Application of Lanthanum in High Strength and High Conductivity Copper Alloys

China is quite poor in argent resource. Roughly 80% of this industrial argent is imported every year. In order to improve the situation, we took advantage of rare earth (RE) mineral resource and successfully developed the non-argent Lanthanum-tellurium-copper alloy as a substitute for industry argent-copper. In our research, we were able to successfully apply rare earth lanthanum to copper alloy. The defects as porosity, inclusion, etc. originating from nonvacuum melting processing were controlled. Fine grain was obtained. Meanwhile, the comprehensive properties of the copper alloy, such as strength, conductivity and thermal conductivity were improved. The research results in increasing conductivity and thermal conductivity by 5% and 15%, respectively, while the tensile strength is increased by 6% higher than Ag-Cu alloy. The anti-electric corrosion property is good, and there is no argent-cadmium steam population originating from the electric arc effect. The addition of lanthanum further reduces the content of oxygen and hydrogen. The optimum quantity of the addition of RE lanthanum in the copper alloy is 0.010% - 0.020% .

High strength and high conductivity Cu alloys: A review

High strength and high conductivity(HSHC) Cu alloys are widely used in many fields,such as high-speed electric railway contact wires and integrated circuit lead frames. Pure Cu is well known to have excellent electrical conductivity but rather low strength. The main concern of HSHC Cu alloys is how to strengthen the alloy efficiently. However,when the Cu alloys are strengthened by a certain method,their electrical conductivity will inevitably decrease to a certain extent. This review introduces the strengthening methods of HSHC Cu alloys. Then the research progress of some typical HSHC Cu alloys such as Cu-Cr-Zr,Cu-Ni-Si,Cu-Ag,Cu-Mg is reviewed according to different alloy systems. Finally,the development trend of HSHC Cu alloys is forecasted. It is pointed out that precipitation and micro-alloying are effective ways to improve the performance of HSHC Cu alloys. At the same time,the production of HSHC Cu alloys also needs to comply with the large-scale,low-cost development trend of industrialization in the future.

Detection of Thermophysical Properties for High Strength Concrete after Exposure to High Temperature

Using the detection principle of infrared thermal imaging technique and the detection principle of DRH thermal conductivity tester laboratory,we investigated the infrared thermal image inspection,coefficient of thermal conductivity,apparent density,and compressive strength test on C80 high-strength concrete（HSC） in the presence and absence of polypropylene fibers under completely heated conditions.Only slight damages were detected below 400 ℃,whereas more and more severe deterioration events were expected when the temperature was above 500 ℃.The results show that the elevated temperature through infrared images generally exhibits an upward trend with increasing temperature,while the coefficient of thermal conductivity and apparent density decrease gradually.Additionally,the addition of polypropylene fibers with appropriate length,diameter,and quantity contributes to the improvement of the high-temperature resistance of HSC.

Scalable nanomanufacturing of surfactant-free carbon nanotube inks for spray coatings with high conductivity

Spray-coated carbon nanotube films offer a simple and printable solution for fabricating low cost, lightweight, and flexible thin-film electronics. However, current nanotube spray inks require either a disruptive surfactant or destructive surface functionalization to stabilize dispersions at the cost of the electrical properties of the deposited film. We demonstrate that high-purity few-walled carbon nanotubes may be stabilized in isopropanol after surface functionalization and that optimizing the ink stability dramatically enhances the conductivity of subsequent spray-coated thin films. We consequently report a surfactant-free carbon nanotube ink for spray-coated thin films with conductivities reaching 2,100 S/cm. Zeta-potential measurements, used to quantify the nanotube ink dispersion quality, directly demonstrate a positive correlation with the spray- coated film conductivity, which is the key metric for high-performance printed electronics.

Continuous SiC skeleton reinforced highly oriented graphite flake composites with high strength and specific thermal conductivity

Highly oriented graphite-based composites have attracted great attention because of their high thermal conductivity(TC),but the low mechanical properties caused by the inhomogeneous distribution and discontinuity of reinforcements restrict the wide applications.Herein,continuous SiC ceramic skeleton reinforced highly oriented graphite flake(SiC/GF)composites were successfully prepared by combining vacuum filtration and spark plasma sintering.The effect of SiC concentration on the microstructure,flexural strength,and thermophysical properties of the composites was investigated.The GF grains in the composites exhibited high orientation with a Lotgering factor of>88%when the SiC concentration was≤30 wt%,and the SiC skeleton became continuous with the SiC concentration reaching 20 wt%.The formation of continuous SiC skeleton improved the flexural strength of the composites effectively while keeping the TC in a high level.Especially,the composites with 30 wt%SiC exhibited the flexural strength up to 105 MPa,and the specific TC reaching 0.118 W·m^(2)·K^(−1)·kg-1.The composites with excellent flexural strength and thermophysical properties showed significant promise for thermal management applications.

