Combined effects of local curvature and elasticity of an isothermal wall for jet impingement cooling under magnetic field effects

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of local curvature and elastic wall effects of an isothermal hot wall for the purpose of jet impingement cooling performance.Finite element method was used with ALE.Different important parametric effects such as Re number(between 100 and 700),Ha number(between 0 and 20),elasticity(between 104 and 109),curvature of the surface(elliptic,radius ratio between 1 and 0.25) and nanoparticle volume fraction(between 0 and 0.05) on the cooling performance were investigated numerically.The results showed that the average Nu number enhances for higher Hartmann number,higher values of elastic modulus of partly flexible wall and higher nanoparticle volume fraction.When the magnetic field is imposed at the highest strength,there is an increase of3.85% in the average Nu for the curved elastic wall whereas it is 89.22% for the hot part above it,which is due to the vortex suppression effects.Nanoparticle inclusion in the base fluid improves the heat transfer rate by about 27.6% in the absence of magnetic field whereas it is 20.5% under the effects of magnetic field at Ha=20.Curvature effects become important for higher Re numbers and at Re=700,there is 14.11% variation in the average Nu between the cases with the lowest and highest radius ratio.The elastic wall effects on the heat transfer are reduced with the increased curvature of the bottom wall.

Simulation on spray evaporation processes in Multi-spout bed by modified impinging wall method

Basing on some researchers' experimental results,the droplet impinging wall model was modified,and We Number and K Number were adopted to determine the mode of droplet impinging wall.The simulation results indicated that the mode of impinging droplet is sticking on the wall in Muti-spout bed.The droplet impinging wall model modified can describe the droplet impinging wall phenomenon accurately in the multistage spouted fluidized flue gas desulfurization reactor.Basing on the study above,the distributions of temperature and relative humidity in the reactor were attained.In atomization region,the distribution of temperature exhibits "M" shape.The relative humidity exhibits"W"shape.The mass concentration of droplet reduces along axis of the reactor.Due to the multi-spouted configuration,droplet concentration increases obviously in the intersection region between the 1st and 2nd stage reaction region.The evaporating intensity reaches its peak value in the area of 200 mm away from the sprayer,and droplets are completely evaporated at 1500 mm.

Influence of the Spread/Splash Transition Criteria in the Spray Impingement Modeling

The present paper reports a numerical study of a spray impinging on a surface through a crossflow. This work is intended to study the influence of the spread/splash transition criteria in the modeling of the spray impingement phenomenon. Several experimental correlations available in the literature are inserted in the same base model and the results are tested against experimental data. It can be concluded that the employment of an accurate transition criteria can improve the quality of the results.

EFFECT OF WALL FUNC TION IN NUMERICAL STUDY ON TURBULENT IMPINGING JET

A low Reynolds number k-ε model is used in the numeri cal study on a circular semi-confined turbulent impinging jet . The result is c ompared with that of the standard k-ε model and a refined k-ε mode l, which re-consi-dered the fluctuating pressure diffusion term in the dissipa tion rate equation (ε-equation) through modeling. It shows that the low Re ynolds number k-ε model and the standard k-ε model yield very poor performance, while the predicting ability of the refined k-ε model is mu ch improved , especially for the turbulent kinetic energy k. So it can be co ncluded that the poor performance of the standard k-ε model is owing to t he incorrect considering the effect of the fluctuating pressure diffusion term r ather than the use of the wall function near the wall just as presumed in the re ference.

