A new species, Spirulina (Arthrospira) bayannurensis B. Sh. Li et C. Qiao sp. nov. was firstly collected from the Lake of Bayannur, Mu Us Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China on April 30, 199...A new species, Spirulina (Arthrospira) bayannurensis B. Sh. Li et C. Qiao sp. nov. was firstly collected from the Lake of Bayannur, Mu Us Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China on April 30, 1996 The morphological characteristics of the new species are described and illustrated by light micrographs, scanning and transmission electron micrographs. The type specimen of this new species is kept in Herbarium of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University.展开更多
It is practical, economic and sometimes essential to derive rules or conclusions by performing lesser runs of experiments. In this part, a methodology based on 2 f factorial design was brought up to derive guidelines ...It is practical, economic and sometimes essential to derive rules or conclusions by performing lesser runs of experiments. In this part, a methodology based on 2 f factorial design was brought up to derive guidelines to simulate growth curve and production of sugars by Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima . The growth curve or accumulation process of sugars was idealized by sets of straight lines limited by phase transfers of growth or accumulation of sugars. Normal analyses of the critical values of the transfers were used to derive their linear relationships with the initial conditions of the experimental factors. These linear functions were called guidelines and were used to simulate the growth curve or accumulation of sugars. Generalization of the guideline technique was determined by the kinetic limitation of nutrient nitrogen or sulfur that was dependent upon their stoichiometric deficiency directly derived from their initial values in the medium. This method uses the initial conditions of culture and does not need measurements of concentrations of nitrate, sulfate and pigments during cultivation. It is a practical and useful alternative way to trace and predict approximately the growth curve and production of sugars by S. maxima .展开更多
A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the bioaccumulation of Pb^2＋ and its effects on growth, morphology and pigment contents of Spirulina （Arthrosl）ira）platensis. The specimen cultured in Zarrouk liquid...A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the bioaccumulation of Pb^2＋ and its effects on growth, morphology and pigment contents of Spirulina （Arthrosl）ira）platensis. The specimen cultured in Zarrouk liquid medium was treated with various initial metal concentrations （0, 5, 10, 30, 50 and 10μgmL^-1）. The growth ofS. platensis was adversely affected by Pb〉 at high concentrations （30, 50 and 100μgmL^-1）. However, at low concentrations （5μgmL^-1）, Pb^2＋ could stimulate its growth slightly. The pigment contents （chlorophyllα and β carotene） were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The highest reductions （67% and 53% respectively in chlorophyll α andβ carotene） were observed in 100 μg mL^-1 treatment group. The LC50 （96 h） of Pb^2- was measured as 75.34 μg mL^-1. Apart from a few cases of filament breakages at elevated concentrations （50 and 100 μgmL^-1）, morphological abnormalities are not specific. Metal bioaccumulation increased with Pb^2- concentrations, but decreased with exposure time. The maximum accumulated amount was 188 mgg^-1 dry weight. The bioconcentration factor （BCF） reached to a peak at day 2, followed by a gradual reduction tbr all the exposure concentrations. S. platensis is able to tolerate considerably high Pb^2＋ concentrations. Consequently it can be used as a potential species to remove heavy metal from contaminated waters.展开更多
By a sequentially selective extraction procedure, polysaccharides (PS) from cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima that can be bio functionally healthy components were fractionated in four parts including the c...By a sequentially selective extraction procedure, polysaccharides (PS) from cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima that can be bio functionally healthy components were fractionated in four parts including the culture medium (PSCM), the external layers of the cell (PSEL), the cell wall (PSCW) and storage granules (PSSG). The four fractionated parts of polysaccharides were characterized by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) equipped with FID and fused silica capillary column (15 m×0.53 mm i. d.). The contents of PSCM, PSEL, PSCW and PSSG were about 2.0%, 2.6%, 10.0% and 52.0% to cell dry matter, respectively. Glucose was almost the only monosaccharide in PSSG and PSCW and most predominant in PSEL, while in PSCM, xylose, rhamnose and glucose were the main ones. Two uronic acids represented by glucuronic acid and galacturoic acid, six neutral monosaccharides including fucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose, and two possible unidentified sugars were found in PSEL and PSCM. These data are valuable for the selective productions of high added value sugars from Spirulina .展开更多
