Observer-based robust high-order fully actuated attitude autopilot design for spinning glide-guided projectiles

This paper investigates the design of an attitude autopilot for a dual-channel controlled spinning glideguided projectile(SGGP),addressing model uncertainties and external disturbances.Based on fixed-time stable theory,a disturbance observer with integral sliding mode and adaptive techniques is proposed to mitigate total disturbance effects,irrespective of initial conditions.By introducing an error integral signal,the dynamics of the SGGP are transformed into two separate second-order fully actuated systems.Subsequently,employing the high-order fully actuated approach and a parametric approach,the nonlinear dynamics of the SGGP are recast into a constant linear closed-loop system,ensuring that the projectile's attitude asymptotically tracks the given goal with the desired eigenstructure.Under the proposed composite control framework,the ultimately uniformly bounded stability of the closed-loop system is rigorously demonstrated via the Lyapunov method.Validation of the effectiveness of the proposed attitude autopilot design is provided through extensive numerical simulations.

Five-phase Synchronous Reluctance Machines Equipped with a Novel Type of Fractional Slot Winding

Multi-phase machines are so attractive for electrical machine designers because of their valuable advantages such as high reliability and fault tolerant ability.Meanwhile,fractional slot concentrated windings(FSCW)are well known because of short end winding length,simple structure,field weakening sufficiency,fault tolerant capability and higher slot fill factor.The five-phase machines equipped with FSCW,are very good candidates for the purpose of designing motors for high reliable applications,like electric cars,major transporting buses,high speed trains and massive trucks.But,in comparison to the general distributed windings,the FSCWs contain high magnetomotive force(MMF)space harmonic contents,which cause unwanted effects on the machine ability,such as localized iron saturation and core losses.This manuscript introduces several new five-phase fractional slot winding layouts,by the means of slot shifting concept in order to design the new types of synchronous reluctance motors(SynRels).In order to examine the proposed winding’s performances,three sample machines are designed as case studies,and analytical study and finite element analysis(FEA)is used for validation.

Dynamic characteristics of multi-span spinning beams with elastic constraints under an axial compressive force

A theoretical model for the multi-span spinning beams with elastic constraints under an axial compressive force is proposed.The displacement and bending angle functions are represented through an improved Fourier series,which ensures the continuity of the derivative at the boundary and enhances the convergence.The exact characteristic equations of the multi-span spinning beams with elastic constraints under an axial compressive force are derived by the Lagrange equation.The efficiency and accuracy of the present method are validated in comparison with the finite element method(FEM)and other methods.The effects of the boundary spring stiffness,the number of spans,the spinning velocity,and the axial compressive force on the dynamic characteristics of the multi-span spinning beams are studied.The results show that the present method can freely simulate any boundary constraints without modifying the solution process.The elastic range of linear springs is larger than that of torsion springs,and it is not affected by the number of spans.With an increase in the axial compressive force,the attenuation rate of the natural frequency of a spinning beam with a large number of spans becomes larger,while the attenuation rate with an elastic boundary is lower than that under a classic simply supported boundary.

Photocatalytic ozonation-based degradation of phenol by ZnO—TiO_(2)nanocomposites in spinning disk reactor

Spinning disk reactor(SDR)has emerged as a novel process intensification photocatalytic reactor,and it has higher mass transfer efficiency and photon utilization for the degradation of toxic organic pollutants by advanced oxidation processes(AOPs).In this study,ZnO—TiO_(2)nanocomposites were prepared by solgel method,and coated on the disk of SDR by impregnation-pull-drying-calcination method.The performance of catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,photoluminescence and ultraviolet—visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.Photocatalytic ozonation in SDR was used to remove phenol,and various factors on degradation effect were studied in detail.The results showed that the rate of degradation and mineralization reached 100%and 83.4%under UV light irradiation after 50 min,compared with photocatalysis and ozonation,the removal rate increased by 69.3%and 34.7%,and mineralization rate increased by 56.7%and 62.9%,which indicated that the coupling of photocatalysis and ozonation had a synergistic effect.The radical capture experiments demonstrated that the active species such as photogenerated holes(h^(+)),hydroxyl radicals(·OH),superoxide radical(·O_(2)-)were responsible for phenol degradation,and·OH played a leading role in the degradation process,while h+and·O_(2)^(-)played a non-leading role.