Experimental Study on Impingement Processes of Fuel Sprays on Biomimetic Structured Surfaces

To improve the controllability of the wall-wetting process after the fuel spray-wall impingement in internal combustion engines,the methods of laser etching,chemical etching and surface free energy modification are used to prepare biomimetic structured surfaces with different wettability.The impingement processes of diesel and n-butanol sprays on the walls under different conditions are experimentally investigated.As the surface oleophilicity increases,the spreading radius of wall-impinging sprays decreases.At about 5 s after the fuel injections,the fuel spray droplets hit the walls for the first time,and the secondary breakup and rebound occur.The mixture concentrations of different fuels hitting the various walls reach the peak value.Under a higher surface temperature,the peak value of the mixture concentration is mainly related to the heat flux to the fuel droplets in different boiling regimes from the metal surfaces.The concentration of the air–fuel mixture in the near wall region increases with increasing surface oleophilicity,increasing wall temperature and decreasing ambient pressure.Compared with diesel,n-butanol presents a higher air–fuel mixture concentration in the near wall region.

Simulation of Droplet-gas Flow in the Effervescent Atomization Spray with an Impinging Plate

Abstract A comprehensive three-dimensional model of droplet-gas flow was presented to study the evolution of spray in the effervescent atomization spray with an impinging plate. For gas phase, the N-S equation with the κ-ε turbulence model was solved, considering two-way coupling interaction between droplets and gas phase. Dispersed droplet phase is modeled as Lagrangian entities, accounting for the physics of droplet generation from primary and secondary breakup, droplet collision and coalescence, droplet momentum and heat transfer. The mean size and sta- tistical distribution of atomized droplets at various nozzle-to-plate distances were calculated. Some simulation resuits were compared well with experimental data. The results show that the existence of the impinging plate has a pronounced influence on the droplet mean size, size distribution and the droplet spatial distribution. The air-to-liquid ratio has obvious effects on the droplet size and distribution.

Review:Resuspension of wall deposits in spray dryers

Wall deposition occurs in spray dryers when dried or partially dried particles contact and adhere to the walls during operation, thus reducing the yield of product collected. Wall deposits also present a product contamination risk and a fire or explosion risk when spray drying products that oxidize exothermically, such as milk powder. Re-entrainment is the resuspension of spray dryer wall deposits into the main gas stream for collection as product. Literature suggests that the process for re-entrainment of particles from spray dryer wall deposits is strongly dependent on particle size and gas velocity.

倾斜射流撞壁形成液膜的铺展形态及波动特征

为了深入理解倾斜射流撞壁液膜表面波的形成演变机理和液膜不同的铺展形态,开展了倾斜射流撞壁的实验观测和数值模拟.使用高速相机记录了不同射流速度和倾角的液膜铺展形态,并通过数值模拟结合实验观测揭示了液膜表面波的形成和演变过程.结果表明随着射流速度的增加,液膜的铺展形态将经历平滑液膜-闭合边缘、波动液膜-闭合边缘和波动液膜-开放边缘3种状态.液膜的铺展高度和宽度与射流速度近似正比关系,但随着液膜边缘的破碎,将会体现非线性变化.随着射流倾角的增加,液膜铺展将从窄变宽,并且液膜边缘形态可由闭合变为开放.射流速度和射流倾角的增加,都会使撞击点上方的区域趋向失稳破碎,导致液膜边缘出现指状结构.射流内的湍流扰动会在撞击壁面后激励起液膜的二维表面波,撞击点附近初始的表面波在下游发展过程中会发生展向演变,出现三维特征.射流速度越快,射流表面扰动越强,液膜表面形成的表面波也越复杂,三维表面波与撞击点越接近.表面波的形成会影响液膜的流动和厚度分布,在波峰处,液膜的流动速度较快,随着下游的发展,波峰的速度将会逐渐减小,在液膜表面还会出现两个波之间追赶的现象.

