Replacement of Forage Fiber Sources with Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and Corn Germ Meal in Holstein Calf Diets

This study was carried out to determine the effect of replacement of forage fiber sources from alfalfa and Leymus chinensis with nonforage fiber sources（NFFS） from dried distillers grains with solubles and corn germ meal on calves growth, rumen development and blood parameters. 48 female and 12 male calves（（110.55±15.36） kg of body weight and 12 wk of age） were assigned randomly to four dietary treatments（15 calves/treatment） in a completely randomized design. Experimental diets were： 0% NFFS（control）, 9% NFFS（group 1）, 18% NFFS（group 2）, 27% NFFS（group 3）, and contained equivalent neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar among diets, averaging 3.33 kg d-1, and no differences were detected for body weight, withers height, body length and heart girth. In addition, the development of rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum also were similar among diets. Dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber digestibilities increased with the increasing levels of NFFS in the experimental diets, but had no significant effect. Blood urea nitrogen, total protein and glubulin were not affected by the dietary treatment, but group 3 resulted in the highest（P〈0.05） concentrations of glucose and the lowest（P〈0.05） concentrations of triglycerides and albumin. In conclusion, dried distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） and corn germ meal（CGM） were available and alternative fiber sources for Holstein calf diets.

Amino acid digestibility of heat damaged distillers dried grains with solubles fed to pigs

The primary objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of heat treatment on the standardized ileal digestibility （SID） of amino acids （AA） in corn distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） fed to growing pigs. The second objective was to develop regression equations that may be used to predict the concentration of SID AA in corn DDGS. A source of corn DDGS was divided into 4 batches that were either not autoclaved or autoclaved at 130℃ for 10, 20, or 30 min. Four diets containing DDGS from each of the 4 batches were formulated with DDGS being the only source of AA and CP in the diets. A N-free diet also was formulated and used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Ten growing pigs （initial BW： 53.5 ＋ 3.9 kg） were surgically equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to a replicated 5 x4 Youden square design with 5 diets and 4 periods in each square. The SID of CP decreased linearly （P〈 0.05） from 77.9% in non-autoclaved DDGS to 72.1, 66.1, and 68.5% in the DDGS samples that were autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The SID of lysine was quadratically reduced （P〈 0.05） from 66.8% in the non-autoclaved DDGS to 54.9, 55.3, and 51.9% in the DDGS autoclaved for 10, 20, or 30 min, respectively. The concentrations of SID Arginine, Histidine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, or Threonine may be best predicted by equations that include the concentration of acid detergent insoluble N in the model （r2 = 0.76, 0.68, 0.67, 0.84, 0.76, 0.73, or 0.54, respectively）. The concentrations of SID Isoleucine and Valine were predicted （r2 = 0.58 and 0.54, respectively） by the Lysine：CP ratio, whereas the concentration of SID Tryptophan was predicted （r2 = 0.70） by the analyzed concentration of Tryptophan in DDGS. In conclusion, the SID of AA is decreased as a result of heat damage and the concentration of SID AA in heat-damaged DDGS may be predicted by regression equations developed in this experiment.

Use of a post-production fractionation process improves the nutritional value of wheat distillers grains with solubles for young broiler chicks

Background： Post-production fractionation of wheat distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） increases their crude protein content and reduces their fiber content.This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of fractionation of wheat DDGS on apparent total tract digestibility（ATTD） and performance when fed to broiler chicks（0–21 d）.Methods： A total of 150,day-old,male broiler chicks（Ross-308 line;Lilydale Hatchery,Wynyard,Saskatchewan） weighing an average of 49.6 ± 0.8 g were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design.The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal and contained 20% regular wheat DDGS.The experimental diets contained 5,10,15 or 20% fractionated wheat DDGS added at the expense of regular wheat DDGS.Results： The ATTD of dry matter and gross energy were linearly increased（P 0.01） as the level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet increased.Nitrogen retention was unaffected by level of fractionated wheat DDGS（P 0.05）.Weight gain increased linearly（P = 0.05） as the level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet increased.Feed intake,feed conversion and mortality were unaffected by level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet（P 0.05）.Conclusions： Post-production fractionation of wheat DDGS improves their nutritional value by lowering their fiber content and increasing their content of crude protein and energy.These changes in chemical composition supported increased weight gain of broilers fed wheat DDGS.

Effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal with dried distillers grains with solubles on the microbiota occupying different ecological niches in the rumen of growing Hu lambs

Background:Diet has a profound impact on the rumen microbiota,and the impact can vary among the different rumen ecological niches(REN).This study investigated the effects of dietary replacement of soybean meal(SBM)with dried distillers grains with solubles(DDGS)on the rumen microbiota occupying different REN of growing Hu lambs.After a 9-week feeding trial,6 lambs from each dietary treatment(SBM vs.DDGS-based diets)were slaughtered for sample collection.The microbiota of the rumen solid,liquid,and epithelium fractions was examined using amplicon sequencing analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA gene,functional prediction,and qPCR.Results:No interaction of dietary protein source(PS)and REN were detected for virtually all the measurements made in this study.The DDGS substitution resulted in very limited influence on bacterial community structure.However,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences varied greatly between SBM-and DDGS-based diets.The populations of rumen total bacteria,fungi,sulfate-reducing bacteria(SRB),and methanogens were not influenced by DDGS substitution,but the population of protozoa was reduced.The bacterial communities in rumen solid(RS)and liquid(RL)were similar in taxonomic composition but were different in relative abundance of some taxa.In contrast,the bacterial composition and relative abundance of rumen epithelium(RE)were greatly distinct from those of the RS and the RL.In alignment with the bacterial relative abundance,the metabolic pathways predicted from 16S rRNA genes also varied greatly among the different REN.The populations of total bacteria,protozoa,and methanogens attached to the RE were smaller than those in the RS and RL,and the fungal population on the rumen epitheliumwas smaller than that in the RS but similar to that in the RL.On the contrary,the SRB population on the RE was greater than that in the RS and RL.Conclusions:Substitution of SBM with DDGS had greater impact to the protozoa than to the other microbes,and the microbial community structure and functions at different REN are distinct and niche-adapted.

Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility（SID） of amino acids（AA） in 3sources of distillers dried grains with solubles（DDGS） with different concentrations of fat.Twelve growing barrows（initial body weight：76.1 ± 6.2 kg） were randomly allotted to a replicated 6×4 Youden square design with 6 diets and 4 periods.The fat content of the 3 sources of DDGS were 11.5,7.5,and 6.9%respectively.Diets contained 60%DDGS and fat concentration of the diets were 7.5,52,and 5.2%,respectively.Two additional diets containing the 2sources of DDGS with 75 and 6.9%fat were also formulated,and corn oil was added to these diets to increase the concentration of fat in the diets to levels that were calculated to be similar to the diet containing conventional DDGS with 11.5%fat.A N-free diet was also formulated to calculate endogenous losses of crude protein（CP） and AA from the pigs.Pigs were fed experimental diets during four 7-d periods.The first 5 d of each period were an adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period.The apparent ileal digestibililty（AID） and SID of CP and all indispensable AA,except AID Pro and SID of Trp,were greater（P 〈 0.01） in conventional DDGS than in the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat.Adding oil to the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat did not consistently increase SID of AA.In conclusion,conventional DDGS has greater SID values for most AA compared with DDGS that contains less fat and inclusion of additional oil to diets containing low-fat DDGS does not increase AID or SID of AA.The lower AA digestibility in low-fat DDGS could not be overcome by the inclusion of additional fat to the diets.

Effect of Graded Levels of Wheat Distillers Grains with Solubles on Nutrient Digestibility,Performance and Carcass Traits of Growing-Finishing Pigs Fed Diets Based on Wheat and Field Peas