Farmers perception about availability and utilization of Spirulina (Arthrospira fusiformis) were assessed and its nutritive value compared against reference proteins (soybean and nuge cake). Samples of Spirulina were ...Farmers perception about availability and utilization of Spirulina (Arthrospira fusiformis) were assessed and its nutritive value compared against reference proteins (soybean and nuge cake). Samples of Spirulina were collected from Arenguade and Chitu lakes of rift valley of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted on purposively selected 100 households (HH) living around the Lakes which are located in Gerbicha and Labu subuqa districts of Debre Zeit town and west Arsi zone, respectively. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total gas volume (TGV) of feed samples were determined. Respondents of both districts are not aware of Spirulina as animal feed. Spirulina was available during dry season in Arenguade and whole year in Chitu. The highest (p 0.05) in crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents between Spirulina from both lakes. Spirulina from Chitu produced the highest TGV (31.2 ml) and fermented faster than Spirulina from Arenguade. Lowest (p < 0.05) ash, EE, CP and IVDMD and higher (p < 0.05) CF, NDF, ADF, ADL and TGV were recorded for reference proteins than Spirulina. ME content of Spirulina (3200 kcal/kg) was higher (p < 0.05) than that of nuge cake (3011 kcal/kg) but lower (p < 0.05) than that of soybean (3474 kcal/kg). Therefore, the chemical composition and IVDMD showed the potential of Spirulina to be used as a substitute of the reference feeds.展开更多
Spirulina is a popular herbal food that has a preventive effect on health.In the study,it aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of Spirulina platensis(Arthrospira platensis)on the morphological properties o...Spirulina is a popular herbal food that has a preventive effect on health.In the study,it aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of Spirulina platensis(Arthrospira platensis)on the morphological properties of the duodenum of rats,and to assign the effect of Spirulina on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in the rat duodenum,and thereby to observe the effects on intestinal health.30 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups for 45 days.The first group was received the basal diet;the second group was given 500 mg/kg Spirulina daily by oral gavage;the third group was given 1000 mg/kg Spirulina daily.The duodenum segments were taken at the end of the trial and processed for histological assay.Although the total mucosa,villus height and villus/cript ratio were found higher in high dose Spirulina,the lower cript depth was detected in same group compared to control and low dose group.A significant increase was observed at high dose compared to the control and low dose group in terms of PCNA expression intensity and proliferation index.Findings suggest that high dose of Spirulina may support the duodenal growth,and thereby intestinal health.展开更多
Spirulina, a protein-rich cyanobacterium, and Bilberry, a dark berry, have the potential to be used as functional food ingredients in the food industry. These two underexplored and underutilized ingredients were used ...Spirulina, a protein-rich cyanobacterium, and Bilberry, a dark berry, have the potential to be used as functional food ingredients in the food industry. These two underexplored and underutilized ingredients were used to develop an adolescent-friendly functional snack food product in the light of food industry trends. Stages of product development, shelf life/physiochemical analysis (texture, pH, color, and water activity) and sensory evaluation were utilized in developing a functional snack mini muffin containing Spirulina and Bilberry. Aqueous (AQ) and 80% ethanol (ET) extracts of mini muffin formulations (chocolate, 1% Spirulina (S) + 4% Bilberry (B), 2% Spirulina (S) + 8% Bilberry (B)) were prepared using a standard protocol. Antioxidant potential was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) assays. Utilizing a 5-point hedonic scale (1—Dislike very much, 2—Dislike a little, 3—Neither like nor dislike, 4—Like a little, 5—Like very much), 3 mini muffin formulations (chocolate, 1% S + 4% B, 2% S +8% B), were tested among consumer panelists, with 1% S + 4% B being the most acceptable based on taste, texture, color, aroma, appearance, etc. Texture (post-peak (N) of the mini muffin did not vary between chocolate and 1 S% + 4% B formulations;however, 2% S + 8% B was 1.09 times higher compared to its counterparts. pH, color, and water activity remained constant over the 9-day shelf-life period. The Spirulina and Bilberry muffins developed exhibited antioxidant activities (highest in 2% S + 8% B), and were accepted by the sensory panelists for color, taste, mouthfeel, and aroma (panelists preferred 1% S + 4% B).展开更多
