were the first of three phases of an international collaborative research project betweAfrica and a university in China.The overall theme of the project was:Lit...The main aim is to give a synopsis of the articles which were the first of three phases of an international collaborative research project betweAfrica and a university in China.The overall theme of the project was:Literacy development in mary schools.Firstly,an introduction,including the benefits and challenges of the intesearch project collaboration based on reports in literature,is discussed.Secondly,the background othe South Africa-China project and its three phases is described.Thirdly,the literacy developmin primary schools in South Africa is discussed.Lastly,a synopsis of the South African tea’s em-pirical findings providing overviews of literacy development within the early ban and rural education in South Africa is presented.These overviews(together with two remaioverviews not included in this article)serve as a point of departure for the second phasearch project.展开更多
Community engagement is increasingly promoted to strengthen the ethics of medical research in low-income countries. One strategy is to use community advisory boards (CABs): semi-independent groups that can potentially...Community engagement is increasingly promoted to strengthen the ethics of medical research in low-income countries. One strategy is to use community advisory boards (CABs): semi-independent groups that can potentially safeguard the rights of study participants and help improve research. However, there is little published on the experience of operating and sustaining CABs. The Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) has been conducting research and providing healthcare in a population of refugees, migrant workers, and displaced people on the Thai-Myanmar border for over 25 years. In 2009 SMRU facilitated the establishment of the Tak Province Community Ethics Advisory Board (T-CAB) in an effort to formally engage with the local communities both to obtain advice and to establish a participatory framework within which studies and the provision of health care can take place. In this paper, we draw on our experience of community engagement in this unique setting, and on our interactions with the past and present CAB members to critically reflect upon the CAB’s goals, structure and operations with a focus on the practicalities, what worked, what did not, and on its future directions.展开更多
Innovation contributes to the long-term economic growth.From the perspective of externality by innovation,this paper disentangles the spillover effect based on the regions’abundance of innovation resource and separat...Innovation contributes to the long-term economic growth.From the perspective of externality by innovation,this paper disentangles the spillover effect based on the regions’abundance of innovation resource and separately identifies the“leader effect”and“peer effect”of innovation spillover and discusses their economic consequences.Empirical results demonstrate a negative spillover effect from innovation leaders on the economic growth and a positive spillover effect from innovation peers.Robustness checks also support main findings.This study has implication both in the endogenous economic growth theory and industry innovation practice.展开更多
This paper studies the factors affecting the technology-transfer within international research and development (R&D) networks. Specifically, this study examines the characteristics of ties, actors, and internationa...This paper studies the factors affecting the technology-transfer within international research and development (R&D) networks. Specifically, this study examines the characteristics of ties, actors, and international network configuration to assess finn's accessibility to unique technologies. This study was conducted by research analysis in the aerospace industry. The total sample size used in this study is 125 cases of international R&D consortiums from January 1980 to December 2000. The result of this study supports the effects of "strength of tie" and "characteristic of actors" on the technology transfer explained by network theory. It also demonstrates that the international network structure that would facilitate the technology transfer is shaped by dual type of tie; the apparent type of tie is general, usual, and functional tie, and the hidden one is the national culture.展开更多
Based on the database of Chinese industrial industries,a model is constructed to empirically analyze the interaction between knowledge spillovers and R&D in manufacturing industries;the mean productivity values of...Based on the database of Chinese industrial industries,a model is constructed to empirically analyze the interaction between knowledge spillovers and R&D in manufacturing industries;the mean productivity values of county and city regions have a significant positive effect on firms'R&D,which gradually decreases;an interaction term between the number of neighboring firms and the average total factor productivity of industries in different regional scopes is added,and the greater the number of neighboring firms in the neighborhood,the greater the spillover effect on research and development.In order to increase the innovation input of companies,they need to be given the space to folly exchange ideas.展开更多