Carrageenan Fiber Prepared by a New Process Route of Ba^(2+)Ion Pre-Crosslinking in the Spinning Solution

Ba^(2+)pre-crosslinked carrageenan fiber(Ba/CAF)was prepared by adding a small amount of Ba^(2+) to the carrageenan(CA)solution as the spinning solution.Ba/CAF-n/A,Ba/CAF-n/B and Ba/CAF-n/C were prepared with ethanol solution(combine A),high concentration BaCl_(2)solution(combine B)and low concentration BaCl_(2)solution(combine C),as coagulation bath and stretch bath,respectively.The combination of coagulation bath and stretch bath suitable for Ba^(2+) pre-crosslinking wet spinning was screened.The results showed that Ba^(2+) can induce the birefringence of the CA molecular chain,and the Ba^(2+) pre-crosslinking effect is the best when the CA mass fraction is 8.0 wt%.From the perspective of production safety,fiber performance and spinning cost,the coagulation bath of 3.5 wt%BaCl_(2)solution and stretch bath of 1.7 wt%BaCl_(2)solution,that is,combination C with low concentration BaCl_(2)solution,is the best choice.Ba/CAF-8.0/C was obtained under the best conditions.The linear intensity,water absorption and flame retardancy study showed that the breaking strength of Ba/CAF-8.0/C is as high as 1.61 cN/dtex,the water absorption was 649.2%and 574.3%,in deionized water and normal saline,respectively,and the LOI value reached 32.

Preparation of Regenerated Silk Fibroin Hybrid Fibers with Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing Properties by Wet Spinning

Silk is widely used in the production of high-quality textiles.At the same time,the amount of silk textiles no longer in use and discarded is increasing,resulting in significant waste and pollution.This issue is of great concern in many countries where silk is used.Hydrogen peroxide as a naturally occurring compound is an important indicator of detection in both biology and the environment.This study aims to develop a composite fiber with hydrogen peroxide-sensing properties using discarded silk materials.To achieve this goal,firstly,polydopamine(PDA)was used to encapsulate the ZnFe_(2)O_(4) NPs to achieve the improvement of dispersion,and then regenerated silk fibroin(RSF)and PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/RSF hybrid fibers are prepared by wet spinning.Research has shown that PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/RSF demonstrates exceptional sensitivity,selectivity,and stability in detecting hydrogen peroxide,while maintaining high mechanical strength.Furthermore,the complete hybridization of PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4) with silk fibroin not only results in the combination of the durability of silk fibroin and PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4)’s rigidity,ensuring a reliable service life,but also makes PDA@ZnFe_(2)O_(4)/RSF exhibit excellent catalytic activity and biocompatibility.Therefore,the composite fiber exhibits exceptional mechanical properties and reliable hydrogen peroxide sensing capabilities,making it a promising material for biological and medical applications.

Winding Function Model-based Performance Evaluation of a PM Transverse Flux Generator for Applications in Direct-drive Systems

The magnetic flux in a permanent magnet transverse flux generator(PMTFG) is three-dimensional(3D), therefore, its efficacy is evaluated using 3D magnetic field analysis. Although the 3D finite-element method(FEM) is highly accurate and reliable for machine simulation, it requires a long computation time, which is crucial when it is to be used in an iterative optimization process. Therefore, an alternative to 3DFEM is required as a rapid and accurate analytical technique. This paper presents an analytical model for PMTFG analysis using winding function method. To obtain the air gap MMF distribution, the excitation magneto-motive force(MMF) and the turn function are determined based on certain assumptions. The magnetizing inductance, flux density, and back-electro-magnetomotive force of the winding are then determined. To assess the accuracy of the proposed method, the analytically calculated parameters of the generator are compared to those obtained by a 3D-FEM. The presented method requires significantly shorter computation time than the 3D-FEM with comparable accuracy.

Reduce waste and boost profits in spinning:Uster presents FiberQ and RSO 3D

Coinciding with World Water Day celebrations and unSpinners seeking profitable investments for sustainable mill operations would do well to check out Uster FiberQ and RSO 3D.Both these systems offer attractive ROI.They also help spinners control the most expensive stages in the mill process,cutting waste and boosting profits.

