High Speed Steel and WC Particle-Reinforced Composites Produce by Spray Forming

The process of spray forming utilized to fabricate WC particle-reinforced high speed steel composites has been studied. In addition, microstructures and mechanical properties of M2 high speed steel and its composites made by spray forming have been analyzed. The results show that the primary carbides of high speed steel are of two types: MC and MbC. With the increase in flight distance, the morphology of the primary carbides varies from fine fish-bone-like to islandlike and both bending strength and hardness increase. With the increase in volume fraction of WC reinforcement particles,hardness of the composites increases considerably, but bending strength, however, appears to be a decreasing tendency.

Microstructure and forming characteristics of spray-formed M42 high speed steel

M42 high speed steel （HSS）, a high grade alloy, was produced using the spray forming technology. Optical metallography （OM）,X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） were used to investigate the microstructures of the as-sprayed M42 HSS and the as-atomized powders. It is found that as-sprayed M42 HSS is composed of martensite, retained austenite and carbides. The grain size, as well as the morphology, size and distribution of the carbides have been greatly improved compared with those of the as-cast M42 steel （ a traditional process）. The size of the powder obtained at a high cold speed was ranged from 50 μm to 100μm in diameter. Its representative microstructures include dendrite, dendritic fragments, a mixture of dendrites, equiaxed grains and dendritic fragments,and equiaxed grains. The rapid solidification in the spray forming is a key factor to cause the refinement of the M42 HSS.

MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SPRAY FORMED HIGH SPEED STEEL FOR WORK ROLL

The mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of a high speed steel (HSS) for roll has been studied. As compared with the as-cast HSS, the spray-formed HSS have fine grain and segregation free microstructures. Carbides distribute uniformly. The morphology and types of the carbides in spray-formed HSS are different from those in as-cast HSS. The results of the high temperature tensile experiment show that, as to spray-formed HSS, there is a possibility of superplastic deformation in the range of 780-810℃.

High speed steel produced by spray forming

In this paper, ASP2030 （A30） high speed steel （HSS） was produced by spray forming and the microstructure was studied by optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission elec- tron microscopy （TEM）, electron probe microanalysis （EPMA） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The spray formed A30 （SF A30） steel exhibited a very uniform and fine microstructure consisting of martensite, retained austenite and uniformly distributed network carbides. Microstructure refining can be explained in terms of the rapid solidification of spray forming. M2C, MC and M6C type carbides were found in the as-sprayed A30 HSS by XRD and TEM. A uniform distribution of carbides was obtained after forging and annealing. The microstructure properties of SF A30 steel indicate that spray forming can be considered as a cost-effective route for the production of A30 steels and other highly alloyed steels.

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of Spray Formed M3∶ 2 High Speed Steel

Hot deformation behavior of a new type of M3∶ 2 high speed steel with niobium addition made by spray forming was investigated based on compression tests in the temperature range of 950-1 150 ℃ and strain rate of 0. 001-10 s^（-1）. A comprehensive constitutive equation was obtained,which could be used to predict the flow stress at different strains. Processing map was developed on the basis of the flow stress data using the principles of dynamic material model. The results showed that the flow curves were in fair agreement with the dynamic recrystallization model. The flow stresses,which were calculated by the comprehensive constitutive equation,agreed well with the test data at low strain rates（ ≤1 s^（-1））. The material constant（ α）,stress exponent（ n） and the hot deformation activation energy（ Q_（HW）） of the new steel were 0. 006 15 MPa^（-1）,4. 81 and 546 kJ·mol^（-1）,respectively. Analysis of the processing map with an observation of microstructures revealed that hot working processes of the steel could be carried out safely in the domain（ T = 1 050-1 150 ℃,ε = 0. 01- 0. 1 s^（-1））with about 33% peak efficiency of power dissipation（ η）. Cracks was expected in two domains at either lower temperatures（ 〈 1 000 ℃） or low strain rates（ 0. 001 s^（-1）） with different cracking mechanisms. Flow localization occurred when the strain rates exceeded 1 s^（-1） at all testing temperatures.

