Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) ...Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.展开更多
This paper aims to explore how a veteran teacher organizes online teaching initiated by the pandemic and how she deals with the problems in online teacher-student verbal interaction.By analyzing a corpus of 20 audio-r...This paper aims to explore how a veteran teacher organizes online teaching initiated by the pandemic and how she deals with the problems in online teacher-student verbal interaction.By analyzing a corpus of 20 audio-recorded online lessons between a math teacher and her students during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 11 to May 10,2022,four interactional segments are selected as the focus of the study.The results of the conversation analysis of the segments showed that students’modesty,lack of confidence,lack of ability,and network delay are the main factors affecting online teacher-student interaction.By encouraging students to answer questions,enlightening students to give answers,enriching students’answers,and entertaining the teaching atmosphere(“4Es”strategies),the teacher solved the problems successfully.The findings from this study can provide pedagogical experience and implications for practical teaching.展开更多
In the present study, a statistical investigation is carried out to explore whether there is a relationship between the critical frequency （foEs） of the sporadic-E layer that is occasionally seen on the E region of ...In the present study, a statistical investigation is carried out to explore whether there is a relationship between the critical frequency （foEs） of the sporadic-E layer that is occasionally seen on the E region of the ionosphere and the quasi- biennial oscillation （QBO） that flows in the east-west direction in the equatorial stratosphere. Multiple regression model as a statistical tool was used to determine the relationship between variables. In this model, the stationarity of the variables （foEs and QBO） was firstly analyzed for each station （Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti）. Then, a co- integration test was made to determine the existence of a long-term relationship between QBO and foes. After verifying the presence of a long-term relationship between the variables, the magnitude of the relationship between variables was further determined using the multiple regression model. As a result, it is concluded that the variations in foEs were explainable with QBO measured at 10 hPa altitude at the rate of 69%, 94%, 79%, and 58% for Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti stations, respectively. It is observed that the variations in foes were explainable with QBO measured at 70 hPa altitude at the rate of 66%, 69%, 53%, and 47% for Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti stations, respectively.展开更多
Continuous improvements in very-large-scale integration(VLSI)technology and design software have significantly broadened the scope of digital signal processing(DSP)applications.The use of application-specific integrat...Continuous improvements in very-large-scale integration(VLSI)technology and design software have significantly broadened the scope of digital signal processing(DSP)applications.The use of application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs)and programmable digital signal processors for many DSP applications have changed,even though new system implementations based on reconfigurable computing are becoming more complex.Adaptable platforms that combine hardware and software programmability efficiency are rapidly maturing with discrete wavelet transformation(DWT)and sophisticated computerized design techniques,which are much needed in today’s modern world.New research and commercial efforts to sustain power optimization,cost savings,and improved runtime effectiveness have been initiated as initial reconfigurable technologies have emerged.Hence,in this paper,it is proposed that theDWTmethod can be implemented on a fieldprogrammable gate array in a digital architecture(FPGA-DA).We examined the effects of quantization on DWTperformance in classification problems to demonstrate its reliability concerning fixed-point math implementations.The Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)algorithm for DWT learning used in this architecture is less responsive to resampling errors than the previously proposed solution in the literature using the artificial neural networks(ANN)method.By reducing hardware area by 57%,the proposed system has a higher throughput rate of 88.72%,reliability analysis of 95.5%compared to the other standard methods.展开更多
文摘Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.
文摘This paper aims to explore how a veteran teacher organizes online teaching initiated by the pandemic and how she deals with the problems in online teacher-student verbal interaction.By analyzing a corpus of 20 audio-recorded online lessons between a math teacher and her students during the COVID-19 pandemic from April 11 to May 10,2022,four interactional segments are selected as the focus of the study.The results of the conversation analysis of the segments showed that students’modesty,lack of confidence,lack of ability,and network delay are the main factors affecting online teacher-student interaction.By encouraging students to answer questions,enlightening students to give answers,enriching students’answers,and entertaining the teaching atmosphere(“4Es”strategies),the teacher solved the problems successfully.The findings from this study can provide pedagogical experience and implications for practical teaching.
文摘In the present study, a statistical investigation is carried out to explore whether there is a relationship between the critical frequency （foEs） of the sporadic-E layer that is occasionally seen on the E region of the ionosphere and the quasi- biennial oscillation （QBO） that flows in the east-west direction in the equatorial stratosphere. Multiple regression model as a statistical tool was used to determine the relationship between variables. In this model, the stationarity of the variables （foEs and QBO） was firstly analyzed for each station （Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti）. Then, a co- integration test was made to determine the existence of a long-term relationship between QBO and foes. After verifying the presence of a long-term relationship between the variables, the magnitude of the relationship between variables was further determined using the multiple regression model. As a result, it is concluded that the variations in foEs were explainable with QBO measured at 10 hPa altitude at the rate of 69%, 94%, 79%, and 58% for Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti stations, respectively. It is observed that the variations in foes were explainable with QBO measured at 70 hPa altitude at the rate of 66%, 69%, 53%, and 47% for Cocos Island, Gibilmanna, Niue Island, and Tahiti stations, respectively.
基金This work was supported by King Saud University for funding this work through Researchers Supporting Project number(RSP-2021/387),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia。
文摘Continuous improvements in very-large-scale integration(VLSI)technology and design software have significantly broadened the scope of digital signal processing(DSP)applications.The use of application-specific integrated circuits(ASICs)and programmable digital signal processors for many DSP applications have changed,even though new system implementations based on reconfigurable computing are becoming more complex.Adaptable platforms that combine hardware and software programmability efficiency are rapidly maturing with discrete wavelet transformation(DWT)and sophisticated computerized design techniques,which are much needed in today’s modern world.New research and commercial efforts to sustain power optimization,cost savings,and improved runtime effectiveness have been initiated as initial reconfigurable technologies have emerged.Hence,in this paper,it is proposed that theDWTmethod can be implemented on a fieldprogrammable gate array in a digital architecture(FPGA-DA).We examined the effects of quantization on DWTperformance in classification problems to demonstrate its reliability concerning fixed-point math implementations.The Advanced Encryption Standard(AES)algorithm for DWT learning used in this architecture is less responsive to resampling errors than the previously proposed solution in the literature using the artificial neural networks(ANN)method.By reducing hardware area by 57%,the proposed system has a higher throughput rate of 88.72%,reliability analysis of 95.5%compared to the other standard methods.
