Testing of High-Strength Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass with the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar

The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was used to determine the dynamic compressive strength of the high-strength Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at strain rate on the order of 102 s^-1. It is shown that at high strain rates beyond about 1 000 s^-1, uniform deformation within the metallic glass specimen could not be achieved and dispersion in the transmitted pulse can lead to discrepancies in measuring the dynamic failure strength of the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Based on these reasons, a copper insert was placed between the strike bar and the input bar to obtain reliable and consistent experimental data for testing of the Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using the SHPB. Negative strain rate sensitivity was found in the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass.

High strain rate compressive strength behavior of cemented paste backfill using split Hopkinson pressure bar

The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB)is threatened by dynamic disturbance,but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose.Therefore,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 MPa.And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis.CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios,solid mass concentrations,and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test.The results showed that increasing the cement content,tailings content,and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus.Under an impact load,a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading.And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate.The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading.The local damage was enhanced,and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB.This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.

Water‑immersion softening mechanism of coal rock mass based on split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment

The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe production.The impact compression tests were performed on coal with diferent moisture contents by using theϕ50 mm Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)experimental system,and the dynamic characteristics and energy loss laws of water-immersed coal with diferent compositions and water contents were analyzed.Through analysis and discussion,it is found that:(1)When the moisture content of the coal sample is 0%,30%,60%,the stress,strain rate and energy frst increase and then decrease with time.(2)When the moisture content of the coal sample increases from 30%to 60%,the stress“plateau”of the coal sample becomes more obvious,resulting in an increase in the compressive stress stage and a decrease in the expansion stress stage.(3)The increase of moisture content of the coal sample will afect its impact deformation and failure mode.When the moisture content is 60%,the incident rod end and the transmission rod end of the coal sample will have obvious compression failure,and the middle part of the coal sample will also experience expansion and deformation.(4)The coal composition ratio suitable for the coal immersion softening impact experiment is optimized.

Dynamic property evaluation of aluminum alloy 2519A by split Hopkinson pressure bar

Impact behavior of aluminum alloy 2519A was investigated at strain rates of 600-7 000 s-1 and temperatures of 20-450 ℃ by a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the flow stress is dominated by temperature, and it increases with strain rate and decreases with deformation temperature. The serrated flow curves show the dynamic recrystallization occurs. The strain rate sensitivity exponents m determined are 0.066, 0.059 4, 0.059 0 and 0.057 3 at 20, 150, 300 and 450 ℃, respectively. Cowper- Symonds constitutive equation expressing the plastic flow behavior was calculated by analysis and regression of the experimental results. The fracture characteristics under the experimental conditions were observed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It is determined that the tested material fails as a result of adiabatic shearing.

Calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar system with special shape striker

In order to present basic guidance for system calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with the special shape striker,wave characteristics and dynamic responses of SHPB under striker impact were analyzed.Stress generated by the special shape striker tends to have a half-sine waveform and has little wave dispersion during its propagation.Impact velocities of the special shape striker and peak values of generated stress still have linear relation but with a different coefficient from that of cylindrical strikers.From stress histories on the surfaces of the input bar impacted by the special shape striker off-axially and obliquely,it is found that the misalignment impacts usually trigger wave distortion and amplitude decrease,which can be used to identify the poor system adjustment.Finally,the system calibration of SHPB with the special shape striker can be classified into four steps:system adjustment,wave distortion identification,measurement calibration and transmission calibration,where the measurement calibration factor and transmission calibration factor are elaborated and redefined.

Study on Interface Friction Model for Engineering Materials Testing on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Tests

Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test is based on the assumption of uniaxial and uniform stress distribution within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., interface friction constrains. Kinetic interface friction tests based on a simple device for engineering materials testing on SHPB tests are performed. A kinetic interface friction model is proposed and validated by implementing it into a numerical model. It shows that the proposed simple device is sufficient to obtain kinetic interface friction results for common SHPB tests. The kinetic friction model should be used instead of the frequently used constant friction model for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.