Fuzzy neural network analysis on gray cast iron with high tensile strength and thermal conductivity

To develop a high performance gray cast iron with high tensile strength and thermal conductivity, multivariable analysis of microstructural effects on properties of gray cast iron was performed. The concerned parameters consisted of graphite content, maximum graphite length, primary dendrite percentage and microhardness of the matrix. Under the superposed influence of various parameters, the relationships between thermal conductivity and structural characteristics become irregular, as well as the effects of graphite length on the strength. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was built to link the parameters and properties. A sensitivity test was then performed to rank the relative impact of parameters. It was found that the dominant parameter for tensile strength is graphite content, while the most relative parameter for thermal conductivity is maximum graphite length. The most effective method to simultaneously improve the tensile and thermal conductivity of gray cast iron is to reduce the carbon equivalent and increase the length of graphite flakes.

Effect of Plastic Deformation on Microstructure and Properties of Cu-(1 wt%-6 wt%) Ag Alloy

In the present study,the Cu-(1 wt%-6 wt%)Ag alloys were prepared by melting,forging and wire drawing.The effects of plastic deformation on microstructure evolution and properties of the alloys were investigated.The results show that non-equilibrium eutectic colonies exist in the Cu-(3 wt%-6 wt%)Ag alloy and no eutectic colonies in the 1 wt%-2 wt%Ag containing alloys.These eutectic colonies are aligned along the drawing direction and refined with the increase of draw ratio.Attributed to the refinement of eutectic colonies,the Cu-Ag alloy exhibits higher strength with the increase of draw ratio.The Cu-6Ag alloy exhibits excellent comprehensive properties with a strength of 930 MPa and a conductivity of 82%IACS when the draw ratio reaches 5.7.

Hybrid effect on mechanical properties and high-temperature performance of copper matrix composite reinforced with micro-nano dual-scale particles

A dual-scale hybrid HfB_(2)/Cu-Hf composite with HfB_(2) microparticles and Cu_(5) Hf nanoprecipitates was designed and prepared.The contribution of the hybrid effect to the mechanical properties and high-temperature performances was studied from macro and micro perspectives,respectively.The hybrid of dual-scale particles can make the strain distribution of the composite at the early deformation stage more uniform and delay the strain concentration caused by the HfB_(2) particle.The dislocation pinning of HfB_(2) particles and the coherent strengthening of Cu_(5) Hf nanoprecipitates simultaneously play a strengthening role,but the strength of the hybrid composite is not a simple superposition of two strengthening mod-els.In addition,both Cu_(5) Hf nanoprecipitates and HfB_(2) microparticles contribute to the high-temperature performance of the composite,the growth and phase transition of nanoprecipitates at high temperature will reduce their contribution to strength,while the stable HfB_(2) particles can inhibit the coarsening of matrix grains and maintain the high-density geometrically necessary dislocations(GNDs)in the matrix,which ensures more excellent high-temperature resistance of the hybrid composite.As a result,the hy-brid structure can simultaneously possess the advantages of multiple reinforcements and make up for the shortcomings of each other.Finally,a copper matrix composite with high strength,high conductivity,and excellent high-temperature performance is displayed.

大吨位高强高导铜材料的连续化绿色生产

系统研究了高强高导铜材料的强化机理和制造技术,提出了“增强强化相”(提高弥散强化相强度)、“超饱和固溶”(提高基体中弥散强化相浓度)、“柔性包裹铜晶界”(提高材料高温强度等新型强化机制)的创新思路,为同时具有高强度和高导电、高导热的铜基材料成份和显微组织设计提供了理论基础,并在材料学科权威期刊发表相关论文20余篇。发展出高强高导铜的大吨位、连续化、绿色制造技术,实现了全真空大吨位铬锆铜材料的规模生产,具有工艺简单、流程短,所制备的材料结构全致密、显微组织无偏析、性能均匀一致等优点。高强高导铜材料生产项目技术评估价为1500万元,采用混合实施模式(支付西安交通大学300万元现金,发明人技术入股1200万元),与陕煤集团合作成立了发明人技术入股、骨干团队现金参股的混合所有制企业。建成了一期千吨量级生产线,产品在多个国家龙头企业获得规模应用,并即将建设万吨量级生产线,对于国家高铁、芯片、发动机等多个领域关键材料的升级换代具有重要意义。

