To pinpoint the peak location of the synchrotron total intensity emission in a spiral arm, we use a map of the spiralarm locations (from the observed arm tangent). Thus in a typical spiral arm in Galactic Quadrant I, ...To pinpoint the peak location of the synchrotron total intensity emission in a spiral arm, we use a map of the spiralarm locations (from the observed arm tangent). Thus in a typical spiral arm in Galactic Quadrant I, we find the peak of the synchrotron radiation to be located about 220 ± 40 pc away from the inner arm edge (hot dust lane) inside the spiral arm. While most of the galactic disk has a clockwise large-scale magnetic field, we make a statistical analysis to delimitate more precisely the smaller reverse annulus with a counterclockwise galactic magnetic field. We find an annulus width of 2.1 ± 0.3 kpc (measured along the Galactic radius), located from 5.5 to 7.6 kpc from the Galactic Center). The annulus does not overlay with a single spiral arm—it encompasses segments of two different spiral arms. Using a recent delineation of the position of spiral arms, the field-reversed annulus is seen to encompass the Crux-Centaurus arm (in Galactic Quadrant IV) and the Sagittarius arm (in Galactic Quadrant I). Thus the full Sagittarius-Carina arm is composed of: 1) a Sagittarius arm (in Galactic quadrant I) with a counterclockwise magnetic field, and 2) a Carina arm (in Galactic Quadrant IV) with a clockwise magnetic field. Also the full Scutum-Crux-Centaurus arm is composed of: 1) a Scutum arm (in Galactic Quadrant I) with a clockwise magnetic field, and 2) a Crux-Centaurus arm (in Galactic Quadrant IV) with a counterclockwise magnetic field. Arm segments do not all have the same magnetic field direction. For completeness, we display 6 known magnetised advancing supershells around the Sun (within 400 pc), pushing out the interstellar magnetic field.展开更多
We investigate the mathematical form, the symmetry of spiral structure and the projected images of galactic discs. The measured pitch angles of spiral arms and inclination angles of galactic discs for 60 spiral galaxi...We investigate the mathematical form, the symmetry of spiral structure and the projected images of galactic discs. The measured pitch angles of spiral arms and inclination angles of galactic discs for 60 spiral galaxies are presented. The global spiral structure is emphasized in the study. It is found that, except for small-scale distortions, the spiral arms of those galaxies that were classified as AC 12 in the arm classification system of Elmegreen & Elmegreen, can be represented by the logarithmic spiral form.展开更多
We compare the observed radial velocity of different arm tracers, taken near the tangent to a spiral arm. A slight difference is predicted by the density wave theory, given the shock predicted at the entrance to the i...We compare the observed radial velocity of different arm tracers, taken near the tangent to a spiral arm. A slight difference is predicted by the density wave theory, given the shock predicted at the entrance to the inner spiral arm. In many of these spiral arms, the observed velocity offset confirms the prediction of the density wave theory (with a separation between the maser velocity and the CO gas peak velocity, of about 20 km/s)—when the observed offset is bigger than the error estimates.展开更多
Galaxies are huge families of stars held together by their own gravities. The system M51 is a spiral galaxy. It possesses billions of stars. The range of the spiral arms extends hundred thousand light years. The prese...Galaxies are huge families of stars held together by their own gravities. The system M51 is a spiral galaxy. It possesses billions of stars. The range of the spiral arms extends hundred thousand light years. The present study is in an attempt in using the particle paths of the Lagrangian flow field to simulate the spiral arms of Galaxy M51. The Lagrangian flow field is introduced. The initial locations of fluid particles in the space between two concen- tric cylinders are ftrst specified. Then a linear velocity distribution of the fluid particles is used with different an- gle rotations of the particles to obtain the particle paths in the Lagrangian diagram. For simulating the spiral arms of Galaxy M51, the Lagrangian M51 diagram is developed. The particle paths of the Lagrangian M51 diagram agree quite well with the spiral arms of Galaxy M51.展开更多