Approach to minish scattering of results for split Hopkinson pressure bar test

Split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement mechanism and energy consumption. However, the possible reasons of sampling disturbance, machining error and so on often lead to the scattering of test results, and bring ultimate difficulty for forming general test conclusion. Based on the stochastic finite element method, the uncertain parameters of specimen density ps, specimen radius Rs, specimen elastic modulus Es and specimen length Ls in the data processing of SHPB test were considered, and the correlation between the parameters and the test results was analyzed. The results show that the specimen radius Rs has direct correlation with the test result, improving the accuracy in preparing and measuring of specimen is an effective way to improve the accuracy of test and minish the scattering of results for SHPB test.

Dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson （Kolsky） bar system - A review

Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems. Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different from and much more challenging than their static counterparts. Dynamic tests are usually conducted using the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsl^j bar systems, which include both split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） and split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） systems. Significant progress has been made on the quantification of various rock dynamic properties, owing to the advances in the experimental techniques of SHPB system. This review aims to fully describe and critically assess the detailed procedures and principles of tech- niques for dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson bars. The history and principles of SHPB are outlined, followed by the key loading techniques that are useful for dynamic rock tests with SHPB （i.e. pulse shaping, momentum-trap and multi-axial loading techniques）. Various measurement techniques for rock tests in SHPB （i.e. X-ray micro computed tomography （CT）, laser gap gauge （LGG）, digital image corre- lation （DIC）, Moir~ method, caustics method, photoelastic coating method, dynamic infrared thermog- raphy） are then discussed. As the main objective of the review, various dynamic measurement techniques for rocks using SHPB are described, including dynamic rock strength measurements （i.e. dynamic compression, tension, bending and shear tests）, dynamic fracture measurements （i.e. dynamic imitation and propagation fracture toughness, dynamic fracture energy and fracture velocity）, and dy- namic techniques for studying the influences of temperature and pore water.

不同含水率红陶土的SHPB动力学性能实验

为研究动态加载下红陶土的动态力学特性,利用分离式霍普金森压杆系统,开展了含水率分别为5%、7%、9%、11%、13%和15%,冲击速度分别为6、8、10 m/s,分析了不同含水率和应变率条件下红陶土的动力学特性。结果表明:随着冲击速度的增大,红陶土应变率效应显著;在冲击荷载作用下,红陶土的动态应力-应变关系曲线随加载应变率提高呈现2种曲线类型,分别为脆-塑性破坏和脆性破坏,随着应变率的增加,红陶土破坏过程由塑-脆性破坏逐转变为脆性破坏;红陶土的抗压强度、动态弹性模量均随应变率的增大而增加,并随着含水率的增大先减小后增大。

基于广义波阻抗理论的SHPB试验中弹性压缩阶段试件应力-应变曲线的应力波效应及其影响机理

定量研究分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)试验中弹性压缩阶段试件中的应力波效应是解耦准确材料弹性曲线的基础。在满足平面波假设的基础上,基于广义波阻抗理论,对杆与试件面积不匹配时试件弹性压缩阶段应力波演化造成的结构效应开展了定量理论研究,分析了不同情况下弹性阶段内试件唯象工程及实际材料应力-应变曲线的偏差特征与主要因素,并揭示了影响这种偏差的影响规律及其机理。研究表明:对于线性入射加载波,当无量纲时间为0.5的倍数时,即使其他参数改变,试件唯象与材料实际的应力-应变曲线仍对应相等;试件两端的应力差较大时,若应力差的变化趋于稳定,则试件唯象与材料实际的应力-应变曲线差异较小。计算了不同波动区间内试件的最大应力偏离值及其变化趋势和对应的无量纲时间,研究了入射波是双线性组合波时试件的应力-应变曲线。研究表明:双线性波入射时,2个线性区间可以独立分析,无论如何组合线性区间或应力差如何变化,只要试件两端应力差为近似恒定曲线,对应的试件唯象工程应力-应变曲线都是相对准确的。

Tuning of band-gap of phononic crystals with initial confining pressure

The mechanism of the shift of the band-gap in phononic crystal （PC） with different initial confining pressures is studied experimentally and numerically. The experimental results and numerical analysis simultaneously indicate that the confining pressure can efficiently tune the location in and the width of the band-gap. The present work provides a basis for tuning the band-gap of phononic crystal in engineering applications.