宽频电磁屏蔽铜铁原位形变合金研究现状及发展趋势

铜铁原位形变合金具备高强度、高导电、宽频电磁屏蔽性能,是兼具良好力学性能和电磁屏蔽性能的功能结构一体化新型电磁防护材料。综述了铜铁原位形变合金宽频电磁屏蔽性能的研究现状,探讨了合金元素,晶粒尺寸及组织均匀化对铜铁原位形变合金电磁屏蔽性能的影响规律及机理,并对其研究及应用前景进行了展望。为研究与开发结构功能一体化铜铁原位合金提供必要的理论支撑。

高性能Cu-Ni-Si系合金研究现状及发展趋势

先进铜基材料具有广阔的市场及良好的发展前景。相比于Cu-Be, Cu-Fe-P, Cu-Cr等合金而言,Cu-Ni-Si系合金具有高强度、较高的导电率、良好的抗高温软化、抗应力松弛性能及低廉的价格等优点,广泛应用于机械制造、航空航天、交通运输、电子和电气工程等工业领域。本文首先介绍了Cu-Ni-Si系合金的发展现状,并从产品性能及产业化方面论述了国内外存在的差异。该合金发展趋势主要是朝着先进高强高导弹性铜合金方向发展,核心挑战是在提升强度的同时保持甚至提高导电性能,并且由于服役环境的复杂化及服役时间的延长,对于材料服役性能的可靠稳定性也提出了更为严苛的要求。最后从成分设计、加工及形变热处理工艺、时效析出行为、服役性能等方面综述了CuNi-Si系合金的研究现状,并针对目前该材料存在的不足,展望了高强度高导电铜合金的未来发展趋势。

高强度离子导电凝胶研究进展

近年来,柔性可穿戴电子产品在人机交互、传感器等方面应用越来越广泛。离子导电凝胶具有高导电性、生物相容性、自愈合、良好的机械性能以及对可见光透明度高等特点,力学性能对离子导电凝胶的应用影响较大,通过添加纳米填料、无机盐和有机盐、聚电解质可以提升离子导电凝胶的力学性能。综述了纳米复合离子导电凝胶、盐离子导电凝胶、聚电解质离子导电凝胶的研究进展,对离子导电凝胶在传感器、柔性皮肤、生物医药等领域中的应用以及面临的困难和挑战进行了探讨,并展望了其未来发展方向。

基于骨架结构设计的高性能W10Cu材料制备及表征

用商用不规则W粉和球形W粉压制W骨架坯,经1800~2000℃真空烧结制备W骨架,在H_(2)气氛1350℃下熔渗Cu获得高致密W10Cu复合材料。结果表明:等离子球化W粉团聚消失,流动性更好,松装密度提升82%,相同压力下压坯密度提升15%。用球形W粉制备的W骨架可保持低的W-W连接度及良好的通孔率,为熔渗提供高品质骨架材料。W骨架经熔渗4h后获得W10Cu块体材料,其室温拉伸强度为680MPa,电导率为1.856S/m,比商用W10Cu的拉伸强度、电导率分别提升了41%、28%,可归因于低W-W连接度、Cu相良好的网状结构、Cu对W颗粒的包覆协同作用结果。本研究中新型低W-W连接度骨架结构设计可为高比重W、高通孔率W-Cu材料设计与开发提供思路。

原位合成颗粒增强铜基复合材料的研究进展

弥散强化型铜基复合材料,兼具优异的导电导热性能、高强度、良好的热稳定性和耐磨性,是核反应堆、航空器及高端装备中各种导电导热元件的关键材料,在核电、航空、交通、军事等诸多重要领域有不可替代的作用。原位合成法是在一定温度下金属基体内发生化学反应,原位生成一种或几种陶瓷增强体的技术。原位反应制备颗粒增强铜基复合材料存在两个重要的问题亟待解决:一是增强相的团聚问题,二是增强相的尺寸调控问题。本文总结了几种较为常用的制备弥散强化型铜基复合材料的原位合成方法,并对比分析了几种方法的特点、优劣及技术难点。同时,本文综述了原位合成法对铜基复合材料中颗粒尺寸和分布的影响,分析了原位合成法不同参数对复合材料力学及综合性能的影响规律,并从增强相颗粒形核与生长的原理出发,提出了促成细小弥散颗粒增强相的工艺方案。

高强高导铜合金应用及研究进展

该文重点介绍了高强高导铜合金的制备工艺技术及应用,并结合固溶+沉淀强化、细晶强化、形变强化、弥散强化、析出强化等强化方式分析了高强高导铜合金制备技术的应用特点,最后展望了高强高导铜合金的未来发展前景与方向,为高强高导铜合金新材料的开发提供思路和参考。