瞬态激振影响下微油滴撞壁行为的数值模拟研究

在油气微量润滑系统工作过程中,有效润滑是保障零件稳定运行的关键。但工作零件的振动会影响油滴的铺展,扰动润滑油膜的形成,从而影响零件的润滑效果。基于CLSVOF方法,建立油滴撞击振动壁面的模型,考察油滴撞击瞬时激振壁面过程中的油液形态演化规律。研究发现:油滴撞击激振壁面后产生飞溅和颈部射流现象;在不同振动频率下,油滴冲击产生二次飞溅的时间均整个周期的1/5附近;壁面振动减小了油滴的最大铺展因子,延长了油滴的铺展时间;在回缩阶段,油滴铺展因子呈现出典型的振荡衰减态势。

带扰流柱阵的双层壁间隙冲击传热特性

数值模拟研究了带扰流柱阵的双层壁结构间隙靶面、冲击面以及不同位置扰流柱面努塞尔数详细分布,分析了各个表面努塞尔数平均值随冲击雷诺数的变化规律以及不同位置扰流柱面换热特性差别。结果表明,靶面努赛尔数的第二峰值大于滞止点处的努赛尔数。冲击面展向平均努赛尔数最大值位于靠近冲击孔的第2排和第4排扰流柱处。在5排扰流柱中,与冲击孔处于同一排(第3排)的扰流柱面平均努塞尔数最大,表现为翻卷汇流传热特性;第2排和第4排扰流柱面平均努塞尔数次之,表现为翻卷绕流传热特性。远离冲击孔的第1排和第5排扰流柱面平均努塞尔数最小,表现为绕流传热特性。冲击雷诺数从1×104增加到6×104,第3排扰流柱面和第2、4排扰流柱面以及第1、5排扰流柱面努塞尔数增幅分别为306%、325%和360%。

单排冲击孔的冲击/气膜复合冷却结构火焰筒壁温分布

针对单排冲击孔的冲击/气膜复合冷却结构火焰筒建立一维壁温计算程序,对火焰筒一维壁温进行计算分析,通过示温漆测温法和热电偶测温法获得了高温高压下该火焰筒壁温分布规律和最高壁温值,并将试验结果与计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,该计算模型可有效评估冲击/气膜复合冷却结构火焰筒壁温分布趋势;将冲击孔布置在气膜段末端可有效降低该处壁温,从而控制最高壁温值;单位面积冷却气量对冷却效率有重要影响;火焰筒壁温分布较均匀,最高壁温低于材料长期许用工作温度。

Development of ToSPACE for Pipe Wall Thinning Management in Nuclear Power Plants

A number of piping components in the secondary system of nuclear power plants are exposed to aging mechanisms such as FAC (Flow-Accelerated Corrosion), cavitation, flashing, SPE (Solid Particle Erosion), LDIE (Liquid Droplet Impingement Erosion), etc. Those mechanisms may lead to thinning, leak, or rupture of the components. Due to the pipe ruptures caused by wall thinning in Surry unit 2 of USA in 1986 and in Mihama unit 3 of Japan in 1994, the pipe wall thinning management has emerged as one of the most important issues in nuclear power plants. To manage the pipe wall thinning in the secondary system, Korea has used a foreign program since 1996. As using the foreign country’s program for long term, it was necessary to improve from the perspective of the users. Accordingly, KEPCO-E & C has started to develop the 3D-based pipe wall thinning management program (ToSPACE, Total Solution for Piping And Component Engineering management) from eight years ago, and the development was successful. This paper describes the major functions included in ToSPACE program, such as 3D-based DB (Database) buildup, development of FAC and erosion evaluation theories, UT (Ultra-sonic Test) data reliability analysis, field connection with 3D, automatic establishment of long-term inspection plan, etc. ToSPACE program was developed to allow site engineers performing the selection of inspection quantity at each refueling outage, UT data reliability analysis, UT evaluation, determination of next inspection timing, identification of the inspecting and replacing components in 3D drawings, etc., to access easily.