基于SHPB试验的碳纳米管增强混凝土动态压缩行为研究

为探究碳纳米管增强混凝土在冲击荷载作用下的动态压缩行为,采用?100 mm大直径分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB)对其进行了冲击试验,对比分析了不同冲击速度和碳纳米管掺量条件下混凝土的动态抗压强度、受压形变以及能量耗散特征的演化规律。试验结果表明:碳纳米管增强混凝土的动态强度特性具有显著的加载速率敏感性,动态抗压强度和动态强度增长因子均与冲击速度呈线性正相关的关系,当加载水平相同时,动态抗压强度随碳纳米管掺量的增大呈先上升后略有下降的变化趋势,且与普通混凝土相比增幅可达23.7%。碳纳米管增强混凝土的极限应变与冲击韧度的变化特点相似,均随冲击速度的增大而逐渐提高,具有一定的冲击速度强化效应,但与冲击速度之间并没有表现出明显的线性关系。在同一加载水平下,当碳纳米管掺量为0.30%时,混凝土的冲击韧度达到相对最大,较之普通混凝土提升约10%。掺入适量的碳纳米管能够有效强化混凝土内部结构的整体性和致密性,进而改善混凝土的动态力学性能以及能量耗散特征。

砂土SHPB冲击试验与数值模拟研究进展及问题探讨

中高应变率下砂土的动力特性对防护工程、桩基贯入、船舶抛锚、飞机降落等问题具有重要意义。综述了砂土霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)冲击试验及数值模拟研究现状,总结了目前砂土冲击特性研究存在的主要问题,归纳如下:(1)SHPB试验对于散体材料仍存在不确定性,如试样尺寸尚不规范统一、边界条件难以控制、三轴试验方法还不成熟等,未来三轴SHPB试验需要解决试样径向变形测量和围压恒定问题;(2)由于试验条件下排气和排水不确定,且存在惯性效应,导致应变率效应无法准确判断;(3)含水率对冲击特性的影响与孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力变化相关,但相关变量测量困难,结果难以分析,需要开发完全不排气、不排水的装置以消除边界条件影响;(4)现有方法如有限元法、离散元法、耦合方法无法统一模拟波传播连续性和颗粒破碎,需要克服计算量限制,建立考虑复杂机制(如含水、颗粒破碎)的数值模型来研究砂土冲击特性;(5)需要建立考虑应变率效应的本构模型,实现水分、颗粒破碎等复杂机制的模拟,完善中高应变率土力学理论框架。

SHPB循环冲击实验技术在岩石冲击动力学教学中的应用研究

该文通过将SHPB实验与岩石冲击动力学相关理论课程相结合的教学模式,提高学生对岩石冲击力学响应和能量演化特征的认知与理解,培养学生在科学实验方面的实际操作能力和严谨态度,发挥学生自主开展实验研究的主观能动性,提升教学效果。基于多学科交叉融合理念,联系科学研究热点问题,引导学生进一步思考并探索更多“SHPB+”,有助于培养学生的科研实践能力与思维创新精神。

基于SHPB劈裂实验技术的岩石冲击动力学教学模式与实践

分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)是测定岩石材料在中、高应变率下动力响应行为的专业设备。为了帮助学生深刻认识和理解岩石的冲击劈裂力学特性与应力应变演化机理,聚焦岩石冲击动力学关键科学问题,将SHPB冲击劈裂实验技术引入岩石冲击动力学教学中,采用“理论+实验+讨论”的教学模式,建立教学课程的持续改进机制,解决了岩石冲击动力学理论知识学习的晦涩难懂、枯燥乏味,弥补了岩石冲击动力学理论教学的不足。可拓展学生的创新性思维以培养学生提出和解决关键科学问题的能力。

基于SHPB的切缝药包防护特性研究

为探究定向断裂控制爆破中切缝药包对围岩的防护特性,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验对用药包材料制成的垫片防护下的花岗岩试块进行冲击,分别研究垫片与岩石间距、垫片材料和厚度因素对围岩防护效果的影响,分析在高速冲击下岩石的破碎情况和应力峰值,并建立多个切缝药包单孔爆破数值模型,通过对比不同情况下围岩损伤而进一步揭示切缝药包对围岩的防护特性机理。研究结果表明:岩石在强冲击荷载作用下严重破碎,当采用外壳垫片防护后,岩石的破碎程度有所降低。相同垫片厚度和垫片与岩石间距离固定的情况下,PVC外壳垫片防护效果要优于ABS外壳垫片。随着垫片厚度的增加和岩石与垫片间距的增加,岩石受损程度逐渐减弱,且增加垫片厚度对岩石的防护效果要优于增加岩石与垫片外壳间距的防护效果,研究成果可为控制爆破提供技术参考。

