Ganoderma lucidum spore oil enhances the effect of paclitaxel,improves the tolerance to paclitaxel and prolongs the survival in Lewis tumor-bearing mice

Purpose:This study aims to investigate whether Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO)could enhance the effect of paclitaxel(PTX),improve the tolerance to PTX and prolong the overall survival of Lewis tumor-bearing mice,which has never been reported before.Methods:The tumor,spleen,and thymus were weighed at the end of the experiment.Whole blood was collected for hematological index analysis,and the intact femur was removed to determine the bone marrow nucleated cell count(BMN).The percentage of lymphocytes in the spleen of mice was detected by flow cytometry,the activity of NK cells was detected by LDH assay,and the proliferation index of lymphocytes was determined by CCK-8 assay.The overall and mean survival time and life extension rate were calculated using SPSS software.Results:Our data showed that GLSO could enhance the anti-tumor effect of PTX and prolong the survival of mice.The underlying mechanisms of the above effects might be related to the toxic reduction effect of GLSO by relieving hematotoxicity,myelosuppression and immunosuppression.Specifically,GLSO could increase the number of blood cells and bone marrow cells,alleviate the thymic index,and elevate the number and activity of NK cells in mice treated with PTX.Conclusion:GLSO may enhance the efficacy of PTX by boosting the activity of immune NK cells and prolong survival by counteracting PTX-induced bone marrow alterations and improving hematopoiesis.These findings suggested the promising role of GLSO in combination with PTX to extend the survival and increase the tolerance of patients in clinical chemotherapy of lung cancer.

Studies on the Triterpenoid Constituents of the Spores from Ganoderma lucidum Karst

Five compounds were isolated from the ether-soluble fraction of the spores of Gano- derma lucidum.On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data(MS,UV,IR,~1H and ^(13)CNMR),they were identified as 3,7,11,12,15,23-hexaoxo-5α-lanosta-8-en-26-oic acid(Ⅰ),gano- deric acid B(Ⅱ),C(Ⅲ),D(Ⅳ)and ganodermanontriol(Ⅴ).Compound Ⅰ is a new natural product, named ganosporeric acid A.Compounds Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ are known compounds and were obtained for the first time from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum.Pharmacological experiments showed that ganosporeric acid A has an activity for lowering the levels GPT in mice with liver injury by CCl_4 and GaNI and exhibits heptoprotective effects.

Isolation and Structural Determination of a Glucan from the Spores of Ganoderma lucidum

A water soluble, (1 -->6)-branched, (1 -->4) linked D-glucan (LB-B1), [alpha](D)(21) = +174.2 degrees (c 0.87, H2O), was obtained from a hot-water extract of the sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidun (Fr.) Karst by HPSEC, with 0.001 mol/L sodium hydroxide as the eluant, the molecular weight (Mw) of LB-B1 was estimated to be 9.3 x 10(3). From the results of total hydrolysis, methylation analysis, acetolysis and 1D, 2D-NMR experimentation, it was concluded that LB-B1 was composed of repeating units with the following structure: alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->6)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->6)-alpha -D-Glc(p) 1 down arrow 6 (-->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->4-)-alpha -D-Glc(p)-(1 -->)(n)

Influence of Ganoderma lucidum spores on the levels of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin in brains of seizure rats

