Research on flue gas desulphurization with two sorbents by water spray in activated reactor

The experimental results of flue gas desulphurization with caustic lime andhydrated lime activated by water spraying in a desulphurization reactor are presented. The effectsof Ca/S molar ratio, approach to saturation of flue gas, SO_2 concentration and gas velocity onsulfur retention efficiency and calcium utilization rate are investigated. Desulphurizationcharacteristics of the two sorbents are compared. The mechanism of improving desulphurizationefficiency by water spraying is analyzed. The results show that the activities of two sorbents areimproved obviously by humidification with water spray and the caustic lime has better applicationprospect because of cheaper cost.

The mechanics and deformation of high temperature steel frame rapidly cooled by spray water in fire fighting

A finite element is established for analyzing the dynamical mechanics and deformation of steel frame at high temperature when it is rapidly cooled down by spray water in fire fighting, The simulation result shows that remarkable mechanical coupling effects are produced in the process, and the sectional stress in rapid cooling down is found considerably larger than that in heating-up. Meanwhile, the stress and deformation of a beam mainly related to cooling rate and location are much larger than those of a column in rapid cooling, In fire fighting, the structure on the first or second floor was more dangerous than those on other floors in rapid cooling, These results could provide a theoretical reference for the design of steel structure and fire fighting.

Simulation on flow, heat transfer and stress characteristics of large-diameter thick-walled gas cylinders in quenching process under different water spray volumes

Cooling strength is one of the important factors affecting microstructure and properties of gas cylinders during quenching process,and reasonable water spray volume can effectively improve the quality of gas cylinders and reduce production costs.To find the optimal water spray parameters,a fluid-solid coupling model with three-phase flow was established in consideration of water-vapor conversion.The inner and outer walls of gas cylinder with the dimensions of d914 mm×38 mm×12000 mm were quenched using multi-nozzle water spray system.The internal pressure,average heat transfer coefficient(have)and stress of the gas cylinder under different water spray volumes during quenching process were studied.Finally,the mathematical model was experimentally verified.The results show that both the internal pressure and have increase along with the increase of spray volume.The internal pressure increases slowly first and then rapidly,but have increases rapidly first and then slowly.To satisfy hardenability of gas cylinders,the minimum spray volume should not be less than 40 m^3/(h·m).The results of stress indicate that water spray quenching will not cause deformation of bottle body in the range of water volume from 40 to 290 m^3/(h·m).

Water Content Effect on Oxides Yield in Gas and Liquid Phase Using DBD Arrays in Mist Spray

Electric discharge in and in contact with water can accompany ultraviolet（UV）radiation and electron impact, which can generate a large number of active species such as hydroxyl radicals（OH）, oxygen radical（O）, ozone（O_3） and hydrogen peroxide（H_2O_2）. In this paper, a nonthermal plasma processing system was established by means of dielectric barrier discharge（DBD）arrays in water mist spray. The relationship between droplet size and water content was examined,and the effects of the concentrations of oxides in both treated water and gas were investigated under different water content and discharge time. The relative intensity of UV spectra from DBD in water mist was a function of water content. The concentrations of both O_3 and nitrogen dioxide（NO_2） in DBD room decreased with increasing water content. Moreover, the concentrations of H_2O_2, O_3 and nitrogen oxides（NOx） in treated water decreased with increasing water content,and all the ones enhanced after discharge. The experimental results were further analyzed by chemical reaction equations and commented by physical principles as much as possible. At last,the water containing phenol was tested in this system for the concentration from 100 mg/L to9.8 mg/L in a period of 35 min.