Spirulina and Bilberry are underexplored and underutilized in the food industry. Therefore, this research focuses on determining the antioxidative properties of Spirulina and Bilberry for future use in functional food...Spirulina and Bilberry are underexplored and underutilized in the food industry. Therefore, this research focuses on determining the antioxidative properties of Spirulina and Bilberry for future use in functional food product development. The objective was to determine the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) in Spirulina and Bilberry extracts (Aqueous and Ethanol extracts) and their antioxidative potential (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), and Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Ability (NORS)). Spirulina and Bilberry pure and combination samples [100% Spirulina (100S), 100% Bilberry (100B), 50% Spirulina + 50% Bilberry (50S + 50B), 75% Spirulina + 25% Bilberry (75S + 25B), & 25% Spirulina + 75% Bilberry (25S + 75B)], were extracted with aqueous (deionized water) and 80% ethanol solutions. Colorimetric antioxidant assays were used to determine total phenolics, total flavonoids, and their antioxidant potential. 80% ethanol Spirulina and Bilberry (pure and combination) extracts resulted in higher TFC, FRAP, and DPPH, whereas aqueous extracts had higher TPC, NORS, and TEAC, suggesting both hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds in Spirulina and Bilberry. Spirulina and Bilberry are two potential functional food ingredients for the food industry due to their antioxidative properties.展开更多
This paper presents the investigation on biosynthesis of high-value-added amino acids and sugars labeled uniformly with stable isotope 13C by microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima in a parallelepiped photobioreacto...This paper presents the investigation on biosynthesis of high-value-added amino acids and sugars labeled uniformly with stable isotope 13C by microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima in a parallelepiped photobioreactor. The kinetic data of both batch and continuous cultures with characterization of the amino acids and sugars are shown. The continuous culture without nutrients deficiency is for biosynthesis of amino acids, with tyrosine as one of the principal constituents, and the batch culture with deficiency in nitrogen is for biosynthesis of labeled glucose that is up to 64% versus dry mass of cells.展开更多
Spirulina platensis is a special and unique cyanobacteria that is produced worldwide with a varied cost of cultivation media. In this study, five main experiments with different treatments were performed to evaluate t...Spirulina platensis is a special and unique cyanobacteria that is produced worldwide with a varied cost of cultivation media. In this study, five main experiments with different treatments were performed to evaluate the possibility of using cheap aquaculture water for Spirulina production, to test if solutions made by plant ash (PAS) could be used for Spirulina production, to determine if brackish water (BW) and mining water have a good impact on Spirulina production, to create a medium composed of cheap chemicals and fertilizers to be used for Spirulina cultivation, and to test if a mixture made from local components could be used to produce Spirulina. All experiments were performed via growth and dry weight measurements, including determination of chemical and physical characteristics of the samples with a comparison with Zarrouk medium (ZM) as a reference for each experiment, and all experiments were performed for 21 days to determine the best media type that lasts longer for commercial purposes. In all experiments, pH values were between 8 and 11, and EC was between 9.8 and 30 ms/cm, while temperature was at 30°C and 35°C, and light was at 1500 and 5000 Lux for 16 h light and 8 h dark. Spirulina can grow in (FW). It can also grow in FW diluted with BW. Also a 3% PAS can be used as a source to cultivate Spirulina at a very low price compared to ZM. The chemical fertilizer formula was one of the best types among all treatments with a good price. A mixture of these local resources could be a very good cheap alternative source. The main result that was obtained from all experiments in this study is the ability of Spirulina to grow within a wide range of chemical parameters at a lower price.展开更多
文摘A new species, Spirulina (Arthrospira) bayannurensis B. Sh. Li et C. Qiao sp. nov. was firstly collected from the Lake of Bayannur, Mu Us Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China on April 30, 1996 The morphological characteristics of the new species are described and illustrated by light micrographs, scanning and transmission electron micrographs. The type specimen of this new species is kept in Herbarium of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University.
文摘It is practical, economic and sometimes essential to derive rules or conclusions by performing lesser runs of experiments. In this part, a methodology based on 2 f factorial design was brought up to derive guidelines to simulate growth curve and production of sugars by Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima . The growth curve or accumulation process of sugars was idealized by sets of straight lines limited by phase transfers of growth or accumulation of sugars. Normal analyses of the critical values of the transfers were used to derive their linear relationships with the initial conditions of the experimental factors. These linear functions were called guidelines and were used to simulate the growth curve or accumulation of sugars. Generalization of the guideline technique was determined by the kinetic limitation of nutrient nitrogen or sulfur that was dependent upon their stoichiometric deficiency directly derived from their initial values in the medium. This method uses the initial conditions of culture and does not need measurements of concentrations of nitrate, sulfate and pigments during cultivation. It is a practical and useful alternative way to trace and predict approximately the growth curve and production of sugars by S. maxima .