Sensitive factors research for track-bridge interaction of Long-span X-style steel-box arch bridge on high-speed railway

X-style arch bridge on high-speed railways(HSR)is one kind of complicated long-span structure,and the track-bridge interaction is essential to ensure the safety and smoothness of HSR.Taking an X-style steel-box arch bridge with a main span of450 m on HSR under construction for example,a new integrative mechanic model of rail-stringer-cross beam-suspenderpier-foundation coupling system was established,adopting the nonlinear spring element simulating the longitudinal resistance between track and bridge.The transmission law of continuous welded rail(CWR)on the X-style arch bridge was researched,and comparative study was carried out to discuss the influence of several sensitive factors,such as the temperature load case,the longitudinal resistance model,the scheme of longitudinal restraint conditions,the introverted inclination of arch rib,the stiffness of pier and abutment and the location of the rail expansion device.Calculating results indicate that the longitudinal resistance has a significant impact upon the longitudinal forces of CWR on this kind of bridge,while the arch rib’s inclination has little effect.Besides,temperature variation of arch ribs and suspenders should be taken into account in the calculation.Selecting the restraint system without longitudinally-fixed bearing and setting the rail expansion devices on both ends are more reasonable.

Investigation into microstructure of spray formed V4 cold working mould steel and its roiling and annealing

The material selected for this work was the spray formed Vanadis4 high alloy cold working mould steel （abbreviated to V4 steel）. Its microstructure, hot rolling process, and annealing treatment have been investigated. Observed from the optical and electron microscopes, the as-sprayed V4 steel had the finer microstructure of uniform and equiaxial grains ,while after hot rolling for densification and spheroidized annealing, the V4 steel obtained an excellent spheroidized structure that is favorable to subsequent quenching and tempering treatment. The spheroidized structure and level of annealed hardness of the V4 steel are almost the same as expensive imported powder metallurgy the V4 steel. It is difficult to produce V4 steel with the conventional ingot metallurgical technique, so the multi-step and high-cost powder metallurgy method is generally used at present. Compared to the powder metallurgy technique, using the spray forming technique to produce the V4 steel has obvious advantages and potential market competitiveness in reducing production costs, simplifying working process, and shortening the production cycle.

WC Particle High Speed Steel Composites Manufactured by Ultrasonic Spray Forming

The process of manufacturing high speed steel matrix composites reinforced by WC particles was studied. The changes in microstructures and mechanical properties of composites with WC particles were also investigated. The results show that increasing the deposition height can significantly enhance the bending strength and hardness of the alloy, and that the fishbone like carbide ledeburite structure gradually diminishes as the WC particles content increases. It was discovered that the hardness of the composites increases due to the increase of pointlike carbide ledeburite, accompanying the breaking of the fishbone like and the net like carbides. However, the bending strength deteriorates due to excessive WC particles increasing the brittle interfacial phase.

高速钢桶焊缝机电机座支撑脚复合模设计

针对高速钢桶焊缝机电机座支撑脚使用2 mm厚的SECC板料进行中小批量冲压成形的要求,设计了3副模具用于制件的4道工序成形。冲孔落料和修边压印采用倒装式复合模结构、切分模和弯曲模采用正装结构,且切分模和弯曲模集成在1副模具内。弯曲模中设计了凸模驱动的双滑块内收弯曲成形机构,该机构在制件弯曲壁的两侧都使用滑块进行夹紧驱动弯曲,能有效防止弯曲回弹,保证了制件的弯曲成形尺寸。模具结构简单实用,成形工艺设计合理,实现了制件的自动化生产。

高速拉拔ER70S-6焊丝钢生产工艺优化

通过总结分析ER70S-6焊丝钢存在的质量问题,提出了有针对性的优化改进措施,重点对ER70S-6焊丝钢的化学成分范围、气体氮含量、尺寸精度、显微组织等关键指标严格控制,攻关后C、Si、Mn、N含量内控达标率提高,尺寸偏差C级精度得到改善,而且消除了混晶异常组织。用户拉拔使用结果表明,优化后的焊丝钢质量得到进一步的提高,可满足用户拉拔速度28 m/s以上高速拉拔的要求。