Effects of air-atomized water spray cooling device structure on the quenching process,microstructure,and properties of wear-resistant steel

With its high strength and hardness, wear-resistant steel has become an important material in the field of construction machinery manufacturing.Given that quenching technology is a crucial component of wear-resistant steel production, the selection of the cooling method to be used during this process is important.In this study, the feasibility of quenching wear-resistant steel by air-atomized water spray cooling was studied, and the cooling rate, microstructure, and hardness of wear-resistant steel under various cooling device structures were analyzed.The results reveal that the air-atomized water spray cooling method is an effective technique in quenching wear-resistant steel.Furthermore, martensite and uniform hardness were obtained by the air-atomized water spray cooling technique.As the space between the nozzles in each row in the device increased, the cooling rate was reduced during quenching.Meanwhile, the martensite content decreased, and more carbides were observed in the martensitic structure.A mixture comprising self-tempered martensite and bainite was formed at a large distance over a longer period of time.All these factors resulted in lower hardness and worse property uniformity.

Performance Analysis of Plant Shells/PVC Composites under Corrosion and Aging Conditions

To make full use of plant shellfibers(rice husk,walnut shell,chestnut shell),three kinds of wood-plastic com-posites of plant shellfibers and polyvinyl chloride(PVC)were prepared.X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out on three kinds of plant shellfibers to test their crystallinity.The aging process of the composites was conducted under 2 different conditions.One was artificial seawater immersion and xenon lamp irradiation,and the other one was deionized water spray and xenon lamp irradiation.The mechanical properties(tensile strength,flexural strength,impact strength),changes in color,water absorption,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and microstructures of the composites before and after the two aging experiments were analyzed.The results showed that the chestnut shell had the highest crystallinity,which was 42%.The chestnut shell/PVC composites had the strongest interface bonding,the least internal defects,and the best general mechanical properties among the three composites.Its tensile strength,bending strength and impact strength were 23.81 MPa,34.12 MPa,and 4.32 KJ·m^(-2),respectively.Comparing the two aging conditions,artificial seawater immersion and xenon lamp irradiation destroyed the quality of the combination of plant shellfibers and PVC,making the internal defects of the composites increase.This made the water absorption ability and changes in the color of the composites more obvious and led to a great decrease in the mechanical properties.The general mechanical properties of the chestnut shell/PVC composites were the best,but their water absorption ability changed more obviously.

Design of a water curtain to reduce accumulations of float coal dust in longwall returns

Accumulation of float coal dust(FCD)in underground mines is an explosion hazard that affects all underground coal mine workers.While this hazard is addressed by the application of rock dust,inadequate rock dusting practices can leave miners exposed to an explosion risk.Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)have focused on developing a water curtain that removes FCD from the airstream,thereby reducing the buildup of FCD in mine airways.In this study,the number and spacing of the active sprays in the water curtain were varied to determine the optimal configuration to obtain peak knockdown efficiency(KE)while minimizing water consumption.

Developing a Computer Program for Detailed Study of Planing Hull＇s Spray Based on Morabito＇s Approach

Recently, Morabito(2010) has studied the water spray phenomena in planing hulls and presented new analytical equations. However, these equations have not been used for detailed parametric studies of water spray around planing hulls. In this paper, a straight forward analysis is conducted to apply these analytical equations for finding the spray geometry profile by developing a computer program based on presented computational process. The obtained results of the developed computer program are compared against existing data in the literature and favorable accuracy is achieved. Parametric studies have been conducted for different physical parameters. Positions of spray apex are computed and three dimensional profiles of spray are examined. It is concluded that spray height increases by an increase in the speed coefficient or the deadrise angle. Ultimately, a computational process is added to Savitsky's method and variations of spray apex are computed for different velocities. It is shown that vertical, lateral, and longitudinal positions of spray increase as the craft speed increases. On the other hand, two new angles are defined in top view and it is concluded that they have direct relation with the trim angle. However, they show inverse relation with the deadrise angle.

