Accelerating Effect of Wetting-Drying Cycles on Steel Bar Corrosion in Concrete

Raining and sun-shining processes in natural climate were simulated by water spraying and infrared lightshining alternately as wetting-drying cycles in accelerated durability test. The accelerating effects of the wet-ting-drying cycles and the variation of corrosion current density and corrosion potential of steel bar in concrete undersuch conditions were studied. The result shows that the main reason leading to accelerating corrosion of steel bar inconcrete is the wetting-drying cycles, which can cause the increase of corrosion potential difference between the an-ode and cathode of steel bar corrosion cell and the decrease of concrete resistance. Corrosion rate of the steel bar inconcrete under four typical conditions, including wetting-drying cycle, long time submerging in water, long time ex-posure to indoor and outdoor environment were measured and compared. The test results indicate that the corrosionrates under the four typical conditions are in the order of spraying and infrared light shining cycles, outdoor environ-ment, indoor environment, and submerging in water, respectively.

Research on Corrosion Effect of Sulfate Ions on Concrete Under Wetting-Drying Cycle

Saline soil is widely distributed in the marine sediments along the coast of the world and the arid-semi-arid areas of the Middle East and Iraq,and calcium sulfate erosion has become one of the important factors affecting the durability of concrete in this area.In order to clarify the mechanism of sulfate ion damage to concrete,this paper mainly takes saline soil with high sulfate content in coastal area as well as arid-semi-arid area as the research object,and uses indoor geotechnical test,field test and numerical simulation to study the influence of different dry-wet cycle times on the unconfined compressive strength of concrete test blocks,and puts forward the relationship between the erosion arrival depth and time of sulfate ion in concrete,so as to predict the long-term erosion depth by using the erosion depth of sulfate ion in concrete in short time.The results show that the shorter the erosion time when the erosion reaches a certain depth,and the larger the erosion reaches when the erosion time is the same,the faster the erosion reaches the depth with the increase of erosion time.Compared with rectangular section concrete,circular section concrete penetrates faster.The results of this study can provide a reference for the durability design of concrete in saline soil sites containing sulfate.

Evaluation of Corrosion Product Activity in a Typical PWR with Extended Cycles and Flow Rate Perturbations

Effect of flow rate perturbations has been studied using the modified computer program CPAIR-P for time dependent corrosion rates in Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) having extended cycles. In these simulations, a decrease in the corresponding saturation values of corrosion product activity (CPA) is observed for higher pH values. Comparison of CPA’s behavior has been done for constant flow-rate case as well as for transients with elevated 10B levels (~40%) in dissolved boric acid in coolant in two operating cycles. When the flow rate is decreased in the first cycle, the saturation value of CPA attains new higher values. Also, in the second operating cycle, the saturation values are about 12% higher when compared with the values in the first cycle.

Initial corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition

Corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy in simulating acid rain under wet-dry cyclic condition was investigated.The results show that corrosion potential shifts positively and the corrosion current density decreases at low wet-dry cyclic time.Further increase of the cyclic time results in the negative movement of corrosion potential and the increase of current density.SEM observation indicates that corrosion occurs only inαphase,βphase is inert in corrosive medium,and the corrosion of AZ91 magnesium appears in uniform characteristic.XPS analysis suggests that the corrosion product is mainly composed of oxide and hydroxide of magnesium and aluminum,and a small amount of sulfate is also contained in the film.

Effect of Synergistic Anticorrosion Treatments on Cycling Stability of Mg-Based Hydrogen Storage Electrode

In this paper, any two of the three anticorrosion agents, that is emulsifier (OP-10), soluble glass (Na2O·nSiO2) and glycerin (C3H8O3), were treated simultaneously on the surface of amorphous (a- ) MgNi + 5% Ml2Mg17(MI denotes the lanthanum-rich mish metal) electrode and the electrolyte. Effect of the synergistic anticorrosion treatment on charging/discharging cycle stability of the electrode was investigated. Contrasted with single treatment method, the cycling stability of the electrodes was further improved. The desirable synergistic anticorrosion method was that the electrode was treated by the soluble glass, and that OP-10 was added into the electrolyte. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) results of the electrode show clearly that the anticorrosion agent can change the electrochemical activity and mechanism of the electrode. The concentration of the anticorrosion agent in the electrolyte treated by the synergistic anticorrosion method was also investigated. The appropriate concentration of the anticorrosion agents in the electrolyte is 0.143% .