BACKGROUND： Previous research has revealed that somatostatin can induce epilepsy, and that the levels of neuropeptide Y may increase and become more active in brain areas with epileptic seizures. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effect of Ganoderma luciclum spore powder on the neuropeptide Y and somatostatin content in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal regions of seizure rats induced by pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）. Furthermore, to verify any effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on inhibition of epileptic seizures. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized group animal study was performed in August 2007 in the School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiamusi University （Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China）. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy, male, Wistar rats, aged 12 weeks and weighing 180-220 g, were taken as the experimental animals. PTZ （Sigma Company, United States） was used to induce epilepsy. Ganoderma lucidum spores （Leyss, ex Fr variety） were purchased from Jiamusi City Wild Growing Case of the Ganoderma Lucidum （China）. Rabbit anti-somatostatin antibodies and secondary antibodies were purchased from Wuhan Boster Company （China）. Neuropeptide Y radioimmunoassay kit was purchased from Beijing Furui Biotechnology Company （China）. METHODS： Thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups： a control group, an epilepsy model group and a Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group. Each group contained 10 animals. Rats in the epilepsy model group were treated with intraperitoneal injections of PTZ and gastric perfusion of physiologic saline. In the Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group, intraperitoneal injection of PTZ and gastric perfusion of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder were administered. The blank control group was only administered with the physiological saline by intraperitoneal injection and gastric perfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunohistochemical staining and radioimmunoassay methods were used to observe the changes of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y content in brain tissue of epileptic rats, as well as the morphology of neurons. RESULTS： All 30 rats were involved in the result analysis, without any loss. The number of somatostatin immunoreacted positive cells in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was significantly increased in the epilepsy model group compared to the blank control group （P 〈 0.01）. The number of somatostatin immunoreacted positive cells in cerebral cortex and hippocampus was significantly decreased in the Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group compared to the epilepsy model group （P 〈 0.01）. The contents of neuropeptide Y in cerebral cortex and hippocampus were significantly increased in the epilepsy model group compared to the blank control group （P 〈 0.01）. The contents of neuropeptide Y in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were significantly decreased in the Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group compared to the epilepsy model group （P 〈 0.05）. The epilepsy seizures in the Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated group were obviously reduced compared to the epilepsy model group. CONCLUSION： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was able to reduce the somatostatin and neuropeptide Y content in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus effectively, so as to achieve an anti-epileptic function and protect neurons from being damaged.

Breaking and Characteristics of Ganoderma Lucidum Spores by High Speed Entrifugai Shearing Pulverizer

The spores of Ganoderma lucidum were ground and broken to ultrafine particles by high speed centrifugal shearing（HSCS） pulverizer. The characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum spores were analyzed by scanning electron microscope （SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry （FTIR）. Ultraviolet-visible pectrophotometer was used to determine the extraction ratio of aqueous solubility polysaccharide between the raw and broken spores. The immunological function on the mice before and after the breaking of spores wan investigated. The experimental results show that after being ground, the sporoderm-broken ratio reachs 100%, the original active ingredients of ganoderma lucidum spores do not change, and the extraction ratio of aqueous solubility polysaccharide is greatly increased by 40.08%. The broken spores show much higher immunological activity comparing with original spores of Ganoderma lucidum.

Aqueous-soluble components of sporoderm-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder promote ferroptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Objective: Ferroptosis is a novel cell death process which displays a promising role in cancer treatment.However, clinically available drugs targeting ferroptosis are rarely used, and yet there are no studies reporting on inducing ferroptosis via Chinese herbal extracts. Here we explored the tumor inhibition effects of Ganoderma lucidum(G. lucidum) on oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). Specifically, we aimed to clarify the biological mechanism of components in the dietary, aqueous-soluble sporoderm-removed G. lucidum spore powder(A-GSP).Methods: Preliminary transcriptome analysis revealed the significant enrichment of the ferroptosis pathway.Cellular Fe2+, glutathione(GSH), malondialdehyde(MDA), reactive oxygen species(ROS) and lipid peroxide levels were measured to identify ferroptosis occurrence. Western blotting was used to measure ferroptosis-related proteins. Changes in mitochondria morphology and function were observed with transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and ATP detection assays. Ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 was then used to verify the anti-tumor effects of A-GSP. Finally, nude mice xenograft models of oral cancer confirmed that A-GSP inhibited tumor growth.Results: A-GSP promoted ferroptosis in oral cancer cells by inducing Fe2+influx, GSH depletion, as well as lipid peroxide and ROS accumulation. Ferroptosis-related proteins exhibited corresponding changes, particularly Acylco A synthetase long chain family member 4(ACSL4) increase and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4) decrease. A-GSP considerably lowered mitochondrial volume and ridge number, while significantly decreasing ATP production. Ferrostatin-1 reversed all of these A-GSP-induced changes. In vivo, A-GSP exerted a ferroptosismediated tumor-suppressing effect without observable adverse reactions.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of A-GSP for treating patients with OSCC by targeting ferroptosis.