Pressure drop of the film-enlarged tube bundles in air-water two-phase cross flow in evaporative air cooler

An experiment was carried out to investigate the relation of the maximum velocity of air passing through narrowest passage, mass flux of spray water in one square meter in one hour and the pressure drop of tube bundles. Twelve equations were obtained for the relation. The results show that the pressure drop of the tube bundles increases with increase of the maximum velocity of air and the mass flux of spray water. Comparing the pressure drop of the bare tube bundles with that of the film-enhanced tube bundles, it is found that the pressure drop of the film-enhanced tube bundles is lower about 11% and the surface roughness of the film-enhanced plates is a main factor that influences the pressure drop. The data and method obtained in the paper can be used to compute the pressure drop of the film-enhanced tube bundles and is helpful for selection of fan.

Energy conversion characteristics of reciprocating piston quasi- isothermal compression systems using water sprays

Air compressors are vital and have numerous industrial applications. Approximately 8% of the annual operating electricity consumption in industrial countries is constituted by due to the use of air compressors. Because the poor heat transfer to the environment in the rapid compression process, the compression is non-isothermal, the efficiency of compressors is restricted. To improve their efficiency and achieve isothermal compression, this study proposes energy conversion reciprocating piston quasiisothermal compression using a water spray. First, a mathematical model of a reciprocating piston compressor with water sprays was established. Through experimental investigation and simulations, the mathematical model was validated. The energy conversion characteristics of the reciprocating piston compressor were then studied. To reduce compression power and enhance compression efficiency, it was first discovered that the critical parameters were the input pressure of the driving chamber, water spray mass, and compression volume ratio, which were then evaluated thoroughly. The higher the inlet pressure of the driving chamber, the faster the air compression velocity. Additionally, the compression efficiency was elevated as the water spray mass was gradually increased for a given compression volume ratio. When the compression volume ratio was increased from 2 to 3,the compression power increased from 172.7 J/stroke to 294.2 J/stroke and the compression efficiency was enhanced from 37.3%(adiabatic) to 80.6%. This research and its performance analysis can be referred to during the parameter design optimisation of reciprocating piston quasi-isothermal compression systems using water sprays.

Experimental Study on the Interaction of Fine Water Spray with Liquid Pool Fires

An experimental study of the interaction of a fine water spray with liquid pool fires was performed. Spatially resolved droplet size, velocity distributions, and volume flux of the fine water spray have been obtained in two types of pressure-atomized fine spray, using LDAIAPV technology. A method to correct for the presence of droplets is presented and used to determine the heat release rate using a cone calorimeter system, the effects of water spray application on the heat release rate for liquid pool fires were studied. It was found that the volume flux of the water spray is an important factor to determine the liquid pool fire behavior. For the current experimental conditions, the flame was enlarged when lower volume flux of water is used, and suppressed significantly when larger volumes of water are used. Two opposing mechanisms compete when water sprays are applied, which is more complex than the halon agents, such as 1301. The combustion enhancement becomes insignificant when water sprays with the proper characteristics such as adequate volume flux are applied to the diffusion flame in a confined space.

A comparative study of dust control practices in Chinese and Australian longwall coal mines

Mine dust is one of the main hazards in underground longwall mines worldwide.In order to solve the mine dust problem,a significant number of studies have been carried out regarding longwall mine dust control,both in China and Australia.This paper presents a comparative study of dust control practices in Chinese and Australian longwall mines,with particular references to statutory limits,dust monitoring methods and dust management practices,followed by a brief discussion on the research status of longwall mine dust control in both countries.The study shows that water infusion,face ventilation controls,water sprays,and deep and wet cutting in longwall shearer operations are commonly practiced in almost all underground longwall mines and that both Chinese and Australian longwall mine dust control practices have their own advantages and disadvantages.It is concluded that there is a need for further development and innovative design of more effective dust mitigation products or systems despite the development of various dust control technologies.Based on the examinations and discussions,the authors have made some recommendations for further research and development in dust control in longwall mines.It is hoped that this comparative study will provide beneficial guidance for scholars and engineers who are engaging in longwall mine dust control research and practice.