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles （DDGS） on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass characteristics of pigs （21.8 to 112.3 kg） fed diets based on wheat and field peas. Forty crossbred pigs were assigned on the basis of sex and weight to one of five dietary treatments in a 5 x 2 （treatment x sex） factorial arrangement. The experimental diets were based on wheat and field peas and were formulated to contain 0, 4.86%, 9.71%, 14.57% or 19.42% wheat DDGS during the growing period and 0, 4.01%, 8.05%, 12.10% and 16.14% wheat DDGS during the finishing period. At the highest levels, ~vheat DDGS supplied 100% of the supplementary protein. The digestibility coefficient for gross energy showed a tendency towards a linear decline （P 〈 0.08 ） as the level of wheat DDGS in the diet increased while digestibility coefficients for dry matter and crude protein were unaffected （P 〉 0. 05 ） by inclusion level of wheat DDGS. During the growing period （21.8 to 60.8 kg）, weight gain of pigs fed wheat DDGS declined （P〈0.01） linearly. The impairment in growth appeared to be associated with a decrease in feed in- take which also declined linearly （P 〈 0.01 ） with increasing inclusion level of wheat DDGS. Feed conversion was unaffected by level of wheat DDGS. During the finishing period （60.8 to 112.3 kg）, and over the entire experimental period （21.8 to 112.3 kg ）, weight gain and feed conversion declined linearly as the dietary inclusion level of wheat DDGS increased. Carcass traits were generally unaffected by the inclusion of wheat DDGS with the exception of a trend towards a linear （P = 0.10） reduction in lean yield and a linear increase （ P = 0.09） in loin fat as the level of wheat DDGS in the diet increased. Overall, these results suggest that wheat DDGS are inferior to field peas as a supplementary protein source for use in swine rations.

Optimization of C/N ratio preparation of protein-rich and multi-enzymes feed thallus through synergic fermentation of mixed distillers'grains

A new procedure of determining optimal C/N (the rate of carbon source to nitrogen source) of mixed distillers' grains for combined bacteria synergic fermentation is established. At the same time an improved method evaluating bacteria growth, called method of dry cell weighing by filtering is developed. For each combination of C and N, their initial and residual contents before and after fermentation respectively are determined. Then followed the calculation of utilization of C and N sources by the compound bacteria. The optimal C/N is finally located from among the utilization of C and N of several combinations and the weight of produced mass of oven dried thallus. The conditions of fermentation are: inoculum size 10%, temperature 30 0℃, rotational speed 170 r/min, shake culture time 48h. The best results obtained from orthogonal experiments are: maximum mass of oven dried thallus is 14 693g in a liter liquid medium, maximum utilization rate of carbon source is 98 13% and maximum utilization rate of nitrogen is 78 14%. Optimal C/N is 5 1.

Production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller's grains

Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1：1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 ℃ for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller＇s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller＇s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.

Effects of Organic Fertilizers Made from Distiller＇s Grains on the Growth and Development of Flue-cured Tobacco

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of different organic fertilizers made from distiller＇s grains on the physiological characteristics and growth of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the agronomic traits and biomass of flue-cured tobacco in the three treatments were higher than that of the control group,and the mixed application of different organic fertilizers made from distiller＇s grains and compound fertilizer could promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco significantly.

Effects of Distiller's Grain Substrate with Acid Regulation on the Growth of Tobacco Seedlings in Floating Breeding System

In order to reduce the use of peat resources and realize the sustainable development of tobacco, the pH of distiller s grain substrate was adjusted with humic acid, and the effects of various distiller s grain substrates on the growth of tobacco seedlings were studied to find out the method of cultivating high-quality tobacco seedlings by using distiller s grain substrate. The results showed that when 60% of humic acid was added to the distiller s grain substrate made from coarse distiller s grains, fine distiller s grains, perlite and vermiculite, both the pH and electrical conductivity decreased significantly and were similar to that of the conventional substrate. Moreover, the emergence rate of tobacco seedlings, the rate of strong tobacco seedlings, leaf number, stem height, root growth and quality of tobacco seedlings were good.

超声辅助低温碱提木聚糖及制备低聚木糖

以酒糟为原料,研究超声波辅助碱法对提取木聚糖影响,并考察提取工艺对木聚糖酶制备低聚木糖的影响。响应面实验优化超声波辅助碱提木聚糖,结果表明:在NaOH浓度8%、料液比1∶20、提取温度58℃、超声波功率955W和提取时间20 min条件下,木聚糖提取率为72.31%。通过液相色谱、凝胶色谱和红外光谱分析表明:提取木聚糖样品主要成分为木聚糖,超声处理降低相对分子量和聚合度。酶解制备低聚木糖(XOS),在酶用量为100U/g底物、pH 8.0、50℃时,酶解6 h得率达80%以上,XOS中木二糖-木四糖的含量总和(XOS2-4)占64.5%。XOS为2 mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基清除率为87.3%。本研究通过超声辅助碱溶液降低木聚糖提取能耗和木聚糖相对分子量,有效提高XOS酶解得率。该工艺将有助于提高酿酒副产物酒糟的附加值。