A Study on the Cause Analysis for the Wall Thinning and Leakage in Small Bore Piping Downstream of Orifice

A number of components installed in the secondary system of nuclear power plants are exposed to aging mechanisms such as FAC (Flow-Accelerated Corrosion), Cavitation, Flashing, and LDIE (Liquid Droplet Impingement Erosion). Those aging mechanisms can lead to thinning of the components. In April 2013, one inch small bore piping branched from the main steam line experienced leakage resulting from wall thinning in a 1000 MWe Korean PWR nuclear power plant. During the normal operation, extracted steam from the main steam line goes to condenser through the small bore piping. The leak occurred in the downstream of an orifice. A control valve with vertical flow path was placed in front of the orifice. This paper deals with UT thickness data, SEM images, and numerical simulation results in order to analyze the extent of damage and the cause of leakage in the small bore piping. As a result, it is concluded that the main cause of the small bore pipe wall thinning is liquid droplet impingement erosion. Moreover, it is observed that the leak occurred at the reattachment point of the vortex flow in the downstream side of the orifice.

Experimental research on spray and combustion characteristics of the third generation conical spray

A new generation conical spray system for conventional diesel engines or premixed combustion diesel engines is introduced. By means of oriented impingement method, flexible spray penetration in design is realized. High-speed photograph was used to investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of the new spray for cases of different impingement angles and needle valve opening pressures. The results show that, by applying spray impingement orientation, fuel jets spread along the cone surface as shape of sectors, so the dispersion of jets is increased obviously. Changing on impingement angle leads to variation of penetration, which is critical in homogeneous mixture preparation. Due to the flexibility of spray penetration in design, the spray impingement on liner is avoided in a great extent. The results also indicate that higher needle valve opening pressure results in longer penetration and larger spray angle after impingement. Combustion characteristics of the impinged conical spray were studied in the 1135 type diesel engine. The new impinged conical spray system work smoothly in full load range with better fuel economy and lower emissions of NOx and soot than the original test engine.

Heat Transfer during Spray Cooling of Flat Surfaces with Water at Large Reynolds Numbers

We present a new Nusselt number correlation for spray cooling at large Reynolds numbers and high surface temperatures for water sprays impinging perpendicularly onto a flat plate. A large set of experimental data on spray cooling of hot surfaces with water has been analyzed, including the water temperature effects. For large-scale cooling, such as in industrial processes, large number of injection parameters such as number, type, pressure, and angle of the spray injection has led to a multitude of correlations that are difficult for general and practical applications. However, by synthesizing a set of experimental data where all of the above parameters have been varied, we find that the Nusselt number and therefore the heat transfer coefficient can be cast accurately as a function of the Reynolds number. Water is widely used as the coolant during spray cooling, and has a specific phase change characteristic. At large Reynolds number (Re > 100,000) and surface temperature (Ts > 600°C) ranges, which are of interest in large-scale spray cooling, the effect of water temperature is quite significant as it affects the film boiling close to the surface. This effect also has been parameterized using experimental data.

喷雾碰壁形成的附壁油膜沸腾实验研究

内燃机内喷雾碰壁后,一部分燃油发生飞溅,而另一部分则附着在气缸壁或活塞表面形成附壁油膜.附壁油膜因为气化相对更慢成为燃烧后产生污染物的主要原因之一.因为气缸内温度较高,附壁油膜很可能发生沸腾现象,而油膜沸腾与表面蒸发的相变特性明显不同,从而会影响混合气的形成.针对现有研究对附壁油膜的沸腾现象研究较少的现状,实验研究中以正丁醇为实验对象,应用高压共轨喷油系统和高速摄像技术开展附壁油膜沸腾实验.结果表明,沸腾现象的发生一定程度上可以促进附壁油膜的气化;增大喷油持续期以及降低喷油压力都可以使沸腾现象更剧烈.