Application study on complex wetting agent for dust-proof after gas drainage by outburst seams in coal mines

After gas drainage, the outburst seam is dry and, consequently, during subsequent mechanized mining, unwanted dust production is extensive. Because the hard dustfall typically has a small particle size it contains a high percentage of respirable dust. Considering these factors, this paper improved the efficiency of dustfall by reducing the surface tension of the liquid used as a wetting agent, then configuring five kinds of wetting agents by adopting various doses and types of surfactants, neutral inorganic salts and chemical additives, etc. After purchasing DA-85 and SRJ-1 wetting agent, the surface tension and critical micelle concentration of seven kinds of wetting agents were measured using the capillary rise method. Wetting agent A was confirmed to have the best comprehensive effect. The experiments were optimized by measuring and comparatively analyzing contact angles of pure water, SRJ-1 wetting agent and wetting agent A on the surface of different coal samples using a contact angle measurement instrument （HARKE- SPCA）. By comparative analysis, dust-proof effects of seam, dynamic pressure water infusion and high- pressure spray in the tunneling face at the Daning coal mine using pure water, wetting agent SRJ-1 and A, it was determined that after using wetting agent A, the average dust concentration in the place of the mining machine driver, 10 m and 110 m away from the tunneling front is approximately 300 rag/ m^3, 240 mg/m^3 and 100 mg/m^3, respectively, This practice increased the dust-proof efficiency dramati- cally and achieved a good comprehensive dust-proof effect.

Experimental and numerical study of water sprayed turbulent combustion: Proposal of a neural network modeling for five-dimensional flamelet approach

Owing to the increasing worldwide demand for natural gas,the development of a large submerged combustion vaporizer is required.Its burner is equipped with a water spray nozzle to reduce nitrogen oxides,and a practi-cal simulation method is required for the optimal design.The non-adiabatic flamelet approach can predict the combustion emissions and is useful for reducing simulation costs.However,as the number of control variables increases,the database requires larger memory and cannot be dealt with by general computers.In this study,an artificial neural network(ANN)model based on a five-dimensional flamelet database,which includes the effects of heat loss and vapor concentration by sprayed water evaporation,is developed.Furthermore,large eddy sim-ulations(LESs)for turbulent combustion fields with and without water spray are conducted employing flamelet generated manifold(FGM)approach with this ANN model,and the validity is investigated.For comparison,a lab-scale burner equipped with a water spray nozzle is manufactured,and combustion experiments with and without water spray are conducted.The results show that CO,NO,temperature,and reaction rate of progress variable predicted by the present ANN model are in good agreement with those of a five-dimensional flamelet database.In the condition without water spray,the flame behavior predicted by the LES employing the FGM/ANN ap-proach is in good agreement with that employing the conventional FGM approach,while indicating much lower memory,although there appeared some quantitative discrepancies in the temperature against the experiment probably partially because of the insufficiency of the FGM approach for the present complex flame structure.In the condition with water spray,the LES employing the FGM/ANN approach is able to capture the effect of the water spray on the flame behavior in the experiment,such that the water spray decreases the temperature,which causes the decrease in NO but increase in CO.

Techniques to Reduce the Energy Consumption in Building in Hot Arid Rejoin （Iraq）

The Iraqi climate is extremely hot and arid zone covers a belt between latitude （29°N to 36°N）. The energy required for air conditioning of Iraqi buildings is about 60% of the entire energy consumption in buildings. This research deals with the possibility of using different technics for the reducing energy consumption in buildings by blocking or eliminates the effect of direct solar radiation in summer season. This study deals with different local insulation materials which were added to the south face of walls surface of Iraqi buildings, as well as built water spray system upon the exterior roof surface to minimize the effect of incident solar radiation upon the roofs and wall surfaces. The results showed that thermal conductivity of local insulation materials （papyrus） are very low, also the results showed that when using water spray roof system, gives good indication to use this method in hot arid rejoins.