红曲糟抗热肽的制备及其对酿酒酵母热激氧化耐受性的影响

制备红曲糟抗热肽,研究其对酿酒酵母抵御热激氧化行为的影响。以酿酒酵母热激存活率为指标,筛选蛋白酶,通过抗热肽得率优化酶解条件,对抗热肽进行质谱和抗氧化能力分析,通过磷酸戊糖通路基因表达、胞内辅酶、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)以及活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量分析,从抗氧化角度探索抗热肽对酿酒酵母的热保护作用。结果表明,红曲糟抗热肽最佳酶解工艺为:红曲糟蛋白和水固液比1∶10(m/m)、复合蛋白酶酶解、温度50℃、时间3 h、加酶量3000 U/g、pH 8.5,该条件下抗热肽得率62.44%,酿酒酵母热激存活率73.97%,较纯水组提高了22.76%。序列鉴定表明,丰度前20的肽段中16条肽段的疏水氨基酸占比50%以上。抗热肽1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基半数清除量为4.53 mg/mL,2,2′-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基半数清除量为1.82 mg/mL,具有抗氧化活性。同时,抗热肽通过上调磷酸戊糖途径的基因表达量,提升NADH激酶活性,促进还原型辅酶II的转化,使GSH含量提高4.74倍,胞内ROS水平与热激前酿酒酵母基本保持一致,从而有效提高了酿酒酵母抵御热激氧化胁迫的能力。

发酵酒糟在养牛产业中的应用研究进展

酒糟作为酿酒产业的副产物,近年在动物饲料中被广泛应用,其可替代日粮中的部分精料用于畜禽养殖,在一定程度上可缓解畜禽养殖业的饲料短缺问题。酒糟经过微生物发酵后能延长储存时间,而且能提高饲料中粗蛋白质含量及优化氨基酸组成,同时降低粗纤维含量,营养价值较高,提升了酒糟的饲用价值。本文主要对几种发酵酒糟特点、利用方式及发酵酒糟在养牛产业中的应用效果的研究进展进行综述,以期为发酵酒糟饲料化的研发与应用奠定基础。

酒糟蛋白替代豆粕对九斤黄鸡生长性能、血清生化和免疫指标的影响

[目的]研究不同比例的湿磨预处理去壳酱香型酒糟蛋白(wet milling pretreated and dehulled-moutai distiller's grains, WDMDG)替代豆粕对九斤黄鸡生长性能、血清生化和免疫指标的影响,为WDMDG替代豆粕提供科学依据。[方法]选取1日龄健康九斤黄公雏450只,随机分为3组,每组设3个重复,每个重复50只鸡,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加5%、8%WDMDG等营养替代豆粕,试验为期26 d,分别测定九斤黄鸡平均日增质量、平均日采食量、料重比和死淘率,并对九斤黄鸡血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮含量、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力和IgG、IgA、lgM水平进行测定。[结果]与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ组九斤黄鸡的各项生产性能均没有显著差异,试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ组鸡血清中尿素氮含量分别提高了4.88%(P>0.05)和19.51%(P<0.05),各组鸡血清中总蛋白、白蛋白含量、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力及IgG、IgA和IgM水平差异均不显著。[结论]在九斤黄鸡日粮中采用5%WDMDG等营养替代基础日粮中部分豆粕,对其日增质量、料重比、死淘率、血清生化指标和免疫指标均无显著负面影响。

酒糟锅炉周期性冒黑烟的原因分析及控制研究

针对酒糟锅炉在调试过程中出现的烟囱周期性冒黑烟问题,首先对锅炉燃料成分、酒糟燃烧特性、锅炉结构、锅炉燃烧方式及烟气流程进行了介绍;然后分析了黑烟的产生及危害;紧接着分析了锅炉烟囱周期性冒黑烟的原因,并在此基础上对螺旋给料机进行了改造,对湿式除尘器进行了更换;最后经过效果检查,锅炉烟囱周期性冒黑烟的问题得到了有效解决,这为类似锅炉技术改造提供了参考。