基金the Chinese Scholarship Council is greatly acknowledged
文摘A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the bioaccumulation of Pb^2＋ and its effects on growth, morphology and pigment contents of Spirulina （Arthrosl）ira）platensis. The specimen cultured in Zarrouk liquid medium was treated with various initial metal concentrations （0, 5, 10, 30, 50 and 10μgmL^-1）. The growth ofS. platensis was adversely affected by Pb〉 at high concentrations （30, 50 and 100μgmL^-1）. However, at low concentrations （5μgmL^-1）, Pb^2＋ could stimulate its growth slightly. The pigment contents （chlorophyllα and β carotene） were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The highest reductions （67% and 53% respectively in chlorophyll α andβ carotene） were observed in 100 μg mL^-1 treatment group. The LC50 （96 h） of Pb^2- was measured as 75.34 μg mL^-1. Apart from a few cases of filament breakages at elevated concentrations （50 and 100 μgmL^-1）, morphological abnormalities are not specific. Metal bioaccumulation increased with Pb^2- concentrations, but decreased with exposure time. The maximum accumulated amount was 188 mgg^-1 dry weight. The bioconcentration factor （BCF） reached to a peak at day 2, followed by a gradual reduction tbr all the exposure concentrations. S. platensis is able to tolerate considerably high Pb^2＋ concentrations. Consequently it can be used as a potential species to remove heavy metal from contaminated waters.
文摘By a sequentially selective extraction procedure, polysaccharides (PS) from cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima that can be bio functionally healthy components were fractionated in four parts including the culture medium (PSCM), the external layers of the cell (PSEL), the cell wall (PSCW) and storage granules (PSSG). The four fractionated parts of polysaccharides were characterized by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) equipped with FID and fused silica capillary column (15 m×0.53 mm i. d.). The contents of PSCM, PSEL, PSCW and PSSG were about 2.0%, 2.6%, 10.0% and 52.0% to cell dry matter, respectively. Glucose was almost the only monosaccharide in PSSG and PSCW and most predominant in PSEL, while in PSCM, xylose, rhamnose and glucose were the main ones. Two uronic acids represented by glucuronic acid and galacturoic acid, six neutral monosaccharides including fucose, rhamnose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose, and two possible unidentified sugars were found in PSEL and PSCM. These data are valuable for the selective productions of high added value sugars from Spirulina .
文摘Farmers perception about availability and utilization of Spirulina (Arthrospira fusiformis) were assessed and its nutritive value compared against reference proteins (soybean and nuge cake). Samples of Spirulina were collected from Arenguade and Chitu lakes of rift valley of Ethiopia. A survey was conducted on purposively selected 100 households (HH) living around the Lakes which are located in Gerbicha and Labu subuqa districts of Debre Zeit town and west Arsi zone, respectively. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total gas volume (TGV) of feed samples were determined. Respondents of both districts are not aware of Spirulina as animal feed. Spirulina was available during dry season in Arenguade and whole year in Chitu. The highest (p 0.05) in crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents between Spirulina from both lakes. Spirulina from Chitu produced the highest TGV (31.2 ml) and fermented faster than Spirulina from Arenguade. Lowest (p < 0.05) ash, EE, CP and IVDMD and higher (p < 0.05) CF, NDF, ADF, ADL and TGV were recorded for reference proteins than Spirulina. ME content of Spirulina (3200 kcal/kg) was higher (p < 0.05) than that of nuge cake (3011 kcal/kg) but lower (p < 0.05) than that of soybean (3474 kcal/kg). Therefore, the chemical composition and IVDMD showed the potential of Spirulina to be used as a substitute of the reference feeds.
基金supported by grant from the Research Foundations of University(NKUBAP.10.GA.16.074)。
文摘Spirulina is a popular herbal food that has a preventive effect on health.In the study,it aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of Spirulina platensis(Arthrospira platensis)on the morphological properties of the duodenum of rats,and to assign the effect of Spirulina on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in the rat duodenum,and thereby to observe the effects on intestinal health.30 male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups for 45 days.The first group was received the basal diet;the second group was given 500 mg/kg Spirulina daily by oral gavage;the third group was given 1000 mg/kg Spirulina daily.The duodenum segments were taken at the end of the trial and processed for histological assay.Although the total mucosa,villus height and villus/cript ratio were found higher in high dose Spirulina,the lower cript depth was detected in same group compared to control and low dose group.A significant increase was observed at high dose compared to the control and low dose group in terms of PCNA expression intensity and proliferation index.Findings suggest that high dose of Spirulina may support the duodenal growth,and thereby intestinal health.