Deterioration Mechanism of Sulfate Attack on Concrete under Freeze-thaw Cycles

The experiments of concrete attacked by sulfate solution under freeze-thaw cycles were investigated. The sulfate solution includes two types of 5% Na2SO4 and 5% MgSO4. Through the experiment, microstructural analyses such as SEM, XRD and TGA measurements were performed on the selected samples after freeze-thaw cycles. The corrosion products of the concrete were distinguished and quantitatively compared by the thermal analysis. Besides, the damage mechanism considering the dynamic modulus of elastically of concrete under the coupling effect was also investigated. The experimental results show that, under the action of freeze-thaw cycles and sulfate attack, the main attack products in concrete are ettringite and gypsum. The corrosion products exposed to MgSO4 solution are more than those to Na2SO4 solution. Furthermore, the content of gypsum in concrete is less than that of ettringite in test, and some of gypsum can be observed only after a certain corrosion extent. It is also shown that MgSO4 solution has a promoting effect to the damage of concrete under freeze-thaw cycles. Whereas for Na：SO4 solution, the damage of concrete has restrained before 300 freeze-thaw cycles, but the sulfate attack accelerates the deterioration process in its further test period.

In vitro corrosion-fatigue behavior of biodegradable Mg/HA composite in simulated body fluid

Magnesium and its composites as biodegradable materials offer especial capabilities to be used as bio-absorbable implants.However,their poor corrosion and fatigue properties in the physiological environment can restrict their applications.In this study,corrosion-fatigue tests have been performed on the extruded magnesium and magnesium/hydroxyapatite(Mg/HA)composites in a high cycle regime.To produce the composites,pure magnesium was reinforced by 2.5 wt.%and 5 wt.%of hydroxyapatite submicron particles using an electromagneticmechanical stirring method and hot extrusion process.The experimental density measurement exhibits that the porosity increases in the extruded samples with more hydroxyapatite particles.To investigate the corrosion and corrosion-fatigue behavior of the specimens,simulated body fluid(SBF)was used during in vitro tests.The results of the potentiodynamic polarization corrosion test show that the composite with 2.5 wt.%of hydroxyapatite(Mg/2.5 wt.%HA)and the pure magnesium specimen exhibit the highest and the lowest corrosion resistance,respectively.Regarding the elemental mapping analysis of the corroded samples,this behavior could be due to the formation of strong phosphorus-calcium based layers on the composite surface.The results obtained from the mechanical tests indicate that Mg/5 wt.%HA offered the highest tensile and compressive yield strengths,as well as the most promising high cycle fatigue behavior.During the corrosionfatigue test,the simultaneous effects of fatigue and corrosion damages led to a similar corrosion-fatigue behavior in both composites.The fracture surfaces of the corrosion-fatigue samples suggest that the cracks are initiated in the corroded regions of the samples surface,which reduces the crack initiation step and subsequently decreases the fatigue life.In comparison with the pure magnesium,both composites exhibit more promising corrosion and corrosion-fatigue behaviors with a significant fatigue life improvement in the physiological environment.

Mechanical and low-cycle fatigue behavior of stainless reinforcing steel for earthquake engineering applications

Use of stainless reinforcing steel （SRS） in reinforced concrete （RC） structures is a promising solution to corrosion issues. However, for SRS to be used in seismic applications, several mechanical properties need to be investigated. These include specified and actual yield strengths, tensile strengths, uniform elongations and low-cycle fatigue behavior. Three types of SRSs （Talley S24100, Talley 316LN and Talley 2205） were tested and the results are reported in this paper. They were compared with the properties of A706 carbon reinforcing steel （RS）, which is typical for seismic applications, and MMFX II, which is a high strength, corrosion resistant RS. Low-cycle fatigue tests of the RS coupons were conducted under strain control with constant amplitude to obtain strain life models of the steels. Test results show that the SRSs have slightly lower moduli of elasticity, higher uniform elongations before necking, and better low-cycle fatigue performance than A706 and MMFX II. All five types of RSs tested satisfy the requirements of the ACI 318 code on the lower limit of the tensile to yield strength ratio. Except Talley 2205, the other four types of RSs investigated meet the ACI 318 requirement that the actual yield strength does not exceed the specified yield strength by more than 18 ksi （124 MPa）. Among the three types of SRSs tested, Talley S24100 possesses the highest uniform elongation before necking, and the best low-cycle fatigue performance.