微生物复合菌剂添加对白酒酒糟堆肥腐熟速度的影响

为提高白酒酒糟堆肥的腐熟速度,以酱香型白酒酒糟为主要原料,添加曲草和钙镁磷肥调节通气性和pH值,采用高温好氧堆肥工艺进行36 d的堆肥试验,通过测定堆肥过程中的温度、pH值、电导率值、氮含量和种子发芽指数,探究由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)组成的复合菌剂的添加对堆肥过程及腐熟速度的影响。结果表明,未接种菌剂的对照组和复合菌剂组各自经历30 d的高温期后进入降温期,达到了高温堆肥的无害化要求。与对照组相比,添加复合菌剂使堆肥1~19 d的堆体升温速度增加0.16℃/d,1~9 d的pH值增速提高0.04/d,18~24、30~36 d的电导率值降低0.15~0.30 mS/cm,同时12~36 d铵态氮的积累减少20.81%~33.23%。添加复合菌剂后,种子发芽指数于第30天升高至70.85%,达到有机肥腐熟标准,而对照组仅为47.21%。综上,复合菌剂通过加快有机物降解、快速改善酸性环境、降低盐含量和铵态氮含量,促进种子发芽指数快速提高,加快了白酒酒糟堆肥进程,提高了堆肥腐熟速度。

不同混合比例茅台酒糟与芭蕉叶对其青贮饲料营养品质、发酵品质和微生物群落的影响

本试验旨在探究不同混合比例茅台酒糟与芭蕉叶对其青贮饲料营养品质、发酵品质和微生物群落的影响。试验共设置6个茅台酒糟与芭蕉叶的混合比例,分别为:100%芭蕉叶单独青贮(BCK组)、20%茅台酒糟与80%芭蕉叶混合青贮(J20B80组)、40%茅台酒糟与60%芭蕉叶混合青贮(J40B60组)、60%茅台酒糟与40%芭蕉叶混合青贮(J60B40组)、80%茅台酒糟与20%芭蕉叶混合青贮(J80B20组)以及100%茅台酒糟单独青贮(JCK组);每个处理设置3个重复。青贮60 d后,对各组青贮饲料的养分含量、发酵品质和微生物群落进行测定。结果表明:1)与BCK组相比,各混合青贮组青贮饲料粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著提高(P<0.05);其中,J60B40组CP含量最高,显著高于J20B80组和J40B60组(P<0.05)。随着茅台酒糟添加比例的提高,青贮饲料中性洗涤纤维含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势。2)与BCK组相比,各混合青贮组青贮饲料pH均显著降低(P<0.05);J60B40组氨态氮含量最低,显著低于除JCK组外的其他组(P<0.05);J60B40组和J80B20组乳酸含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05);J40B60组和J80B20组丙酸(PA)含量较高,显著高于其他组(P<0.05);J60B40组PA含量显著高于J20B80组、JCK组和BCK组(P<0.05);所有组青贮饲料中均未检测到丁酸。3)在细菌门水平上,仅JCK组青贮饲料的优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),其余各组的优势菌门均为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其次是变形菌门;在细菌属水平上,J60B40组和J80B20组的优势菌属为乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus),相对丰度分别为72.76%和50.92%。在真菌门水平上,除J40B60组外,其余各组的优势菌门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota);在真菌属水平上,所有组的优势菌属均为其他,其次是毕赤酵母属(Pichia),且均含有少量的裂殖酵母属(Schizosaccharomyces)。综合分析得出,茅台酒糟与芭蕉叶混合青贮可以改善青贮饲料品质,其混合比例为60%茅台酒糟+40%芭蕉叶时青贮品质较好。