基于星点设计和响应面法的支架焊合件成形工艺优化

通过对焊合件的材料、结构及工艺进行分析,确定关键影响工序。对原冲压工艺方案进行多工序仿真模拟,并分析仿真结果,找寻产生开裂缺陷的原因。通过增加焊合件预成形设计和改变坯料的形状来改善工序间的载荷传递,建立以焊合件的最大减薄率和最大回弹量为优化目标,以冲压速度、摩擦因数、压边力和模具间隙为设计变量的响应面模型,结合二阶响应面法与DesignExpert,采用星点设计试验方法对支架焊合件的工艺参数进行优化,确定最佳参数组合为:冲压速度1263mm·s^(-1)、摩擦因数0.15、压边力598k N、模具间隙4.55mm。试产结果表明:通过预成形方案与优化工艺参数可以解决支架焊合件开裂及回弹问题。

焊接速度对异种热成型钢焊缝组织性能的影响研究

采用激光拼焊的方法对退火状态的T1500HS和500HS异种热成型钢进行不同焊接速度的拼焊,并对拼焊板进行了热成型试验。通过拉伸试验机、电子显微镜和维氏硬度计对热成型前后钢的拉伸性能、显微组织和硬度进行了测试分析。结果显示:在四种不同的焊接速度下,焊接速度为3.5 m/min时,获得的力学性能最好;热处理前,不同焊接速度下焊缝均全部为马氏体组织,热处理后,焊缝组织均为板条状马氏体,焊接速度对焊缝中心组织影响差异较小;热处理前,四种焊接速度下拼焊接头处硬度均呈“几”字形分布,硬度峰值分布于焊缝熔合区,焊接速度为3.5 m/min时,其最大硬度(HV)值为569。热处理后,焊缝接头硬度均从500HS一侧向T1500HS一侧单调递增,硬度峰值位于T1500HS母材区。

Q355/SKH9高速钢激光重频焊接接头冲击韧性分析

文章采用激光焊接技术制造Q355/SKH9高速钢焊接接头,并开展V型缺口冲击韧性实验。研究结果表明:当试验温度下降后,接头受到了更小冲击吸收能量作用,焊接接头形成了明显梯度冲击韧性;在BM中存在大量回火板条型马氏体组织,HAZ热处理时内部形成了不同焊接热循环过程;在BM和HAZ断口部位形成了许多撕裂棱,表现为准解理断裂;断HAZ具备优异韧性,达到了比BM更优的韧性;经过回火处理后,板条马氏体与粒状贝氏体获得了更强冲击韧性;BM保持相对稳定的显微硬度与剪切强度,HAZ形成了大梯度变化的显微硬度与剪切强度;经过焊接热循环处理与之后回火过程,HAZ基体与晶界部位形成了更多碳化物,增大HAZ强度与硬度。

热成形淬火对QP1180/22MnB5激光拼焊板组织与性能的影响

目的对QP1180和22MnB5激光拼焊板进行热成形试验,以解决超高强钢板材焊后的软化问题。方法选择QP1180和22MnB5异种高强钢作为母材进行激光自熔焊,对焊后的激光拼焊板进行热成形试验,通过体式显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、液压拉伸试验机和维氏硬度计等手段,分析热成形前后激光拼焊板微观组织和力学性能的变化。结果与焊态拉伸试样相比,热成形试样抗拉强度提高了135%,断后伸长率降低了55%,拉伸试样都在22MnB5母材处断裂,均为塑性断裂。在热成形后,对焊接接头进行组织分析,发现QP1180母材区马氏体含量增加,22MnB5母材区和临界热影响区组织由珠光体和铁素体转变为马氏体,焊接接头热影响区各亚区的组织均转变为大小不同的板条马氏体。硬度测试结果表明,焊态试样焊接接头的QP1180临界区存在软化现象,硬度值最低为335HV,22MnB5侧硬度值由母材处向焊缝升高,母材硬度最低为170HV;而在热成形后,QP1180临界区软化现象消失,硬度值趋于平缓,22MnB5母材处硬度比焊态试样硬度高了2倍。结论与焊态试样相比,经热成形后激光拼焊板的焊后软化问题得到了解决。