Corrosion mechanism of mechanically alloyed Mg50Ni50 and Mg45Cu5Ni50 alloys

As the loss of active material Mg may affect electrode’s discharge capacity and the cycling stability, a more refined mechanism study on cycling capacity degradation should be made. The present investigation is based on the supposition that the capacity degradation of the binary Mg50Ni50 alloy and ternary Mg45Cu5Ni50 alloy electrodes is solely due to the corrosion of Mg, the active hydrogen storage element. That means amount of capacity degradation is determined by the corrosion current time, which is also the time of operation. The corrosion current J corr dependence on cycling time was deduced. A mathematic relation between the cycling capacity retention C N / C 1 (%) and the duration of operation was also deduced. The data calculated from the equations deduced agree well with those of the experiment result. The loss of the active hydrogen absorbing element Mg is proved to be the main cause for cycling capacity deterioration in the present investigation.

In-Situ Corrosion Monitoring of Scratched Epoxy Coated Carbon Steel in Saturated Ca(OH)2 with or without 3% NaCl by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

The present work is investigated the in-situ monitoring of local corrosion process of scratched epoxy coated carbon steel in saturated Ca(OH)2 with and without 3% NaCl using SECM and correlated with EIS. The results obtained from EIS analysis showed that the corrosion resistance of scratched epoxy coated carbon steel decreases in Cl- containing solution as the increase in wet/ dry corrosion cycles. This was indicated by decrease in film resistance (Rf) and charge transfer resistance (Rct), while the coated steel maintain the resistance values in saturated Ca(OH)2, most of which recovered after drying. The corrosion process was monitored using SECM by setting the tip potential at -0.70 V vs Ag/AgCl, where the consumption of dissolved oxygen occurred at the surface of test sample. The consumption of dissolved oxygen current (I’oxy-c) values was increased during the immersion in a solution with 3% NaCl. However, in wet/dry corrosion cycles, I’oxy-c was decreased due to the coverage of hydroxides/oxides at scratch area which suppressed the consumption of dissolved O2. It was found that the continuous decrease in corrosion was mainly attributed to continuous formation of corrosion products at anodic spots.

考虑大气腐蚀影响的钢结构剩余抗震性能研究进展

对考虑大气腐蚀影响的钢结构剩余抗震性能的现有研究进行综述,首先探讨了钢在大气环境下腐蚀程度随时间的变化规律,其次从材料、构件、结构体系3个层次梳理了腐蚀对钢结构抗震性能影响的研究现状,最后针对该领域当前研究的不足进行了详细评述。该领域下一步重点研究方向应包括腐蚀预测新方法、考虑蚀坑分布随机性的建模方法、焊缝腐蚀与焊缝超低周疲劳的交叉学科研究、适合腐蚀结构地震易损性分析的高效建模方法。

环氧富锌涂层配套体系长效防护性能研究

在热带沿海地区,高湿热、高盐和高辐照是一种极端严酷的腐蚀环境。在这类特殊条件下,金属材料的腐蚀失效问题已成为制约装备发展与应用的重大瓶颈,而目前工程中常用的环氧富锌涂层在此类严酷恶劣环境下的长效防护性能还缺乏深入研究。本文通过进行紫外/凝露、中性盐雾、湿热试验的循环试验,研究了环氧富锌涂层配套体系在高湿热、高盐和高辐照的腐蚀环境下对碳钢的长期保护性能,通过附着力、涂层划痕处腐蚀蔓延宽度、表面微观形貌和电化学阻抗谱等方法对涂层的防腐性能进行研究。结果表明:经过175 d的循环加速腐蚀试验后,在不同周期36 d、70 d、100 d、175 d的附着力相对于初始附着力(10.45 MPa),下降率分别为4.3%、10.0%、13.2%、18.7%,尽管附着力有所降低,但下降幅度不大。划痕处在不同周期36 d、70 d、100 d、175 d的腐蚀蔓延宽度分别为0.75 mm、1.25 mm、1.74 mm和2.38 mm,均小于富锌底漆涂料规定的≤3 mm。SEM观察结果显示,在涂层暴露的四个周期内,涂层表面产生明显变化,试验后期生成大量块状产物。EIS结果显示,涂层的阻抗数值在36d~100d的过程中呈现出逐渐降低的过程,从2.93×10^(10)Ω·cm^(2)到6.148×10^(9)Ω·cm^(2),而在(100~175)d时,感抗弧的半径大小有一个小幅度的增大,阻抗谱没有出现第二个时间常数,可以说明环氧富锌涂层配套体系在这类环境下仍能保持完整和均匀,这与涂层中锌粉的阴极保护作用有关。研究结果表明环氧富锌涂层配套体系在此类严酷的腐蚀环境中仍然具有优异的长期防腐性能。