Adaptive RISE Control of Winding Tension with Active Disturbance Rejection

A winding system is a time-varying system that considers complex nonlinear characteristics,and how to control the stability of the winding tension during the winding process is the primary problem that has hindered development in this field in recent years.Many nonlinear factors affect the tension in the winding process,such as friction,structured uncertainties,unstructured uncertainties,and external interference.These terms severely restrict the tension tracking performance.Existing tension control strategies are mainly based on the composite control of the tension and speed loops,and previous studies involve complex decoupling operations.Owing to the large number of calculations required for this method,it is inconvenient for practical engineering applications.To simplify the tension generation mechanism and the influence of the nonlinear characteristics of the winding system,a simpler nonlinear dynamic model of the winding tension was established.An adaptive method was applied to update the feedback gain of the continuous robust integral of the sign of the error(RISE).Furthermore,an extended state observer was used to estimate modeling errors and external disturbances.The model disturbance term can be compensated for in the designed RISE controller.The asymptotic stability of the system was proven according to the Lyapunov stability theory.Finally,a comparative analysis of the proposed nonlinear controller and several other controllers was performed.The results indicated that the control of the winding tension was significantly enhanced.

Research on the Development of Fibroin and Nano-Fiber from Silk Cocoons for Regenerated Tissue Engineering Applications by Electro-Spinning

In this paper, the main goal is to prepare silk fibroin nano-fiber, which is used for regenerated tissue applications. Silk scaffold nano-fibers made by electro-spinning technology can be used in regenerated tissue applications. The purpose of the research is to prepare a silk-fibroin nano-fiber solution for potential applications in tissue engineering. Using a degumming process, pure silk fibroin protein is extracted from silk cocoons. The protein solution for fibroin is purified, and the protein content is determined. The precise chemical composition, exact temperature, time, voltage, distance, ratio, and humidity all have a huge impact on degumming, solubility, and electro-spinning nano-fibers. The SEM investigates the morphology of silk fibroin nano-fibres at different magnifications. It also reveals the surface condition, fiber orientation, and fiber thickness of the silk fibroin nano-fiber. The results show that regenerated silk fibroin and nano-fiber can be used in silk fibroin scaffolds for various tissue engineering applications.

Analyzing Thermal Stratification and Nanoparticle Shapes Influence on an EMHD Ternary Nanofluid Flow amidst Two Spinning Disks

The present study examines the thermal distribution of ternary nanofluid flow amid two spinning disks influenced by electric and magnetic fields. Keeping in view the shape of the particles, the electrically conducting ternary nanofluid is analyzed with variable thermophysical features. Three types of nanoparticles namely Copper, Aluminum Oxide, and Graphene with spherical, cylindrical, and platelet shapes are taken respectively and are immersed in a (50-50)% ratio of water and ethylene glycol mixture which acts as a base fluid. The anticipated problem is addressed by employing a reliable and user-friendly numerical bvp4c built-in collocation scheme. This solution is then showcased through illustrations and tables. Strengthening the radiation results in an enhanced heat transfer rate. Radial and azimuthal velocities once rotation of disks is enhanced. The key findings provide a strong theoretical background in photovoltaic cells, solar collectors, radiators, solar water heaters, and many other applications.

Motion of Positive Winding of Ring Spinning Frame

The problems of the bobbin capacity and the high speed unwinding yarn taking off the ring or not during the winding of the ring spinning machine were dealt with. The mathematical model of the ring winding machine motion law was analyzed and optimized.Through the analysis and study of the movement rule of bottom bobbins and the ring spinning frame spool forming, the mathematical model of active bottom bobbins forming movement was established. Also,the mathematical model of bobbins formation was simulated and optimized. The concept of "controlled nail"was put forward. On this basis,the mathematical model of the current tube forming motion was optimized. The experimental results demonstrated that the theory of"controlled nail"met the high-speed spinning winding theory. The theory of "controlled nail "not only did the capacity of the bobbin increase,but also the spinning speed and efficiency are both improved,reducing the high-speed winder winding off. This research could provide a theoretical basis for the development of a new ring spinning frame.

Computation and Measurement of Winding Tension in Ring Spinning

By studying the variations of balloon height and of wind-ing radius in any one winding layer of ring spinning, the formula for determining the winding tension in any layer is derived, and then the overall tension variation throughout all winding layers can be computed. A meth-od of measuring the winding tension is also introduced here, with the measured results agreeing with the com-puted ones, and so the reliable relationship between winding tension, speed and ring traveller weight can be thus obtained. The highest allowable spindle speed is also discussed.

