MECHANICS ANALYSIS ON PRECISE FORMING PROCESS OF EXTERNAL SPLINE COLD ROLLING

According to the suitable assumption, the deformation process of external spline cold rolling is analyzed. By the graphing method, the slip-line field of plastically deforming area in process of external spline cold rolling is set up. Different friction-conditions are used in different contact areas in order to realistically reflect the actual situation. The unit average pressure on contact surface of the rolling process is solved according to the stress filed theory of slip-line. And the formulae of the rolling-force and rolling-moment are established. The theoretical result is well consistent with the finite element analysis. A theoretical basis is provided for the precise forming process of spline cold rolling and the production of external splined shafts.

Rolling Force and Rolling Moment in Spline Cold Rolling Using Slip-line Field Method

Rolling force and rolling moment are prime process parameter of external spline cold rolling. However, the precise theoretical formulae of rolling force and rolling moment are still very fewer, and the determination of them depends on experience. In the present study, the mathematical models of rolling force and rolling moment are established based on stress field theory of slip-line. And the isotropic hardening is used to improve the yield criterion. Based on MATLAB program language environment, calculation program is developed according to mathematical models established. The rolling force and rolling moment could be predicted quickly via the calculation program, and then the reliability of the models is validated by FEM. Within the range of module of spline m=0.5-1.5 mm, pressure angle of reference circle α=30.0°-45.0°, and number of spline teeth Z=19-54, the rolling force and rolling moment in rolling process （finishing rolling is excluded） are researched by means of virtualizing orthogonal experiment design. The results of the present study indicate that： the influences of module and number of spline teeth on the maximum rolling force and rolling moment in the process are remarkable; in the case of pressure angle of reference circle is little, module of spline is great, and number of spline teeth is little, the peak value of rolling force in rolling process may appear in the midst of the process; the peak value of rolling moment in rolling process appears in the midst of the process, and then oscillator weaken to a stable value. The results of the present study may provide guidelines for the determination of power of the motor and the design of hydraulic system of special machine, and provide basis for the farther researches on the precise forming process of external spline cold rolling.

TOOTH CURVES AND ENTIRE CONTACT AREA IN PROCESS OF SPLINE COLD ROLLING

In spline rolling process, the contact area between roller and workpiece plays an important role in calculating rolling-force and rolling-moment. For the purpose of studying the contact area, contact state between roller and workpiece in process of spline cold rolling based upon cross rolling is analyzed. According to the suitable hypothesis, the mathematic model of roller-tooth-curve in optional position of rolling process is established. Combing the theory of conjugate curves with the theory of envelope curve, the corresponding mathematic model of workpiece-tooth-curve is established. By utilizing establishing mathematic models, the algorithm of entire contact area in rolling process is created. On the basis of the algorithm, calculation-program is compiled under MATLAB program language environment. The calculation-program actualizes quantitative analysis and quantitative calculation of contact areas. Utilizing the calculation-program, the influence of parameters on contact area is analyzed, and the tendency is consistent with the manufacturing experience. In consideration of rolling-force optimization, the primary process parameters may be selected according to results of calculation. The result of the present study may provide basis for research on rolling-force and rolling-moment.

Numerical simulation of involutes spline shaft in cold rolling forming

Design of forming dies and whole process of simulation of cold rolling involutes spline can be realized by using of CAD software of PRO-E and CAE software of DEFORM-3D. Software DEFORM-3D provides an automatic and optimized remeshing function, especially for the large deformation. In order to use this function sufficiently, simulation of cold rolling involutes spline can be implemented indirectly. The relationship between die and workpiece, forming force and characteristic of deformation in the forming process of cold rolling involutes spline are analyzed and researched. Meanwhile, reliable proofs for the design of dies and deforming equipment are provided.

Metal Flowing of Involute Spline Cold Roll-beating Forming

The present research on involute spline cold roll-beating forming is mainly about the principles and motion relations of cold roll-beating,the theory of roller design,and the stress and strain field analysis of cold roll-beating,etc.However,the research on law of metal flow in the forming process of involute spline cold roll-beating is rare.According to the principle of involute spline cold roll-beating,the contact model between the rollers and the spline shaft blank in the process of cold roll-beating forming is established,and the theoretical analysis of metal flow in the cold roll-beating deforming region is proceeded.A finite element model of the spline cold roll-beating process is established,the formation mechanism of the involute spline tooth profile in cold roll-beating forming process is studied,and the node flow tracks of the deformation area are analyzed.The experimental research on the metal flow of cold roll-beating spline is conducted,and the metallographic structure variation,grain characteristics and metal flow line of the different tooth profile area are analyzed.The experimental results show that the particle flow directions of the deformable bodies in cold roll-beating deformation area are determined by the minimum moving resistance.There are five types of metal flow rules of the deforming region in the process of cold roll-beating forming.The characteristics of involute spline cold roll-beating forming are given,and the forming mechanism of involute spline cold roll-beating is revealed.This paper researches the law of metal flow in the forming process of involute spline cold roll-beating,which provides theoretical supports for solving the tooth profile forming quality problem.