矿化煤矸石混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能

为研究微生物菌液浓度、尿素浓度、钙离子浓度、煤矸石取代率对矿化煤矸石混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,开展4因素3水平正交试验。结果表明:微生物矿化技术可显著提升煤矸石混凝土力学性能,煤矸石混凝土强度影响排序为煤矸石取代率>菌液浓度>钙离子浓度>尿素浓度,微生物矿化煤矸石混凝土力学性能和抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的最优配比为:菌液浓度4×10^(8) cells/mL、尿素浓度0.9 mol/L、钙离子浓度0.2 mol/L、煤矸石取代率30%;硫酸盐与水化产物反应生成钙矾石是硫酸盐干湿循环前期质量和抗压强度提升的主要原因,也是后期表观形态盐化、体积膨胀、鼓包掉落、强度降低的主要原因。研究成果可为微生物矿化煤矸石混凝土力学和耐久性提供试验依据。

Q420qENH钢及其焊接接头在模拟含PM_(2.5)的工业大气介质中干湿循环腐蚀行为研究

目的 研究桥梁耐候钢板材及其焊接接头在模拟含PM_(2.5)的西北工业大气环境中腐蚀行为的区别。方法 采用NaHSO_(3)+SiO_(2)的腐蚀介质进行干湿交替加速腐蚀实验,并采用腐蚀动力学、X射线衍射、扫描电镜+能谱、电化学测试等方法,分析了Q420qENH钢板材、焊缝及热影响区试样的腐蚀趋势、腐蚀类型及锈层的保护性,以及SiO_(2)对腐蚀的影响。结果 Q420qENH板材试样初期腐蚀速率大于焊接试样,中后期2种试样腐蚀速率逐渐下降并趋于一致。3种试样腐蚀类型均为不均匀的全面腐蚀,外锈层均疏松易脱落,但焊缝、热影响区内锈层比板材致密且与钢基体结合紧密,锈层中Cu、Ni元素含量明显高于板材试样。3种试样腐蚀30d的自腐蚀电流密度由大到小的顺序为板材>焊缝>热影响区,自腐蚀电位由大到小的顺序为热影响区>焊缝>板材,焊缝及热影响区试样的锈层电阻分别为板材试样的1.28倍、1.68倍。结论 PM_(2.5)中的主要成分SiO_(2)易在缺陷处沉积,成为腐蚀产物的形核基底,促进了腐蚀产物的非均匀形核,不利于锈层的致密性。热影响区和焊缝形成锈层的保护性、耐蚀性能优于板材试样。

干湿循环下盐渍压实黄土湿陷性劣化机理研究

近年来黄土高原地区土壤盐渍化问题愈发严重,深入了解盐渍压实黄土在干湿循环作用下的湿陷性演化规律对当地填方工程安全至关重要。本文通过对不同干湿循环次数和硫酸钠(Na_(2)SO_(4))含量的压实黄土试样进行电镜扫描试验和室内湿陷试验,研究了盐渍压实黄土在干湿循环过程中的湿陷性劣化规律及其微观机理。结果表明:干湿和盐蚀的耦合作用使黄土结构趋于松散,造成湿陷系数增大,然而湿陷系数的增速随干湿次数增加而逐渐减小,表现出减速劣化特性,随含盐量增大而逐渐增大,呈现出加速劣化特性,且当含盐量大于0.5%时,盐蚀对湿陷性的劣化作用比干湿劣化作用更显著。最后,构建了同时考虑干湿循环次数和含盐量的经验模型,能较好描述盐渍压实黄土在干湿循环作用下的湿陷性演化规律。