From the Sun, a look at the edge of each spiral arm in our Milky Way (seen tangentially, along the line of sight) can yield numerous insights. Using different arm tracers (dust, masers, synchrotron emission, CO gas, o...From the Sun, a look at the edge of each spiral arm in our Milky Way (seen tangentially, along the line of sight) can yield numerous insights. Using different arm tracers (dust, masers, synchrotron emission, CO gas, open star clusters), we observe here for the first time an age gradient (about 12 ± 2 Myrs/kpc), much as predicted by the density wave theory. This implies that the arm tracers are leaving the dust lane at a relative speed of about 81 ± 10 km/s. We then compare with recent optical data obtained from the Gaia satellite, pertaining to the spiral arms.展开更多
According to some fundamental hypotheses compatible with microphysics theory in allusion to property of graviton shot by the spiral galaxy, we set up a motion trace equation of graviton in the three-dimensional space,...According to some fundamental hypotheses compatible with microphysics theory in allusion to property of graviton shot by the spiral galaxy, we set up a motion trace equation of graviton in the three-dimensional space, concluding method for measuring the velocity of graviton. This theory reveals formation mechanism of symmetric rotating arm image of the spiral galaxy. The rotating arm image conforms to Archimedes spiral. Under the condition of using dynamic constraints, the image that astrolabe is in thin-disk structure is naturally obtained. And then, we also deduce the law that astrolabe thickness h is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance rxy between astrolabe and galaxy center, according with actual crossrange galaxy observation image excellently. This article, by utilizing several typical galaxy observation images with completely different appearances and shapes, verifies the motion trace law of graviton in three-dimensional space. And the theoretical simulation data meet observation image data very well. As per the discovery in the simulation of three-dimensional theoretical model, changes of parameters in theoretical model will exert a great influence on the shape of galaxy. This theory owns exclusively important meaning, not only to astrophysics, but also to reconstruction and development of relativity theory and the whole basic physics theory, as well as breaking through the current dilemma in studying graviton property.展开更多
A concept of ensemble averaged stellar reactors is developed to study the dynamics of processes occurring in stars, allocated in the ~200 pc solar neighborhood. According to the effective temperature value, four stell...A concept of ensemble averaged stellar reactors is developed to study the dynamics of processes occurring in stars, allocated in the ~200 pc solar neighborhood. According to the effective temperature value, four stellar classes are identified, for which the correlation coefficients and standard deviation are counted. The theory of the buoyancy terrestial elements is generalized to stellar systems. It was suggested that stars are over-heated due to the shift parameters of the nuclear processes occurring inside the stars, which leads to the synthesis of transuranium elements until the achievement of a critical nuclear mass and star explosion. The heavy transuranium elements sink downward and are concentrated in the stellar depth layers. The physical explanation of the existence of the critical Chandrasekhar star limit has been offered. Based on the spatial analysis of overheated stars, it was suggested that the withdrawal of the stellar reactor from the equilibrium state is a consequence of extragalactic compression inside the galaxy arm due to the arm spirality (not to be confused with the spirality of the galaxy itself).展开更多
The development of globally distributed Phanerozoic petroleum source rocks is concentrated on time intervals, which correlate convincingly with climatic driven glaciation epochs of Earth’s history, repeated every 150...The development of globally distributed Phanerozoic petroleum source rocks is concentrated on time intervals, which correlate convincingly with climatic driven glaciation epochs of Earth’s history, repeated every 150 million years, and during sea level high stands and maxima of global magmatism with a period of 300 million years. The 150 million year periodicity appears to be related to the path of the solar system through the spiral arms of the Milky Way and the 300 million year periodicity to changes of the spiral system. The spiral arms are preferred birth places of new stars, of which the larger ones have only smaller lifespans. Their preliminary deaths ended with explosions and selectively with the development of so-called white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes. The times of the explosions of intermediate (sun-like) stars can be determined by measuring the present brightness of the