21世纪以来,全球科技发展和贫富分化加剧,教育与收入代际流动性研究涌现大批成果。运用CiteSpace对Web of Science 2000—2021年教育与收入代际流动性相关论文进行合作网络、关键词共现、文献共被引等可视化分析,综合文献内容研究发现,...21世纪以来,全球科技发展和贫富分化加剧,教育与收入代际流动性研究涌现大批成果。运用CiteSpace对Web of Science 2000—2021年教育与收入代际流动性相关论文进行合作网络、关键词共现、文献共被引等可视化分析,综合文献内容研究发现,近22年该领域成果呈现伟大的盖茨比曲线、财富累积、大学学位、收入代际流动性、儿童研究、多代传递等聚类块状发展特征;2000年至今显现出鲜明的集中爆发期、稳定发展期和创新突破期,研究热点沿着收入、不平等、家庭、教育等主题向经济增长、技术、分层、机会等主题,进而向平等、质量、健康、多代传递等主题转变;研究内容围绕代际盈利、早期成长、种族分离、斯堪的纳维亚假说等体现各国特色,但也存在国际研究力量分散、没有形成密切合作机制等问题。以教育促进收入代际流动性,世界各国及其学者要加强合作,在计量方法规范、国别案例研究、国际比较研究、发展趋向研究和通用政策研究方面形成合力,促使教育作用从基础性、形塑性向激励性和创造性转变。展开更多
The internal technological innovation(IT)and external technological cooperation(ET)of a city are crucial drivers for its green development(GD).Although previous studies have extensively explored the effect of IT on GD...The internal technological innovation(IT)and external technological cooperation(ET)of a city are crucial drivers for its green development(GD).Although previous studies have extensively explored the effect of IT on GD,IT,ET and GD have not been integrated into the same framework to explore their relationship.Using panel data of 13 cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration,this study revealed the spatio-temporal evolution of GD and analyzed the effects of IT and ET on GD from the perspective of baseline impact,spatial effect and synergy effect.Empirical results demonstrate that the level of urban GD has upgraded and the difference in GD between cities has been narrowed though it decreases from the middle to both ends.IT significantly promotes the growth of GD while ET has an inverted U-shaped effect on GD.Under the influence of spatial spillover,IT has a U-shaped effect on the GD of neighboring cities while the effect of ET on neighboring GD is not significant.Additionally,the interaction between IT and ET has not been effective,leading to an insignificant synergy effect on GD.These findings will provide reference for taking rational advantage of IT and ET to facilitate urban GD.展开更多
文摘The internal control and risk managementof drug research and development enterprises directlyaffects the survival and development of enterprises.With the development of information technologyand the integration with the global economy,pharmaceutical companies are able to achieve moreachievements in development while facing increasingcompetitive pressures. Finance is a pivotal spine of acompany’s development. If the internal control andrisk management of a company are not complete andcomprehensive, the enterprise will inevitably turn intoa crisis. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen theanalysis of the problems in the internal control andrisk management of drug research and developmententerprises, and propose corresponding solutions.
文摘The main aim is to give a synopsis of the articles which were the first of three phases of an international collaborative research project betweAfrica and a university in China.The overall theme of the project was:Literacy development in mary schools.Firstly,an introduction,including the benefits and challenges of the intesearch project collaboration based on reports in literature,is discussed.Secondly,the background othe South Africa-China project and its three phases is described.Thirdly,the literacy developmin primary schools in South Africa is discussed.Lastly,a synopsis of the South African tea’s em-pirical findings providing overviews of literacy development within the early ban and rural education in South Africa is presented.These overviews(together with two remaioverviews not included in this article)serve as a point of departure for the second phasearch project.
文摘Community engagement is increasingly promoted to strengthen the ethics of medical research in low-income countries. One strategy is to use community advisory boards (CABs): semi-independent groups that can potentially safeguard the rights of study participants and help improve research. However, there is little published on the experience of operating and sustaining CABs. The Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) has been conducting research and providing healthcare in a population of refugees, migrant workers, and displaced people on the Thai-Myanmar border for over 25 years. In 2009 SMRU facilitated the establishment of the Tak Province Community Ethics Advisory Board (T-CAB) in an effort to formally engage with the local communities both to obtain advice and to establish a participatory framework within which studies and the provision of health care can take place. In this paper, we draw on our experience of community engagement in this unique setting, and on our interactions with the past and present CAB members to critically reflect upon the CAB’s goals, structure and operations with a focus on the practicalities, what worked, what did not, and on its future directions.