A New Model for Simulation of Cold Roll-Forming of Tubes by Using Spline Finite Strip Method

A new model,called object model,for the simulation of cold roll-forming of tubes is presented.The model inherits the advantages of old models and is the embodiment of forming process that the strip is rolled step by step from feed rollers to last rolling pass.The elastic-plastic large deformation spline finite strip method based on updated Lagrangian method has been developed by improving the stiffness and transition matrix.Combined theory formulas and new analytical model,the forming process of a tube has been simulated successfully as an example.The analytical results are submitted and indicate that the proposed simulation method and new model are applicable.

Transverse Distributions of Front and Back Tension Stresses in Cold Strip Rolling

In this paper,such a new lateral displacement function is proposed that the lateral flow velocity is con- tinuous at the entry and the exit of deformation zone.A new kind of finite strip method—the third power B-spline finite strip method—is put forward to simulate strip rolling process.Front and back tension stresses are formulated.The computed results of the transverse distributions of the front and back tension stresses are close to the experimental results.The paper lays a foundation for further analysing the three-dimensional stresses and deformations of strip rolling.

Simulation of Hot Strip-Rolling Process Based on Dislocation Density Variation

Flatness and profile are important quality indexes of strip. Combining the influence function method to solve the elastic deformation of roll system with the variational method to solve the lateral flow of metal, the flatness and profile of the strip during cold continuous rolling were simulated. The B 3 spline function was used to analogize the lateral distribution of strip thickness. The transverse distributions of the exit thickness and the front tension stress for each pass were obtained. Compared with the measured results, it is proved that using the spline function to analogize the lateral distribution of strip thickness can improve the calculation accuracy of flatness and profile largely.

基于有限元的扭杆花键冷滚扎成形过程分析

为分析转向扭杆在冷滚扎成形过程中的受力情况,先利用ANSYS软件建立转向扭杆的有限元模型,分析扭杆花键结构特征,标记其花键齿顶端、中间及齿根3处特殊接触点,然后针对扭杆花键实际加工过程中的等效应力、等效应变及破坏性进行有限元仿真。通过分析对比,成形过程中齿顶端受应力作用最易失效,齿根处受破坏性应力最大,这与扭杆花键材料和结构有直接关系。该结论可以指导扭杆花键冷滚扎成形模具的参数优化,从而提高扭杆整体刚度及可靠性。

渐开线花键冷滚压精密成形工艺分析及试验研究

花键冷滚压精密成形技术是一种高效、精密、少无切削的先进制造技术,具有成形效率高、节能、节材和零件成形性能好等特点。分析渐开线花键冷滚压精密成形工艺过程及原理,对成形过程的单位平均压力、接触面积、滚压坯料直径、滚压力及滚压力矩等进行求解。对渐开线花键进行冷滚压精密成形试验,分析零件变形区的金属流动规律,组织形成机理及塑性变形对成形性能的影响。试验结果表明,在花键冷滚压精密成形过程中,工件表层发生剧烈的塑性变形,晶粒沿齿廓呈连续的流线型分布,塑性变形区为细长的纤维组织,齿形截面硬度分布具有一定的规律性。试验所得零件无缺陷,硬度、耐磨性等较传统的切削加工花键大大提高,可满足使用要求。

冷滚轧滚轮设计理论及实验修正

通过对渐开线花键冷轧加工机床及工艺的分析 ,建立了滚轧轮设计的数学模型 ,用范成法解决了采用成形法设计轮廓不准的缺陷 ,并得到了实际验证。针对材料的弹塑性变形 ,通过对加工零件的误差测量 ,基于实验数据 ,反映到滚轧轮坐标系中 ,得到滚轧轮廓的修正量 ,使滚轧的花键齿形更接近于理想齿形 ,精度和寿命都得到进一步提高 ,实现了高精度花键轴的冷轧加工。

花键冷滚打和铣削加工的金属组织变形研究

本文针对冷滚打花键和铣削花键加工工艺特点,从微观组织分析角度,对两种加工方法得到工件金相组织和硬度分布进行分析比较。试验表明:铣削加工过程中,金属表面组织被切断,内部组织没有发生变化,对力学性能也没有影响;而冷滚打加工后的花键金属组织未被切断,晶粒破碎和细化,位错密度增加,最终被拉成条形纤维组织。相对于铣削,冷滚打加工改善了加工表面金属组织,硬度和强度有较大提高。从而为冷滚打花键成形技术的进一步研究奠定了基础。