饱水砂岩动态强度的SHPB试验研究

采用改进的φ75mm杆径SHPB试验装置,对长径比为0.5的开阳磷矿砂岩进行自然风干和饱水状态下的冲击压缩试验,对比INSTRON材料试验机的静载试验结果表明:冲击载荷作用下饱水砂岩的应力–应变关系不同于其静态应力–应变关系,中应变率加载条件下饱水砂岩动态强度与风干砂岩的动态强度相近,这与静载条件下饱水砂岩强度降低的结果相反;风干砂岩动态屈服应力与其静态相近,饱水砂岩动态屈服应力比其静态下的结果提高近2倍,表现出比自然风干砂岩更强的应变率敏感性;水对砂岩动态破坏效果有影响,自然风干砂岩比饱水砂岩受冲击破坏更为严重;冲击载荷作用下,饱水砂岩动态强度应考虑其自由水黏度及Stefan效应的影响。

高应变率下砂岩动态拉伸性能SHPB试验与分析

为研究高应变率下煤矿砂岩的动态拉伸性能,将岩样加工成厚径比为0.5的圆盘试件,利用直锥变截面分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置,采用6种冲击气压对试件沿径向进行加载,实施不同加载速率的动态劈裂拉伸试验,测试试件的动态拉伸应力和应变率。试验结果表明:砂岩试件的动态劈裂破坏形态满足巴西圆盘试验有效性条件,试件内的径向应力分布达到应力均匀性要求;分析试验实测波形和应变率效应,得出高应变率下煤矿砂岩试件的拉伸应力和应变率特性。在试验采用冲击气压范围内,试件平均应变率由48 s-1增加至137 s-1,平均应变率与冲击气压近似为对数函数关系,动态拉伸强度与平均应变率近似为乘幂函数关系。

节理岩体动态破坏的SHPB相似材料试验研究

采用相似材料模型试验对不同节理倾角、节理贯通度、节理条数、载荷应变率、节理充填物厚度、节理充填物类型及试件长径比等7种工况下的节理岩体动态强度及破坏模式进行了分离式Hopkinson压杆（SHPB）试验研究。结果表明：节理岩体动态破坏模式及强度与节理构造形态密切相关。对于单节理岩体，其强度及破坏特征在很大程度上受节理倾角控制，节理倾角0°;、90°6;试件动强度分别为完整试件的90%和71%，且其破坏形式均为张拉破坏；倾角60°6;试件动强度几乎为0；倾角30°、45°试件的动强度分别为完整试件的50%和18%，且其破坏以剪切破坏为主，兼有张拉破坏。中心1/4、1/2、4/5及全贯通节理试件的峰值强度分别为完整试件的95%、74%、28%和17%，即随节理贯通度增加，试件动强度逐渐降低。含1-3条节理的试件动强度分别为完整试件的54%、23%和10%，即随节理条数增加，试件动强度随之有较大幅度降低，但节理条数的增加并没有改变其破坏模式。随着节理充填物厚度增加及节理充填物强度降低，试件强度依次递减，但破坏模式并没有改变。完整试件和节理试件的动强度均随着载荷应变率的增加而变大，且前者对载荷应变率的敏感性要远远高于后者，相应地试件的破坏模式也变得更加复杂。两类试件的动强度均随着试件长径比的增加先增大后减小，即存在一个最佳长径比。

SHPB技术研究混凝土动态力学性能存在的问题和改进

根据实验和理论分析,目前分离式Hopkinson压杆装置(SHPB)间接测量混凝土材料动态应力—应变关系时主要存在三方面问题,分别是应力应变不均匀的限制、大尺寸SHPB压杆产生的应力波弥散及数据处理时应力波波头选取的影响。上述问题使得用传统SHPB方法在研究混凝土材料动态力学性能时的可靠性和精确性大大降低。因此,该文对上述问题的解决和改善进行了初步探讨。