Study on Licker-In and Flat Speeds of Carding Machine and Its Effects on Quality of Cotton Spinning Process

Spinning has a significant influence on all textile processes. Combinations of all the capital equipment display the process’ critical condition. By transforming unprocessed fibers into carded sliver and yarn, the carding machine serves a critical role in the textile industry. The carding machine’s licker-in and flat speeds are crucial operational factors that have a big influence on the finished goods’ quality. The purpose of this study is to examine the link between licker-in and flat speeds and how they affect the yarn and carded sliver quality. A thorough experimental examination on a carding machine was carried out to accomplish this. The carded sliver and yarn produced after experimenting with different licker-in and flat speed combinations were assessed for important quality factors including evenness, strength, and flaws. To account for changes in material qualities and machine settings, the study also took into consideration the impact of various fiber kinds and processing circumstances. The findings of the investigation showed a direct relationship between the quality of the carded sliver and yarn and the licker-in and flat speeds. Within a limited range, greater licker-in speeds were shown to increase carding efficiency and decrease fiber tangling. On the other hand, extremely high speeds led to more fiber breakage and neps. Higher flat speeds, on the other hand, helped to enhance fiber alignment, which increased the evenness and strength of the carded sliver and yarn. Additionally, it was discovered that the ideal blend of licker-in and flat rates varied based on the fiber type and processing circumstances. When being carded, various fibers displayed distinctive behaviors that necessitated adjusting the operating settings in order to provide the necessary quality results. The study also determined the crucial speed ratios between the licker-in and flat speeds that reduced fiber breakage and increased the caliber of the finished goods. The results of this study offer useful information for textile producers and process engineers to improve the quality of carded sliver and yarn while maximizing the performance of carding machines. Operators may choose machine settings and parameter adjustments wisely by knowing the impacts of licker-in and flat speeds, which will increase textile industry efficiency, productivity, and product quality.

Effects of Spinning Process on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of 5A06 Aluminum Alloy

Aluminum alloy tubes were prepared by tube spinning.The intergranular and electrochemical corrosion tests were used to investigate the intergranular corrosion behavior of the 5A06 aluminum alloy blank sample and the spinning sample.Results showed that the intergranular corrosion resistance of the spinning sample was higher than that of the blank sample.In addition,the electrochemical corrosion resistance of the spinning sample was higher than that of the blank sample.The EDS maps indicated a uniform element distribution pattern of aluminum and magnesium.Moreover,the phase composition and lattice constant of the samples were obtained by XRD analysis.The differences in microstructure between the aluminum alloy subjected to the spinning process and the untreated aluminum alloy were determined by EBSD.The differences were mainly attributed to the complex interactions among grain size,dislocations and grain boundaries.

Winding Function Theory Based Thrust Calculation on Nested-loop Secondary Linear Machine Adapted to Linear Metro

With advantages of strong drive capability,nested-loop secondary linear machine(NLS-LM)has great potentiality in linear metro.For its secondary structure with multiple loops,it is difficult to calculate the electromagnetic thrust of NLS-LM reasonably.Hence,in this paper,one thrust calculation method is proposed considering variable loop inductance and transient loop current.Firstly,to establish the secondary winding function,the modeling domain is confined to a limited range,and the equivalent loop span is employed by analyzing the coupling relationship between primary and secondary.Then,in order to obtain the secondary flux density,the transient secondary current is solved based on the loop impedance and induced voltage.Finally,the electromagnetic thrust can be calculated reasonably by the given primary current sheet and the calculated secondary flux density.Comprehensive simulations and experiments have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Dynamic Economic Dispatch for Wind Power System Considering System Security and Spinning Reserve

In this paper, dynamic economic dispatch model is proposed for power systems with bulk wind power integration. The wind turbine generators are assumed to partially undertake the spinning reserve for the thermal generator. A double-layer optimization model is proposed. The outer layer use the differential evolution to search for the power output of thermal generators, and the inner layer use the primal-dual interior point method to solve the OPF of the established output state. Finally, the impact of spinning reserve with wind power on power system operating is validated.