气凝胶在稠油热采井水泥浆中的应用

随着稠油油气资源不断勘探开发,稠油黏度升高。在热采过程中,由于热量散发大,油气温度很低,导致流动性变差,甚至出现凝固,降低了稠油产量。针对这一问题,以SiO_(2)气凝胶为原料,采用正辛烷溶剂对其进行改性制得了具有良好分散特点的纳米亲水性气凝胶HYA-1。研究表明,加入2%亲水气凝胶HYA-1,水泥石养护14 d后抗压强度衰减不明显,抗折强度提高了1.09倍,具有良好的力学性能,渗透率降低了97%,水泥石导热系数降低了91%,实现了二氧化硅气凝胶低导热的属性。HYA-1应用到旅大热采固井中,显著降低了热采固井水泥浆的导热系数,固井质量优秀,解决了渤海辽东湾海域热采井热量损失大的问题,满足了正常热采固井水泥浆的隔热和保温需求。

Ca-Mg-Al-Si系高性能泡沫陶瓷的制备

通过对钢渣和菱镁矿配方组成的优化,采用高温发泡法制备的兼具高强度和低热导率的Ca-Mg-Al-Si系高性能泡沫陶瓷,其主要原料为红柱石与粉砂质页岩,发泡剂为碳化硅,助熔剂为锂辉石。在测试其气孔率,体积密度与抗折强度等性能的同时,也使用Micro-CT、SEM、XRD、XRF等检测手段对泡沫陶瓷进行了表征。实验结果显示:当样品中加入11 wt%钢渣,7 wt%菱镁矿时综合性能最佳,此时抗折强度为11.15 MPa,热导率为0.091W/(m·K),总气孔率为61.02%,闭口气孔率为55.30%,体积密度为0.944 g/cm^(3)。

铸造废砂对轻骨料自密实混凝土耐高温性能的影响及建模分析

采用铸造废砂(WFS)等质量替代0、25%、50%、75%、100%的河砂制备了轻骨料自密实混凝土(LWASCC),研究了LWASCC在不同温度(20、100、200、300、400℃)下的力学性能和导热系数变化规律,并采用有限元软件建立了高温环境中LWASCC的传热模型。结果表明:随着WFS掺量的增加,试件在不同温度下的抗压强度基本均先增大后减小;经历100~300℃高温后,试件的抗压强度较20℃时有所提高,而经历400℃高温后,试件的抗压强度较20℃时基本有所降低;试件的导热系数随着WFS掺量的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势;建立的传热模型能有效模拟LWASCC在高温下的传热过程;综合考虑试验及模拟结果,当WFS掺量为50%时,LWASCC的耐高温性能最好。

Measurement of Breakdown Electric Field Strength for Vegetation and Hydrocarbon Flames

A significant number of fire-induced power disruptions are observed in several countries every year. The faults are normally phase-to-phase short circuiting or conductor-to-ground discharges at mid-span region of the high-voltage transmission system. In any case, the wildfire plumes provide a conductive path. The electrical conductivity is due to intense heat in combustion zone of the fire which creates ion and electrons from flame inherent particulates. Increase in the ion concentration increases the electrical conductivity of the fire plume. The main purpose of this study was to measure dielectric breakdown electric field for vegetation and hydrocarbon flames. The experimental data is needed for validation of simulation schemes which are necessary for evaluation of power grid systems reliability under extreme wildfire weather conditions. In this study, hydrocarbon and vegetation fuels were ignited in a cylindrically shaped steel burner which was fitted with type-K thermocouples to measure flame temperature. The fuels consisted of dried weeping wattle (Peltophorum africanum) litter, butane gas and candle wax. Two pinned copper electrodes supported by retort stands were mounted to the burner and energized to a high voltage. This generated a strong electric field sufficient to initiate dielectric breakdown in the flames. Breakdown electric field strength (Ecrit) obtained from the experiment decreased from 10.5 to 6.9 kV/cm for the flames with temperature range of 1003 to 1410 K, respectively.

脉冲磁体用高强高导Cu-Nb复合线材的研究进展

高强高导铜合金材料是集优良物理性能和力学性能于一体的有色金属材料,能够同时具备高强度、高电导率以及高热导率等性能。近年来,铜合金材料备受关注,在脉冲强磁场、转换开关、电接触器、引线框架及电车和电力火车导线等诸多领域展现出广阔的应用前景。Cu-Nb复合线材作为一种典型的高强度、高电导、高导热铜基复合材料,是制备超高场脉冲磁体的首选导体材料。本文系统总结了脉冲强磁场发展史,脉冲磁体导体材料用Cu-Nb复合线材的主要制备技术,芯丝结构演变特征,材料的热稳定性、强化机理及导电机理等方面的研究进展,最后指出了目前我国脉冲强磁场突破110 T所需Cu-Nb复合线材存在的问题及面临的挑战,并提出了关于未来研究重点的建议。