高海拔模拟环境下喷雾撞壁的燃烧和传热特性研究

高海拔下低温低压的极端工作环境容易导致发动机燃烧室出现严重的液相喷雾撞壁现象,造成附壁燃烧和池火,是引起活塞或燃烧室壁面烧蚀的重要原因之一.然而,目前关于高海拔环境下发动机喷雾撞壁、附壁燃烧及壁面传热的详细机理尚不完全清楚.本文基于定容燃烧弹模型结合多维数值模拟方法,开展了高海拔模拟环境下喷雾撞壁的燃烧及壁面传热特性研究.结果表明:缸内背景压力通过影响喷雾贯穿能力对喷雾液相撞壁起到主导作用,而背景温度则主要通过影响燃油蒸发速率对油膜演化起显著作用;附壁油膜的质量和蒸发速率对池火燃烧特性具有很大影响,高温高压条件下附壁油膜质量小、蒸发速率快,使得池火出现时间更早、峰值强度最大且持续时间最短;低温低压条件下油膜质量最大且蒸发速率最慢,使得池火出现时间更晚、峰值强度最小且燃烧持续时间最长;而高温低压和低温高压条件下池火的出现时间、峰值强度和持续时间则居于中间;此外,附壁油膜和近壁池火会显著增强定容弹流场对壁面传热的影响作用,附壁燃烧使得壁面长时间处于高热流密度和高温的状态,而油膜分布和蒸发速率的差异会导致池火区壁面热流密度和温度分布不均,且变化剧烈波动,由此引发的热疲劳可能是壁面烧蚀的重要原因.

壁面温度和撞壁距离对柴油喷雾燃烧特性的影响

根据撞壁距离L与自由喷雾液相贯穿距L_(liquid)之比,将喷雾撞壁模式分为严重湿壁、轻微湿壁、临界湿壁、未湿壁.通过高温高压定容弹试验和OpenFOAM仿真,研究了高、低壁温条件下,4种喷雾撞壁模式对着火特性、火焰发展特性以及燃油分布特性的影响.结果表明:提高壁面温度可以促进喷雾着火及燃烧过程,且其促进作用随L/L_(liquid)增大而减小;高壁温条件下,一定程度的喷雾撞壁有利于油气混合和燃烧,低壁温条件下则相反.

喷雾碰壁燃烧数值模拟研究

燃油喷雾碰壁是小型高压直喷式柴油机中普遍存在的现象.燃油碰壁会影响缸内燃烧过程,进而显著地影响柴油机的动力学、经济性和排放性.为了更好地认识燃油喷雾碰壁燃烧现象,该研究采用数值模拟的方法对该过程进行计算,探究其特殊的燃烧特性.研究结果表明:在碰壁喷雾的两阶段燃烧过程中,喷雾碰壁促进喷雾径向发展半径和卷吸高度的增加,促进近壁面油气混合,在近壁面形成有利于低温点火的条件.低温燃烧反应在混合气较为稀薄的近壁面区域开始,随后向碰壁喷雾中心浓混合气区域发展.随着低温氧化燃烧持续放热,碰壁喷雾雾束中心区域温度逐渐升高,同时积累大量甲醛.由于喷雾碰壁会导致碰壁雾束中心形成较浓混合气,并且低温燃烧放热量较少,导致部分碳氧化物无法完全燃烧,增加了碳烟的生成量.另外随着高温燃烧的进行,温度持续升高,碰壁喷雾卷吸更多环境气体,进而产生大量氮氧化物.

火箭垂直回收中发动机布局与喷流壁面效应影响研究

针对重复使用火箭垂直着陆过程的喷流流场问题开展研究,利用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)方法研究了壁面效应和发动机布局对超声速喷流的影响。研究表明,着陆距离(L)在2.24D~11.2D(D为喷管出口的直径)的范围内,地面效应对喷管出口中心处的温度分布影响较小;在当前计算条件下,当L<2.24D时,超声速喷流撞击地面会形成强烈的激波,随着离地高度的降低,该激波位置往喉部方向移动,由于壁面效应,喷管内部形成斜激波,导致中心喷管壁面处的温度升高;中心喷管相对外侧喷管往外突出增大了壁面流动速度,导致外侧喷管出口的温度降低;研究还表明子级火箭底部端面的喷管数量增加后,会导致喷管的温度升高。研究结果将为火箭发射及回收方案选取提供参考。