混合硬化弹塑性本构关系及其在环件冷辗扩模拟中的应用

采用数值模拟方法和混合硬化弹塑性本构关系,提出了基于弹性张量的应力补偿更新算法,引入等向强化系数,给出了有限元计算步骤,基于ABAQUS/Explicit平台开发了子程序VUMAT,并在单个单元模型中验证了其可靠性。将其应用于环件冷辗扩过程模拟中,着重研究了等向强化系数对环件冷辗扩成形的影响规律。结果表明,随着等向强化系数的增大,辗扩力、辗扩力矩增大,鱼尾形状系数减小,环件外圈金属受各向异性硬化影响较大,进而从理论上进行了解释。研究结论指出该研究对环件冷辗扩成形工艺具有指导意义。

花键轴冷滚压成形的分齿条件

自由分度式花键冷滚压成形工艺,不具备分度装置,成形过程的分齿阶段对整个滚压过程的成败至关重要.为保证冷滚压加工的正确分齿,必须对影响冷滚压成形分齿阶段的花键参数和滚压模具几何参数给出限定条件.按照滚压成形前后工件(花键)体积不变的原则给出毛坯直径的计算公式;根据分齿阶段花键毛坯与滚压轮作等线速纯滚动的运动特征,推导保证正确分齿要求的滚压轮齿顶圆直径公式;根据滚压时的受力分析,给出旋转条件及滚压轮的齿数条件;分析主轴转速及径向速度对分齿时齿距累积误差的影响.对所得结论进行实验验证,按照理论计算的结构参数及工艺参数,可以滚压出4级精度的渐开线外花键轴.

冷滚打花键动力学分析与仿真

根据冷滚打花键的工艺特点和柔体动力学理论基础,建立柔体动力学数学模型;并依据有限元理论建立了冷滚打花键结构动力学模型;同时应用ADAMS和ANSYS进行动力学仿真。理论分析与仿真结果表明:花键毛坯在滚打过程中受到滚轮的滚打力由径向力FX、轴向力FY和FZ三个方向的分力合成。其中,径向力FX随滚打时间做近似于四边形的周期变化。同时得到了冷滚打加工中花键轴应变情况,精确找到加工中的辅助支撑点,可以大大提高冷滚打花键的加工精度。

花键冷敲机执行机构运动参数分析与运动学仿真

针对LQ200型花键冷敲成形设备,从塑性成形原理角度出发得到了花键冷敲成形设备执行机构的运动参数,并确定了运动学方程,采用Pro/E及Adams软件建立了花键冷敲机执行机构的运动模型,进行运动学仿真。仿真结果表明:打击力发生的时间处于工件转速为零时,工件旋转时与滚打轮不接触;模拟得到的运动曲线图与理论结果分析相符。验证了该工艺的可行性,理论分析的正确性,这对于花键类零件冷敲成形技术的推广应用、设备的研发具有重要意义。

渐开线花键冷滚轧模具的设计与计算

根据渐开线花键冷滚轧模具设计规范,推导了渐开线花键冷滚轧模具齿形坐标方程,为实现渐开线花键模具CAD提供了依据。

冷滚打成形对花键组织与性能的影响

通过显微观察等测试手段,对花键在冷滚打加工时形成的纤维组织、齿形表层硬度分布等进行了研究;分析了冷滚打成形过程中,等轴晶被拉伸形成金属纤维的过程以及齿形表层硬化的原因。试验表明:花键冷滚打加工使工件内部晶粒破碎、细化并拉伸形成了与花键齿形一致的金属纤维组织,冷滚打的冷作硬化使花键齿表层硬度及抗冲击能力有较大提高;高应力在改善花键齿形表面质量的同时,也可能导致高变形抗力,使滚打轮过早失效。

花键冷滚打成形表层残余应力分布规律研究

为提高冷滚打成形花键的表层性能,以渐开线花键为研究对象,采用轮廓法进行冷滚打花键残余应力空间分布测量。对实验结果进行分析,研究冷滚打成形参数对花键齿廓齿根、分度圆和齿顶处残余应力分布规律以及残余压应力层深度分布规律的影响。结果表明:冷滚打花键的齿廓表层是残余压应力,分度圆处表层深度为0.35~0.45 mm的残余压应力较大;齿根处形成的残余压应力高于分度圆处和齿顶处的残余压应力,齿顶处形成的残余压应力值最小;冷滚打转速增大引起冷滚打花键齿廓表层残余压应力峰值的增加和残余压应力层深的下降,花键进给量增加使得花键齿廓表层残余压应力峰值和残余压应力层深增加;分度圆处残余压应力层深度达到0.68~0.98 mm,残余压应力峰值达到67.4~80.8 MPa.

冷滚轧机床同步机构的误差分析

同步机构是精密冷滚轧机床的重要组成部件 ,其同步精度直接影响到花键成形的周节累积误差。针对同步机构的运动特点 ,分析了同步误差来源及其影响因素 ,并对原有设计方案进行了改进。通过对改进设计方案的误差分析、计算 ,确定了各误差因素在总误差中所占比重 ,并给出了相应减小同步误差的具体措施。