Volatile Components and Antitumor Activity of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Oil and Its Molecular Distillation Components

[Objectives]To compare the effects of molecular distillation on the flavor and antitumor activity of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil.[Methods]G.lucidum spore oil was separated and purified by molecular distillation technology,and the volatile components of different components of molecular distillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry(GC-IMS)technology.Human liver carcinoma cells(HepG2),human breast cancer cells(MCF-7),and human cervical cancer cells(Hela)were selected as the tumor cell lines to be tested,and the cell viability was detected by the MTT assay.[Results]Molecular distillation effectively reduced small molecular substances produced by oil oxidation in G.lucidum spore oil,such as heptanal,octanal,linalool,hexanal,E-2-octanal,3-ethylpyridine,etc.Among the heavy components,the content of esters was relatively high,mainly including ethyl levulinate,ethyl crotonate,and amyl butyrate.The MTT cytotoxicity test indicated that G.lucidum spore oil and its molecular distillation components had certain inhibitory effects on the growth of three tumor cells,and G.lucidum spore oil crude oil had the most significant antitumor activity.G.lucidum spore oil crude oil,heavy component,and light component had the most significant antitumor activity on HepG2 cells,followed by MCF-7 cells,and the weakest antitumor activity on Hela cells.The quality of G.lucidum spore oil became higher after molecular distillation,and the rancid smell was reduced,and molecular distillation had little effect on the antitumor activity of G.lucidum spores.[Conclusions]Molecular distillation technology can be applied to the refining of G.lucidum spore oil to improve product quality.

Antitumor Activity of the Ganoderma Lucidum Spore Alcohol Extract in Vitro

Several cancer cell lines(epithelioma cells or leukemia cells)from human being or mouse were first used to study the antitumor activity of the Ganoderma lucidum spore alcohol extract(GLSAE)in vitro by the MTT test A comparision was made between the sporodermbroken(SB)and sporoderm nonbroken(SN)GLSAE It was showed that both GLSAE SB and GLSAE SN could inhibit the proliferation of these cancer cells,but the activity of GLSAE SB was much higher than that of GLSAE SN These results suggested that Ganoderma lucidum spore could probably be used for tumor treatment

Effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and neuronal apoptosis in the epileptic rat brain

BACKGROUND：It has been reported that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, a very well known Chinese traditional medicine, can affect immunoregulation, free radical scavenging, and anti-hypoxia responses. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）, nuclear factor-κB （NF-κB） and neuronal apoptosis in rats with pentylenetetrazol （PTZ）-induced epilepsy. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A cellular and molecular biology experiment with randomized controlled study design was performed at the Central Laboratory of Basic Medical College of Jiamusi University from June to August 2005. MATERIALS： Thirty healthy, adult, male, Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups （10 rats per group）： control, epilepsy model, and Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. A sub-eclampsia PTZ dose （35 mg/kg） was intraperitoneally injected to induce epilepsy in the latter two groups. Wild Ganoderma lucidum spore powder （30 g/L） was provided by the wild Ganoderma lucidum plant nursery at Jiamusi, China. Immunohistochemical detection and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediate dUTP nick end-labeling （TUNEL） kits were purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China. METHODS： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder was intragastrically administered at a dose of 10.0 mL/kg, once a day for 28 days. In the epilepsy and control groups, an equivalent volume of normal saline was intragastrically administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunoreactivity for IGF-1 and NF-κB/P65 were detected by immunohistochemical staining. Neuronal apoptosis was detected using TUNEL methods. RESULTS： The hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rats with PTZ-induced epilepsy exhibited a higher number of apoptotic cells at high magnification （×400）, compared with the control group. Expression of IGF-1 and NF-κB were higher in the epilepsy group, compared with the control group （P 〈 0.01）. In Ganoderma lucidum spore-treated rats, fewer apoptotic cells were observed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, expression of NF-κB/P65 was lower, and immunoreactivity to IGF-1 increased more distinctly, compared with the epilepsy group. In addition, seizure latency was longer on 17, 21, and 25 days post-PTZ treatment in the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder group, compared with the epilepsy group （P 〈 0.05-0.01）. CONCLUSION： Ganoderma lucidum spore powder down-regulated expression of NF-κB in brain tissues of rats with PTZ-induced epilepsy, increased immunoreactivity to IGF-1, and inhibited neuronal apoptosis. These results indicated that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder has a neuroprotective effect.

Effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on astrocyte expression and glutamine synthetase activity in the hippocampal region of epileptic rats

BACKGROUND： Recent studies have demonstrated that astrocyte dysfunction plays a central role in inhibiting epileptic seizures and that regulation of astrocyte function may be a new target for treatment of epilepsy. OBJECTIVE： To observe the effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder （GLSP） on astrocyte morphology and glutamine synthetase （COS） activity in the hippocampal region of epileptic rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled animal experiment was performed at the Function Laboratory, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University between October and December 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 30 Sprague Dawley （SD） rats were randomized to three groups （n = 10）： control, model, and GLSP. GLSP was sourced from Jiamusi Wild Ganoderma Lucidum Planting Base and prepared to 30 g/L with physiological saline before use. Pentylenetetrazol （PTZ） （10 g/L） was provided by Sigma Company, USA. METHODS： The control group received intraperitoneal （i.p.） and intragastric （i.g.） physiological saline. Following epilepsy induction by i.p. administration of PTZ （35 mg/kg）, rats from the mode/and GLSP groups were ig injected with physiological saline and GLSP （300 mg/kg）, respectively. Each compound was administered once per day, for a total of 28 successive days. Epileptic seizure convulsions were graded 0-5. A higher grade indicated more severe epilepsy. Only those rats showing stage 2 or higher convulsions at least 5 times successively were included in further experiments. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immediately alter injection, seizure activity was monitored for 30 minutes to determine the latent period and seizure duration; simultaneously, astrocyte numbers and GS activity in the hippocampal region of rats with epilepsy were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS： All 30 rats were included in the final analysis. On day 28, following PTZ administration epileptic seizures were not found in the control group. In the GLSP group, rats exhibited rhythmic head nodding or facial spasms, and the latent period was significantly longer than that of the model group （P 〈 0.05）. In the model group, the majority of rats exhibited myoclonus or generalized convulsions, and epileptic seizure duration was slightly （but not significantly） longer than that in the GLSP group （P 〉 0.05）. Within 2-3 minutes of PTZ injection, the model group exhibited grade 4 or 5 epileptic seizures, and the GLSP group mostly showed grade 2 or 3, and occasionally grade 4 or 5, epileptic seizures. All rats recovered within 30 minutes. The model group exhibited significantly increased astrocytes （P 〈 0.05）, with thicker cellular processes and a higher number of cellular processes, and significantly decreased GS activity （P 〈 0.05） tban the control group. The astrocyte count was significantly decreased but GS activity was significantly increased in the GLSP group when compared with the model group （P 〈 0.05）; however, astrocyte appearance was similar in both groups （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： GLSP can effectively inhibit astrocyte numbers and elevate GS activity in the hippocampal region of rats with epilepsy, thereby reducing epileptic seizures.

Ganoderma lucidum spore powder modulates Bcl-2 and Bax expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex,and improves learning and memory in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats

We studied the effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder on Bax and Bcl-2 expression and neuronal apoptosis in pentylenetetrazole-kindled epileptic rats. Sixty adult rats were randomly divided into a control group, an epileptic group （kindled） and three medication groups （150,300 450 mg/kg given to kindled rats）. Bax and Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry and TUNEL labeling showed that the number of Bax- and TUNEL-positive cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex decreased significantly in the high-dose medication group, while the number of Bcl-2 immunoreactive cells increased. The Morris water maze test showed that high-dose treatment significantly shortened escape latency and increased spatial probe trial performance. Our findings indicate that a high dose of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder upregulates the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, inhibits proapoptotic Bax expression, and decreases seizure-induced neuronal apoptosis. Further, Ganoderma lucidum appears to protect against epilepsy-related learning and memory impairments.

Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO),a novel antioxidant,extends the average life span in Drosophila melanogaster

In ancient China,Ganoderma lucidum was believed to be a medical fungus that could increase lifespan.Recently,pharmacologic studies have found that polysaccharide peptides and triterpenoids extracted from Ganoderma lucidum have various physiological effects as active compounds.However,the effects of spore oil isolated from Ganoderma lucidum remains unknown.In this study,the biological effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO)were evaluated using a Drosophila melanogaster model.Compared with untreated groups,groups treated with GLSO had significantly longer average and maximum lifespan in both normal conditions and under oxidative stress.The activities of various antioxidant enzymes were measured to determine the antioxidant effect of GLSO.GLSO treatment markedly enhanced total superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activity and decreased levels of malondialdehyde(MDA).Further,we found dose-dependent increases in the mRNA expression of Cu,Zn-SOD,Mn-SOD,and CAT in GLSO-treated groups.These results suggest that GLSO may effectively eliminate free radicals and extend lifespan in Drosophila.Future work should investigate the value of GLSO as a functional food for the prevention of aging in larger animal models.

Study on Key Techniques for High-quality and High-yield Cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Powder

Comparative test of 4 Ganoderma lucidum varieties from different sources showed that the mycelium of Chizhi 1 grew fast with thick and dense hyphae,round and solid cap,and high spore powder yield.Chizhi 1 was proved to be an excellent variety because of its strong resistance and high spore powder yield.Different cultivation materials were chosen and combined to form 3 cultivation formulations.The results showed that Formulation(3),in which basswood was soaked in nutrient solution for 24 h,presented fast mycelial growth and high spore powder output,and therefore was proved to be a high-yield formulation of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder.

破壁前后灵芝孢子粗多糖含量、结构及单糖组成对比分析

为明确破壁对灵芝孢子粗多糖含量、结构及单糖组成的影响,以灵芝粗多糖提取含量为指标,对灵芝粗多糖的提取工艺进行优化,获得灵芝孢子粗多糖超声辅助水提取的最佳工艺参数为超声温度55℃、超声时间8 h,此工艺条件下从破壁灵芝孢子粉中提取的粗多糖含量为(15.873±0.746)mg/g。采用最佳提取工艺条件提取破壁前后灵芝孢子粗多糖,对比其灵芝孢子粗多糖含量、纯度、DPPH自由基清除率以及单糖组成和多糖结构,结果显示破壁处理后灵芝孢子粗多糖含量提高233.396%,但其纯度下降了19.898%;破壁后灵芝孢子多糖DPPH自由基清除率也有较大提升;破壁处理对灵芝孢子多糖的单糖组成种类没有明显改变,但在单糖含量上存在显著性差异,特别是岩藻糖、半乳糖和甘露糖;红外光谱结果显示破壁前后灵芝孢子粉提取的灵芝孢子粗多糖在结构、组成上无明显差异,均是含有D⁃吡喃葡萄糖环的多糖。

破壁灵芝孢子粉中多种重金属元素及硒含量检测方法探讨

采用微波消解进行前处理,三重四极杆-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定破壁灵芝孢子粉中镉、铬、镍、砷、铅、汞及硒元素含量,对方法条件进行优化和讨论,并对20批次破壁灵芝孢子粉进行测定。结果表明,镉、铬、镍、砷、铅和汞元素在氦气碰撞模式,硒元素在氧气反应模式下,采用内标校正定量,可达到良好的测定效果。在优化的条件下,各元素线性关系良好,检出限均可达μg·kg^(-1)级别;镉、铬、镍、砷、铅及硒元素的加标回收率在90.3%~105.0%,汞的加标回收率在82.1%~92.5%;方法精密度在5%以内。此方法前处理操作简便,检测灵敏度高,稳定性好,给灵芝孢子粉多元素测定提供了良好的技术支撑。