Solar wind ion charge state distributions and compound cross sections for solar wind charge exchange X-ray emission

Solar Wind Charge eXchange X-ray(SWCX) emission in the heliosphere and Ea rth’s exosphere is a hard to avoid signal in soft Xray obse rvations of astrophysical targets.On the other hand,the X-ray imaging possibilities offered by the SWCX process has led to an increasing number of future dedicated space missions for investigating the solar wind-terrestrial inte ractions and magnetospheric interfaces.In both cases,accurate modelling of the SWCX emission is key to correctly interpret its signal,and remove it from obse rvations,when needed.In this paper,we compile solar wind abundance measurements from ACE for different solar wind types,and atomic data from literature,including charge exchange cross-sections and emission probabilities,used fo r calculating the compound cross-section a for the SWCX X-ray emission.We calculate a values for charge-exchange with H and He,relevant to soft X-ray energy bands(0.1-2.0 keV)for various solar wind types and solar cycle conditions.

Study on Licker-In and Flat Speeds of Carding Machine and Its Effects on Quality of Cotton Spinning Process

Spinning has a significant influence on all textile processes. Combinations of all the capital equipment display the process’ critical condition. By transforming unprocessed fibers into carded sliver and yarn, the carding machine serves a critical role in the textile industry. The carding machine’s licker-in and flat speeds are crucial operational factors that have a big influence on the finished goods’ quality. The purpose of this study is to examine the link between licker-in and flat speeds and how they affect the yarn and carded sliver quality. A thorough experimental examination on a carding machine was carried out to accomplish this. The carded sliver and yarn produced after experimenting with different licker-in and flat speed combinations were assessed for important quality factors including evenness, strength, and flaws. To account for changes in material qualities and machine settings, the study also took into consideration the impact of various fiber kinds and processing circumstances. The findings of the investigation showed a direct relationship between the quality of the carded sliver and yarn and the licker-in and flat speeds. Within a limited range, greater licker-in speeds were shown to increase carding efficiency and decrease fiber tangling. On the other hand, extremely high speeds led to more fiber breakage and neps. Higher flat speeds, on the other hand, helped to enhance fiber alignment, which increased the evenness and strength of the carded sliver and yarn. Additionally, it was discovered that the ideal blend of licker-in and flat rates varied based on the fiber type and processing circumstances. When being carded, various fibers displayed distinctive behaviors that necessitated adjusting the operating settings in order to provide the necessary quality results. The study also determined the crucial speed ratios between the licker-in and flat speeds that reduced fiber breakage and increased the caliber of the finished goods. The results of this study offer useful information for textile producers and process engineers to improve the quality of carded sliver and yarn while maximizing the performance of carding machines. Operators may choose machine settings and parameter adjustments wisely by knowing the impacts of licker-in and flat speeds, which will increase textile industry efficiency, productivity, and product quality.

U-Net Models for Representing Wind Stress Anomalies over the Tropical Pacific and Their Integrations with an Intermediate Coupled Model for ENSO Studies

El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)is the strongest interannual climate mode influencing the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific,and numerous dynamical and statistical models have been developed to simulate and predict it.In some simplified coupled ocean-atmosphere models,the relationship between sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies and wind stress(τ)anomalies can be constructed by statistical methods,such as singular value decomposition(SVD).In recent years,the applications of artificial intelligence(AI)to climate modeling have shown promising prospects,and the integrations of AI-based models with dynamical models are active areas of research.This study constructs U-Net models for representing the relationship between SSTAs andτanomalies in the tropical Pacific;the UNet-derivedτmodel,denoted asτUNet,is then used to replace the original SVD-basedτmodel of an intermediate coupled model(ICM),forming a newly AI-integrated ICM,referred to as ICM-UNet.The simulation results obtained from ICM-UNet demonstrate their ability to represent the spatiotemporal variability of oceanic and atmospheric anomaly fields in the equatorial Pacific.In the ocean-only case study,theτUNet-derived wind stress anomaly fields are used to force the ocean component of the ICM,the results of which also indicate reasonable simulations of typical ENSO events.These results demonstrate the feasibility of integrating an AI-derived model with a physics-based dynamical model for ENSO modeling studies.Furthermore,the successful integration of the dynamical ocean models with the AI-based atmospheric wind model provides a novel approach to ocean-atmosphere interaction modeling studies.