dwarfs. Not surprisingly the last two maxima of recordable near solar system star explosions took place during the presumably spiral arms driven glacial epochs in Eocene to present and Upper Jurassic times. Such near solar system star explosions may have been the source of intense neutrino showers, cosmic rays and star dust. This dust contained all kinds of chemical elements, including phosphorus and uranium. Such cosmic phosphorus may have supported, through fertilizing, the distribution of life on Earth additionally to local phosphorus resources via bloom of biota in lakes and oceans and the enhanced growth of plants on land across all climatic zones. Subsequently it maintained the development of petroleum source rocks of all organic matter types within black shales and coals. Via the distribution of remnants of exploding stars—mainly white dwarfs, but neutron stars and black holes have to be counted as well—a cosmic contribution can therefore casually linked to the deposition of petroleum source rocks on Earth, not only purely correlatively by their contemporaneous appearances.展开更多
文摘To pinpoint the peak location of the synchrotron total intensity emission in a spiral arm, we use a map of the spiralarm locations (from the observed arm tangent). Thus in a typical spiral arm in Galactic Quadrant I, we find the peak of the synchrotron radiation to be located about 220 ± 40 pc away from the inner arm edge (hot dust lane) inside the spiral arm. While most of the galactic disk has a clockwise large-scale magnetic field, we make a statistical analysis to delimitate more precisely the smaller reverse annulus with a counterclockwise galactic magnetic field. We find an annulus width of 2.1 ± 0.3 kpc (measured along the Galactic radius), located from 5.5 to 7.6 kpc from the Galactic Center). The annulus does not overlay with a single spiral arm—it encompasses segments of two different spiral arms. Using a recent delineation of the position of spiral arms, the field-reversed annulus is seen to encompass the Crux-Centaurus arm (in Galactic Quadrant IV) and the Sagittarius arm (in Galactic Quadrant I). Thus the full Sagittarius-Carina arm is composed of: 1) a Sagittarius arm (in Galactic quadrant I) with a counterclockwise magnetic field, and 2) a Carina arm (in Galactic Quadrant IV) with a clockwise magnetic field. Also the full Scutum-Crux-Centaurus arm is composed of: 1) a Scutum arm (in Galactic Quadrant I) with a clockwise magnetic field, and 2) a Crux-Centaurus arm (in Galactic Quadrant IV) with a counterclockwise magnetic field. Arm segments do not all have the same magnetic field direction. For completeness, we display 6 known magnetised advancing supershells around the Sun (within 400 pc), pushing out the interstellar magnetic field.
文摘We investigate the mathematical form, the symmetry of spiral structure and the projected images of galactic discs. The measured pitch angles of spiral arms and inclination angles of galactic discs for 60 spiral galaxies are presented. The global spiral structure is emphasized in the study. It is found that, except for small-scale distortions, the spiral arms of those galaxies that were classified as AC 12 in the arm classification system of Elmegreen & Elmegreen, can be represented by the logarithmic spiral form.
文摘We compare the observed radial velocity of different arm tracers, taken near the tangent to a spiral arm. A slight difference is predicted by the density wave theory, given the shock predicted at the entrance to the inner spiral arm. In many of these spiral arms, the observed velocity offset confirms the prediction of the density wave theory (with a separation between the maser velocity and the CO gas peak velocity, of about 20 km/s)—when the observed offset is bigger than the error estimates.
基金the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
文摘Galaxies are huge families of stars held together by their own gravities. The system M51 is a spiral galaxy. It possesses billions of stars. The range of the spiral arms extends hundred thousand light years. The present study is in an attempt in using the particle paths of the Lagrangian flow field to simulate the spiral arms of Galaxy M51. The Lagrangian flow field is introduced. The initial locations of fluid particles in the space between two concen- tric cylinders are ftrst specified. Then a linear velocity distribution of the fluid particles is used with different an- gle rotations of the particles to obtain the particle paths in the Lagrangian diagram. For simulating the spiral arms of Galaxy M51, the Lagrangian M51 diagram is developed. The particle paths of the Lagrangian M51 diagram agree quite well with the spiral arms of Galaxy M51.