文摘Innovation contributes to the long-term economic growth.From the perspective of externality by innovation,this paper disentangles the spillover effect based on the regions’abundance of innovation resource and separately identifies the“leader effect”and“peer effect”of innovation spillover and discusses their economic consequences.Empirical results demonstrate a negative spillover effect from innovation leaders on the economic growth and a positive spillover effect from innovation peers.Robustness checks also support main findings.This study has implication both in the endogenous economic growth theory and industry innovation practice.
文摘This paper studies the factors affecting the technology-transfer within international research and development (R&D) networks. Specifically, this study examines the characteristics of ties, actors, and international network configuration to assess finn's accessibility to unique technologies. This study was conducted by research analysis in the aerospace industry. The total sample size used in this study is 125 cases of international R&D consortiums from January 1980 to December 2000. The result of this study supports the effects of "strength of tie" and "characteristic of actors" on the technology transfer explained by network theory. It also demonstrates that the international network structure that would facilitate the technology transfer is shaped by dual type of tie; the apparent type of tie is general, usual, and functional tie, and the hidden one is the national culture.
文摘Based on the database of Chinese industrial industries,a model is constructed to empirically analyze the interaction between knowledge spillovers and R&D in manufacturing industries;the mean productivity values of county and city regions have a significant positive effect on firms'R&D,which gradually decreases;an interaction term between the number of neighboring firms and the average total factor productivity of industries in different regional scopes is added,and the greater the number of neighboring firms in the neighborhood,the greater the spillover effect on research and development.In order to increase the innovation input of companies,they need to be given the space to folly exchange ideas.
文摘21世纪以来,全球科技发展和贫富分化加剧,教育与收入代际流动性研究涌现大批成果。运用CiteSpace对Web of Science 2000—2021年教育与收入代际流动性相关论文进行合作网络、关键词共现、文献共被引等可视化分析,综合文献内容研究发现,近22年该领域成果呈现伟大的盖茨比曲线、财富累积、大学学位、收入代际流动性、儿童研究、多代传递等聚类块状发展特征;2000年至今显现出鲜明的集中爆发期、稳定发展期和创新突破期,研究热点沿着收入、不平等、家庭、教育等主题向经济增长、技术、分层、机会等主题,进而向平等、质量、健康、多代传递等主题转变;研究内容围绕代际盈利、早期成长、种族分离、斯堪的纳维亚假说等体现各国特色,但也存在国际研究力量分散、没有形成密切合作机制等问题。以教育促进收入代际流动性,世界各国及其学者要加强合作,在计量方法规范、国别案例研究、国际比较研究、发展趋向研究和通用政策研究方面形成合力,促使教育作用从基础性、形塑性向激励性和创造性转变。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42371213Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program,No.2021xjkk0900。
文摘The internal technological innovation(IT)and external technological cooperation(ET)of a city are crucial drivers for its green development(GD).Although previous studies have extensively explored the effect of IT on GD,IT,ET and GD have not been integrated into the same framework to explore their relationship.Using panel data of 13 cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration,this study revealed the spatio-temporal evolution of GD and analyzed the effects of IT and ET on GD from the perspective of baseline impact,spatial effect and synergy effect.Empirical results demonstrate that the level of urban GD has upgraded and the difference in GD between cities has been narrowed though it decreases from the middle to both ends.IT significantly promotes the growth of GD while ET has an inverted U-shaped effect on GD.Under the influence of spatial spillover,IT has a U-shaped effect on the GD of neighboring cities while the effect of ET on neighboring GD is not significant.Additionally,the interaction between IT and ET has not been effective,leading to an insignificant synergy effect on GD.These findings will provide reference for taking rational advantage of IT and ET to facilitate urban GD.