文摘Spirulina, a protein-rich cyanobacterium, and Bilberry, a dark berry, have the potential to be used as functional food ingredients in the food industry. These two underexplored and underutilized ingredients were used to develop an adolescent-friendly functional snack food product in the light of food industry trends. Stages of product development, shelf life/physiochemical analysis (texture, pH, color, and water activity) and sensory evaluation were utilized in developing a functional snack mini muffin containing Spirulina and Bilberry. Aqueous (AQ) and 80% ethanol (ET) extracts of mini muffin formulations (chocolate, 1% Spirulina (S) + 4% Bilberry (B), 2% Spirulina (S) + 8% Bilberry (B)) were prepared using a standard protocol. Antioxidant potential was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) assays. Utilizing a 5-point hedonic scale (1—Dislike very much, 2—Dislike a little, 3—Neither like nor dislike, 4—Like a little, 5—Like very much), 3 mini muffin formulations (chocolate, 1% S + 4% B, 2% S +8% B), were tested among consumer panelists, with 1% S + 4% B being the most acceptable based on taste, texture, color, aroma, appearance, etc. Texture (post-peak (N) of the mini muffin did not vary between chocolate and 1 S% + 4% B formulations;however, 2% S + 8% B was 1.09 times higher compared to its counterparts. pH, color, and water activity remained constant over the 9-day shelf-life period. The Spirulina and Bilberry muffins developed exhibited antioxidant activities (highest in 2% S + 8% B), and were accepted by the sensory panelists for color, taste, mouthfeel, and aroma (panelists preferred 1% S + 4% B).
文摘Spirulina and Bilberry are underexplored and underutilized in the food industry. Therefore, this research focuses on determining the antioxidative properties of Spirulina and Bilberry for future use in functional food product development. The objective was to determine the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) in Spirulina and Bilberry extracts (Aqueous and Ethanol extracts) and their antioxidative potential (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), and Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Ability (NORS)). Spirulina and Bilberry pure and combination samples [100% Spirulina (100S), 100% Bilberry (100B), 50% Spirulina + 50% Bilberry (50S + 50B), 75% Spirulina + 25% Bilberry (75S + 25B), & 25% Spirulina + 75% Bilberry (25S + 75B)], were extracted with aqueous (deionized water) and 80% ethanol solutions. Colorimetric antioxidant assays were used to determine total phenolics, total flavonoids, and their antioxidant potential. 80% ethanol Spirulina and Bilberry (pure and combination) extracts resulted in higher TFC, FRAP, and DPPH, whereas aqueous extracts had higher TPC, NORS, and TEAC, suggesting both hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds in Spirulina and Bilberry. Spirulina and Bilberry are two potential functional food ingredients for the food industry due to their antioxidative properties.
基金Supported by the Scholarship of Faculte Polytechnique de Mons, Belgium and by the Fund for Scholars Returning from Abroad.
文摘This paper presents the investigation on biosynthesis of high-value-added amino acids and sugars labeled uniformly with stable isotope 13C by microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) maxima in a parallelepiped photobioreactor. The kinetic data of both batch and continuous cultures with characterization of the amino acids and sugars are shown. The continuous culture without nutrients deficiency is for biosynthesis of amino acids, with tyrosine as one of the principal constituents, and the batch culture with deficiency in nitrogen is for biosynthesis of labeled glucose that is up to 64% versus dry mass of cells.
文摘Spirulina platensis is a special and unique cyanobacteria that is produced worldwide with a varied cost of cultivation media. In this study, five main experiments with different treatments were performed to evaluate the possibility of using cheap aquaculture water for Spirulina production, to test if solutions made by plant ash (PAS) could be used for Spirulina production, to determine if brackish water (BW) and mining water have a good impact on Spirulina production, to create a medium composed of cheap chemicals and fertilizers to be used for Spirulina cultivation, and to test if a mixture made from local components could be used to produce Spirulina. All experiments were performed via growth and dry weight measurements, including determination of chemical and physical characteristics of the samples with a comparison with Zarrouk medium (ZM) as a reference for each experiment, and all experiments were performed for 21 days to determine the best media type that lasts longer for commercial purposes. In all experiments, pH values were between 8 and 11, and EC was between 9.8 and 30 ms/cm, while temperature was at 30°C and 35°C, and light was at 1500 and 5000 Lux for 16 h light and 8 h dark. Spirulina can grow in (FW). It can also grow in FW diluted with BW. Also a 3% PAS can be used as a source to cultivate Spirulina at a very low price compared to ZM. The chemical fertilizer formula was one of the best types among all treatments with a good price. A mixture of these local resources could be a very good cheap alternative source. The main result that was obtained from all experiments in this study is the ability of Spirulina to grow within a wide range of chemical parameters at a lower price.