酸性循环侵蚀下灰岩-土体渗透特性研究

为研究酸性循环侵蚀程度对灰岩-土体渗透特性的影响,将酸性循环腐蚀后的灰岩试样与黏性红土制成岩-土组合体,在试验设置的4~14水力梯度范围内开展变水头试验,并引入有效腐蚀深度建立了界面渗透系数分析计算模型。结果表明:灰岩-土组合体渗透曲线呈短暂下降—相对稳定—逐渐上升3个阶段变化,拟合渗流速度与水力梯度具有良好线性关系,符合达西定律;灰岩-土组合体渗透系数随灰岩腐蚀程度增加而增大,增幅先减小后增加;灰岩界面渗透系数随腐蚀程度增大而减小,减幅急剧降低,推断是孔隙曲折度变化对界面渗透性造成的影响;对比灰岩-土组合体理论渗水量与实际渗水量可知,模型在短暂下降-相对稳定渗透阶段误差较小,模型适用性较好;结合灰岩试样腐蚀后SEM图像、灰岩-土组合体与纯土渗透曲线对比及渗透作用下灰岩质量损失可知,岩体结构的存在与岩样微观结构的改变,会导致灰岩-土体渗透性增强和抗水力侵蚀能力降低。

水泥加固淤泥土力学与抗海水腐蚀性能研究

为了分析水泥掺量和海水腐蚀对水泥加固淤泥土力学性能的影响规律,制备了水泥掺量为4%、8%、12%、16%和20%水泥加固淤泥土试件,分别经历了0、2、5、8、12、18次海水腐蚀干湿循环后,测试试件的单轴抗压强度、内聚力和内摩擦角,分析水泥掺量和海水腐蚀对水泥加固淤泥土力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,(1)随着水泥掺量的增大,水泥加固淤泥土的单轴抗压强度和内聚力呈线性增大,而内摩擦角呈指数衰减;(2)随着海水干湿循环次数的增加,水泥加固淤泥土的抗压强度、内聚力和内摩擦角均呈现不断变小的变化规律;(3)水泥掺量的增大能够有效提高加固淤泥土的抗海水腐蚀能力。

脉冲占空比对316L增材件成形质量及性能的影响

脉冲占空比对于成形件的质量有着重要的影响,合理设置这一参数可以提高产品的成形质量。文章通过改变脉冲占空比的大小,利用316L奥氏体不锈钢焊丝制备电弧增材成形件,检测了成形件的成形质量,观察了增材件的金相组织,测试了硬度、拉伸以及电化学腐蚀等性能,分析了脉冲占空比对成形质量及性能的影响规律。结果表明:脉冲占空比对试件硬度的影响不明显,而对试件的力学性能和腐蚀性能表现出较明显的差异。在占空比为50%的条件下,试件的抗拉强度和拉伸总应变的最大值分别为462 MPa、35.0%。在占空比为25%时,最小自腐蚀电流密度为2.956×10^(-5)A/cm^(2),耐蚀性最强;而占空比为50%时,试件的最大自腐蚀电流密度为3.853×10^(-5)A/cm^(2),耐蚀性最差。

等离子喷涂YSZ热障涂层的工艺研究

目的优化大气等离子喷涂工艺,提高热障涂层的耐腐蚀性能与热循环寿命。方法设计正交试验,制备出不同工艺参数的YSZ涂层。用共聚焦显微镜、X射线衍射仪、能谱分析仪对涂层的表面粗糙度、表面与截面形貌、元素组成与分布进行表征,用ImageJ软件分析涂层的孔隙。根据试验数据优化工艺参数,对比分析工艺优化前后涂层的耐腐蚀性与热循环寿命。对涂层进行热震水淬试验,分析涂层的热震寿命与失效行为。结果不同工艺下制备的涂层在孔隙、耐熔盐腐蚀与热循环寿命方面存在明显差异,工艺参数W3X3Y1Z3组合为优化出的喷涂工艺。采用优化后工艺所制备的涂层TBC-1,孔隙率为9.65%,平均孔隙尺寸为6.18μm^(2),未观察到明显的大孔与裂纹。涂层表面粗糙度为3.48μm,粉末熔化状态较好。热腐蚀之后,涂层截面熔盐元素V的质量分数为2.03%,无熔盐积聚现象。涂层经20次热腐蚀与热冲击联合试验后,质量损失率为0.25%,表面完整,无明显剥落。TBC-1在热震试验中的失效形式为涂层大面积剥落,失效次数为172次。结论等离子喷涂的工艺参数对涂层的综合性能有重要影响,涂层中较大的裂纹和孔隙可作为熔盐的渗透途径,加速涂层的腐蚀,同时使热循环寿命变差。经优化后工艺制备的涂层,内部孔隙分布均匀,且平均孔隙尺寸较小,表现出良好的耐腐蚀性与热循环寿命。涂层中热生长氧化物(TGO)的生长应力、陶瓷层与黏结层的热失配应力是涂层中裂纹扩展和涂层失效的重要原因。