灵芝孢子干预糖尿病大鼠睾丸组织线粒体自噬及细胞的凋亡

背景:男性生殖障碍作为糖尿病的常见并发症近年来受到越来越多的关注。灵芝孢子具有降糖、抗氧化、抗炎等功效,但其对于糖尿病睾丸组织的调控机制尚未完全阐明。目的:探讨灵芝孢子对糖尿病大鼠睾丸组织PTEN诱导激酶1/E3泛素蛋白连接酶通路及细胞凋亡的影响。方法:采用随机数字表法将40只雄性SD大鼠分为正常组、高脂高糖组、糖尿病组、灵芝孢子干预组,每组10只:高脂高糖组、糖尿病组、灵芝孢子干预组给予高脂高糖饮食至实验结束;高脂高糖饮食1个月后,糖尿病组、灵芝孢子干预组腹腔注射链脲佐菌素30 mg/kg建立2型糖尿病模型;造模成功后,灵芝孢子干预组灌胃给予灵芝孢子300 mg/(kg·d),其余3组灌胃给予等量生理盐水,持续给药12周。给药结束后,检测大鼠精子数量和形态、睾丸组织形态结构、血清睾酮和睾丸组织氧化应激水平,免疫组化分析PTEN诱导激酶1、E3泛素蛋白连接酶、抗核孔蛋白表达,Western blotting检测睾丸组织中PTEN诱导激酶1、E3泛素蛋白连接酶、抗核孔蛋白、程序性死亡受体1、微管相关蛋白轻链3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、caspase3、剪切caspase3的蛋白表达。结果与结论:①与正常组和高脂高糖组相比,糖尿病组大鼠精子数量减少(P<0.01),精子畸形率增加(P<0.01),血清睾酮浓度降低(P<0.01);与糖尿病组相比,灵芝孢子干预组大鼠精子数量增加(P<0.05),畸形率降低(P<0.01),血清睾酮浓度升高(P<0.01);②与正常组和高脂高糖组相比,糖尿病组大鼠睾丸组织中丙二醛水平升高(P<0.01),谷胱甘肽还氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶水平降低(P<0.01);与糖尿病组相比,灵芝孢子干预组大鼠睾丸组织中丙二醛水平降低(P<0.01),谷胱甘肽还氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶水平升高(P<0.01);③免疫组化染色显示,与正常组和高脂高糖组对比,糖尿病组大鼠睾丸组织中PTEN诱导激酶1、E3泛素蛋白连接酶阳性表达减少,抗核孔蛋白阳性表达增加;与糖尿病组相比,灵芝孢子干预组大鼠睾丸组织中PTEN诱导激酶1、E3泛素蛋白连接酶阳性表达增加,抗核孔蛋白阳性表达减少;④Western blotting检测显示,与正常组和高脂高糖组相比,糖尿病组PTEN诱导激酶1、E3泛素蛋白连接酶、程序性死亡受体1蛋白表达及微管相关蛋白轻链3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白比值降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),抗核孔蛋白、caspase3、剪切caspase3的蛋白表达升高(P<0.01);与糖尿病组相比,灵芝孢子干预组PTEN诱导激酶1、E3泛素蛋白连接酶、程序性死亡受体1蛋白表达及微管相关蛋白轻链3Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白比值升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),抗核孔蛋白、caspase3、剪切caspase3的蛋白表达降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);⑤结果显示,灵芝孢子可能通过激活PTEN诱导激酶1/E3泛素蛋白连接酶信号通路增强睾丸组织自噬水平,减少组织细胞的凋亡,以此保护睾丸组织。