文摘From the Sun, a look at the edge of each spiral arm in our Milky Way (seen tangentially, along the line of sight) can yield numerous insights. Using different arm tracers (dust, masers, synchrotron emission, CO gas, open star clusters), we observe here for the first time an age gradient (about 12 ± 2 Myrs/kpc), much as predicted by the density wave theory. This implies that the arm tracers are leaving the dust lane at a relative speed of about 81 ± 10 km/s. We then compare with recent optical data obtained from the Gaia satellite, pertaining to the spiral arms.
文摘According to some fundamental hypotheses compatible with microphysics theory in allusion to property of graviton shot by the spiral galaxy, we set up a motion trace equation of graviton in the three-dimensional space, concluding method for measuring the velocity of graviton. This theory reveals formation mechanism of symmetric rotating arm image of the spiral galaxy. The rotating arm image conforms to Archimedes spiral. Under the condition of using dynamic constraints, the image that astrolabe is in thin-disk structure is naturally obtained. And then, we also deduce the law that astrolabe thickness h is inversely proportional to the square root of the distance rxy between astrolabe and galaxy center, according with actual crossrange galaxy observation image excellently. This article, by utilizing several typical galaxy observation images with completely different appearances and shapes, verifies the motion trace law of graviton in three-dimensional space. And the theoretical simulation data meet observation image data very well. As per the discovery in the simulation of three-dimensional theoretical model, changes of parameters in theoretical model will exert a great influence on the shape of galaxy. This theory owns exclusively important meaning, not only to astrophysics, but also to reconstruction and development of relativity theory and the whole basic physics theory, as well as breaking through the current dilemma in studying graviton property.
文摘A concept of ensemble averaged stellar reactors is developed to study the dynamics of processes occurring in stars, allocated in the ~200 pc solar neighborhood. According to the effective temperature value, four stellar classes are identified, for which the correlation coefficients and standard deviation are counted. The theory of the buoyancy terrestial elements is generalized to stellar systems. It was suggested that stars are over-heated due to the shift parameters of the nuclear processes occurring inside the stars, which leads to the synthesis of transuranium elements until the achievement of a critical nuclear mass and star explosion. The heavy transuranium elements sink downward and are concentrated in the stellar depth layers. The physical explanation of the existence of the critical Chandrasekhar star limit has been offered. Based on the spatial analysis of overheated stars, it was suggested that the withdrawal of the stellar reactor from the equilibrium state is a consequence of extragalactic compression inside the galaxy arm due to the arm spirality (not to be confused with the spirality of the galaxy itself).
文摘The development of globally distributed Phanerozoic petroleum source rocks is concentrated on time intervals, which correlate convincingly with climatic driven glaciation epochs of Earth’s history, repeated every 150 million years, and during sea level high stands and maxima of global magmatism with a period of 300 million years. The 150 million year periodicity appears to be related to the path of the solar system through the spiral arms of the Milky Way and the 300 million year periodicity to changes of the spiral system. The spiral arms are preferred birth places of new stars, of which the larger ones have only smaller lifespans. Their preliminary deaths ended with explosions and selectively with the development of so-called white dwarfs, neutron stars or black holes. The times of the explosions of intermediate (sun-like) stars can be determined by measuring the present brightness of the dwarfs. Not surprisingly the last two maxima of recordable near solar system star explosions took place during the presumably spiral arms driven glacial epochs in Eocene to present and Upper Jurassic times. Such near solar system star explosions may have been the source of intense neutrino showers, cosmic rays and star dust. This dust contained all kinds of chemical elements, including phosphorus and uranium. Such cosmic phosphorus may have supported, through fertilizing, the distribution of life on Earth additionally to local phosphorus resources via bloom of biota in lakes and oceans and the enhanced growth of plants on land across all climatic zones. Subsequently it maintained the development of petroleum source rocks of all organic matter types within black shales and coals. Via the distribution of remnants of exploding stars—mainly white dwarfs, but neutron stars and black holes have to be counted as well—a cosmic contribution can therefore casually linked to the deposition of petroleum source rocks on Earth, not only purely correlatively by their contemporaneous appearances.