高钒喷射成形高速钢HSF680钢锭组织的研究

喷射成形的原理是将熔融金属或合金在惰性气氛中雾化为细小固态、半固态或液态熔体射流,直接喷射到较冷的衬底表面上,熔滴在沉积器表面附着、堆积、铺展、融合、固结而形成沉积坯件。通过喷射成形工艺生产了HSF680高速钢钢锭,并利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜及直读光谱仪对退火处理后钢锭组织、成分进行了检测。对比了从边缘到中心的成分差异和微观组织差异、不同位置的体密度和气体含量。结果表明:HSF680钢锭从边缘到中心成分偏析较小,其中碳元素相差0.009%,钒元素成分偏析控制在0.015%以内;钢锭平均体密度为7.21 g/cm3,基本接近理论密度;组织均匀细小,为MC先共晶碳化物和铁素体;受冷却因素的影响,MC碳化物的尺寸从边缘到中心为5.8μm-7.1μm-9.0μm-9.7μm;MC碳化物钒元素的成分从49.76%到60.25%不等;氧含量小于25 ppm,夹杂物为DS1级,满足国标要求。

高速钢M42喷射成形余粉组织性能分析

喷射成形工艺不可避免会产生喷射余粉,对喷射成形高速钢M42喷射余粉进行了成分、气体含量、形貌以及组织性能研究。结果表明,M42喷射余粉氧含量为267×10^(-6)、氮含量为374×10^(-6),大部分粉末呈球形,尺寸为140μm;喷射余粉为树枝晶组织,内部组织为基体+网状碳化物,碳化物类型大部分为M2C类型碳化物,尺寸为0.4~0.6μm,存在少量的M6C类型碳化物,尺寸为2μm。M42喷射余粉粒度呈正态分布,具有较好的流动性且松装密度、振实密度较高,分别达到了理论密度的62%和68%,粉末在后续热等静压包套制备过程中具备良好填充性和均匀性。

304不锈钢激光-MAG复合焊熔滴过渡及拉伸性能研究

采用激光-MAG复合焊接方法对304不锈钢进行对接试验。在确保全熔透条件下,研究了低速焊、高速焊的熔滴过渡以及焊接接头形貌、组织和拉伸性能。结果表明,低速焊时,熔滴过渡模式为短路过渡和大滴过渡;而高速焊时,熔滴过渡模式为射滴过渡和射流过渡。焊接速度对接头组织影响不大,但在拉伸性能方面,由于高速焊的焊接热输入减小,接头抗拉强度和伸长率比低速焊的明显提高。

喷射成形高速钢HSF640组织与性能研究

利用金相显微镜、SHT4305-W电液伺服万能试验机分析了喷射钢HSF640、粉末钢2004和电渣钢M4的退火组织和非金属夹杂物的级别,对比了三者淬回火后的硬度、冲击功和抗弯强度等力学性能,并研究了耐磨性能。结果表明,退火组织中,HSF640与粉末钢2004的碳化物不均匀度级别相当,电渣M4的碳化物不均匀度稍差;HSF640碳化物颗粒尺寸介于粉末钢2004和电渣M4之间;HSF640冲击功与抗弯强度介于粉末钢2004和电渣M4之间,HSF640的耐磨性能好于粉末钢2004。

高强钢拼焊板前纵梁成形工艺优化

以应用高强钢拼焊板的某车型前纵梁为研究对象,分析前纵梁结构特点和冲压工艺性。基于CATIA软件设计了前纵梁全工序成形工艺数模,并利用Autoform软件对前纵梁全工序进行仿真评估,识别了前纵梁成形不充分与整形开裂风险。通过对前纵梁成形过程进行分析,提出采用“一次拉深+二次拉深”代替“W成形”的工艺优化方案,改善了前纵梁成形性,解决了开裂问题。将优化后的成形工艺方案应用于前纵梁冲模开发和试模验证,获得了成形充分、无开裂缺陷的合格样件,表明采用多道次拉深工艺可以提高前纵梁的冲压可行性。

螺旋埋弧焊管预精焊预焊气孔成因及解决措施

为了解决螺旋埋弧焊管预焊焊缝气孔缺陷,提高精焊埋弧焊缝质量,通过对预焊气孔产生原因和焊接工艺进行分析,提出了预焊焊缝气孔的预防措施。结果表明,预焊焊缝出现气孔的主要原因是空气混入保护气体以及坡口两侧存在铁锈;在熔池凝固过程中,在焊缝表面和内部产生气孔,最终在预焊焊缝成形后形成气孔缺陷。在钢管预焊焊接时采用高Si/Mn元素焊丝、控制保护气体比例及流量、严格执行合缝间隙和坡口清洁等措施均可避免预焊焊缝气孔的产生,从而提高焊管质量。