灵芝孢子粉多糖对APAP肝损伤的保护作用研究

目的:探讨灵芝孢子粉多糖(Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharide,GLSP)在对乙酰氨基酚(Aceta-minophen,APAP)肝损伤中的保护作用。方法:将50只小鼠随机分为五组,分别为空白组、模型组、阳性药物组、GLSP低剂量组和GLSP高剂量组,每组10只,各组按相应剂量连续14 d预给药后,使用APAP造模、取材,测定肝脏指数、血清指标(谷草转氨酶(glutamic oxalacetic transaminase,AST)、谷丙转氨酶(glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,ALT))及肝组织匀浆指标(谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、Caspase-3、Bax和Bcl-xl)。结果:与空白组相比,模型组中ALT、AST、MDA及促凋亡基因Caspase-3、Bax均极显著升高(P<0.01),SOD、GSH含量极显著降低(P<0.01),HE染色结果显示APAP处理的小鼠肝脏出现典型的小叶中心性坏死;多糖剂量组与模型组相比ALT、AST极显著降低(P<0.01),多糖低剂量组SOD、GSH显著升高(P<0.05),MDA显著降低(P<0.05),在多糖高剂量组中,SOD、GSH极显著升高(P<0.01),MDA极显著降低(P<0.01),多糖组促凋亡基因Caspase-3、Bax极显著降低(P<0.01),且肝组织病理学观察中可见肝组织坏死面积减小。结论:灵芝孢子粉多糖对APAP肝损伤能够起到预保护作用,其作用机制可能与提高肝脏的抗氧化能力和抑制凋亡的发生有关。

灵芝孢子粉咀嚼片的研发与制作

以灵芝孢子粉为原料,研制灵芝孢子粉咀嚼片。通过配方优化试验和感官品质评价分析,得出最佳配方组合为灵芝孢子粉14.4%、低聚果糖34.0%、全脂奶粉51.6%。按照此配方制作的灵芝孢子粉咀嚼片口感和形状俱佳,硬度和脆碎度均符合标准,入口易崩解,且无杂质产生。

基于PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路探讨灵芝孢子对2型糖尿病大鼠睾丸的保护作用

目的:观察2型糖尿病对大鼠睾丸的损伤作用及灵芝孢子通过PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路对其损伤的保护作用。方法:选取40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组(NC)、高脂高糖饮食组(HF)、糖尿病模型组(DM)及灵芝孢子干预组(GLSP),每组10只。通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ30mg/kg)联合高脂高糖饮食制备糖尿病大鼠模型,模型制备成功后治疗组使用灵芝孢子300mg/(kg·d)灌胃,其余3组使用同体积生理盐水灌胃,连续12周,期间观测各组大鼠一般情况及状态,每周测定1次大鼠血糖及体质量变化。末次称量体质量及检测空腹血糖后处死大鼠,称量睾丸质量,取附睾尾制涂片染色观察精子形态,试剂盒检测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)水平;Western blotting检测PI3K、p-PI3K、AKT、p-AKT、mTOR、p-mTOR蛋白水平。结果:DM组大鼠较NC组大鼠血糖升高,精神萎靡,SOD水平降低,MDA水平升高,体质量及睾丸质量减轻(P<0.01),精子形态差。灵芝孢子可改善DM大鼠的精神状态及精子形态,降低DM大鼠血糖、MDA水平,升高DM大鼠体质量及睾丸质量(P<0.01)。同时灵芝孢子可使p-PI3K/PI3K、p-AKT/AKT、p-mTOR/mTOR、SOD水平升高(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论:灵芝孢子可减轻DM大鼠的睾丸损伤情况,其机制可能与抑制PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路有关。

酶法提取灵芝孢子粉胞壁水溶性糖的工艺优化及分子量分布

为提高灵芝(Ganoderma lucidum)孢子粉胞壁水溶性糖的提取效率,以灵芝孢子粉胞壁残渣为研究对象,用单因素实验、响应面实验优化酶法胞壁水溶性糖提取工艺,并比较酶法和不同物理法处理的灵芝孢子粉胞壁水溶性糖的分子量分布。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为溶壁酶加量2%,酶解时间5 h,料液比1︰10(g︰m L)、温度40℃、pH6.5,在此条件下提取的灵芝孢子粉胞壁水溶性糖含量达到17.86%。分子量分布分析结果表明,酶解后的水溶性糖以低聚糖为主。研究结果可为有效利用和开发灵芝孢子粉提供参考。