化学成分对干白酒糟肉鸡代谢能的影响及其估测模型的研究

本研究旨在研究白羽肉鸡对不同来源干白酒糟的代谢能并建立其估测模型。采用2×11完全随机设计,其中肉鸡饲养阶段设2个阶段,分别为11~14日龄和25~28日龄;试验饲粮设11个饲粮处理,分别为基础饲粮和10个干白酒糟饲粮。在肉鸡11~14日龄,每个试验饲粮处理6个重复,每个重复8只鸡;在肉鸡25~28日龄,每个试验饲粮处理6个重复,每个重复6只鸡。采用全收粪法,以重复为试验单元收集全部排泄物,测定试验饲粮的代谢能,并计算干白酒糟的代谢能。分析干白酒糟的化学成分与代谢能的相关性,并采用逐步回归法建立干白酒糟表观代谢能(AME)和氮校正表观代谢能(AME n)的预测模型。结果表明:1)干白酒糟的粗纤维(CF)含量高(≥20.10%),代谢能低(AME为2.96~6.70 MJ/kg DM),且肉鸡在11~14日龄和25~28日龄对同一个白酒糟样品的代谢能无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)肉鸡在11~14日龄对干白酒糟的AME(r=-0.689,P<0.05)和AME_(n)(r=-0.688,P<0.05)与CF含量呈负相关。肉鸡在25~28日龄对干白酒糟的AME与CF含量呈负相关(r=-0.726,P<0.05);AME_(n)与粗蛋白质(CP)含量呈正相关(r=0.640,P<0.05),与CF(r=-0.776,P<0.05)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量(r=-0.655,P<0.05)呈负相关。3)肉鸡在11~14日龄对干白酒糟代谢能的估测模型为:AME(MJ/kg DM)=9.52-0.158×CF(%DM)(R^(2)=0.474,RSD=0.84 MJ/kg DM,P=0.028);AME n(MJ/kg DM)=9.12-0.155×CF(%DM)(R^(2)=0.474,RSD=0.82 MJ/kg DM,P=0.028);肉鸡在25~28日龄对干白酒糟代谢能的估测模型为:AME(MJ/kg DM)=-4.43+0.758×总能(GE)(MJ/kg DM)-0.179×CF(%DM)(R^(2)=0.773,RSD=0.62 MJ/kg DM,P=0.006);AME_(n)(MJ/kg DM)=-2.81+0.652×GE(MJ/kg DM)-0.176×CF(%DM)(R^(2)=0.819,RSD=0.51 MJ/kg DM,P=0.008)。由此可见,干白酒糟CF含量是估测肉鸡在11~14日龄时对代谢能最重要的估测因子,CF含量和GE是估测肉鸡在25~28日龄时代谢能的主要估测因子。

挤压物料水分对白酒糟醇溶蛋白性质的影响

本文通过单螺杆挤压机改性白酒糟(Distiller's grains,DGs),研究了挤压物料水分(21%、24%、27%、30%、33%)对白酒糟醇溶蛋白(Prolamins from distiller's grains,PDGs)理化(溶解度、表面疏水性、巯基和二硫键含量)、功能(持水、持油能力)和二、三级结构等性质的影响。结果表明,不同挤压物料水分对PDGs改性效果具有显著影响,随物料水分增加,挤压对PDGs天然结构的破坏程度逐渐增大,分子构象的改变促进内部亲水基团的暴露和二硫键的生成,物料水分为27%时,溶解度提高了1.56倍,达到34.75%,表面疏水性降低了56.11%,增强了持水能力,热变性温度由96.79℃增大到102.53℃,热稳定性更强,PDGs经变性重排后,蛋白聚集体有序程度增加。而物料水分过高时(高于27%),挤压造成PDGs过度变性,稳定聚集态的破坏反而会弱化其亲水、热特性、有序程度等,说明挤压物料水分对PDGs性质的改变具有十分重要的调控作用。

干化技术对酒糟生物质资源化利用的影响

经济高效的干化技术对于包括农林废弃物、制革废弃物和工业有机固废等生物质的资源化转化利用至关重要。中国白酒产量巨大,为国家经济发展和人民物质需求带来贡献的同时,也产生了大量的废弃酒糟。废弃酒糟具有含水量高、酸度高、易霉变等问题,不易处理,导致其资源化利用一直面临困难。高效、低成本的酒糟干化技术对于其资源化利用具有决定性意义。因此,文章介绍了不同工艺酒糟的特点,详细综述了多种酒糟干化预处理技术与资源化利用技术,以期为酒糟的资源化、能源化转化利用提供借鉴,为酿酒行业在“双碳”背景下的绿色可持续发展和转型升级奠定基础。