Effects of Chromium,Vanadium and Austenite Deformation on Transformation Behaviors of High-strength Spring Steels

The phase transformation behavior during continuous cooling of high-strength spring steels containing different amounts of Cr was studied. Furthermore, the effects of combining Cr with V as well as austenite deformation on the transformation kinetics were investigated in the method of dilatometry and metallography hardness. The re suits showed that, with the increase of Cr, the pearlite transformation field was enlarged, the ferrite transformation field was narrowed, and the entire phase field shifted to the right. With the addition of V, the start transformation temperature of undercooling austenite （Ar3） was gradually increased, but the ferrite and pearlite transformation fields were not affected. Besides, the minimum critical cooling rate of martensilic transformation was also reduced. In addition, the dynamic continuous cooling transformation （CCT） curve moves to the top left compared with the static CCT curve. The transformed microstructures showed that the addition of V and the deformation not only refined the overall transformed microstructures but also reduced the lamellar spacing of pearlite. The alloying elements Cr and V promoted the Vickers hardness. However, the effect of Cr on the Vickers hardness of martensite was stronger and the influence of V on that of pearlite was stronger. Moreover, the Vickers hardness affected by the austenite deformation was more complex and strongly depended on the transformed microstructures.

Product Development of High Strength and Toughness Spring Flat Steel

With the continuous development of mechanical industry,higher requirements are put forward for the comprehensive properties of spring steel.The chemical composition and production process of spring flat steel are designed to meet the requirements of high strength and high toughness of spring flat steel,through the test,the product surface quality and internal quality all meet the national standards,the performance indicators to meet user requirements.

Surface decarburization characteristics and relation between decarburized types and heating temperature of spring steel 60Si2MnA

The characteristics of complete and partial decarburizations in spring steel 60Si2MnA were systematically investigated, including the microstructure, the hardness gradient, and the formation mechanism. The relation between decarburized types and heating temperature of the steel was comprehensively discussed. It is found that heating temper- ature has an important influence on the decarburized types. With the rise of heating temperature, the decarburized types change from no decarburization to complete decarburization, complete and partial decarburizations, partial decarburiza- tion, and no decarburization.

Forming condition and control strategy of ferrite decarburization in 60Si2MnA spring steel wires for automotive suspensions

The ferrite decarburization behavior of 60Si2MnA spring steel wires for automotive suspensions, including the forming condition and the influence of heating time and cooling rate after hot rolling, was investigated comprehensively. Also, a control strategy during the reheating process and cooling process after rolling was put forward to protect against ferrite decarburization. The results show that ferrite decarburization, which has the strong temperature dependence due to phase transformation, is produced between 675 and 875°C. The maximum depth is found at 750°C. Heating time and cooling rate after rolling have an important influence on decarburization. Reasonable preheating temperature in the billet reheating process and austenitizing temperature in the heat-treatment process are suggested to protect against ferrite decarburization.

Theory and Practice of Oxide Inclusion Composition and Morphology Control in Spring Steel Production

In order to control the composition,morphology and size distribution of oxide inclusions in spring steel,the relationship between the content or activity of aluminum and calcium in molten steel and compositions of oxide inclusion precipitated at different temperatures was determined based on thermodynamic equilibrium for spring steel 60Si2 MnA,and has been verified by practice.The size distribution of non-metallic inclusions electrolytically extracted from specimens of hot rolled spring steel was determined by image analyzer.The results show that there are a great deal of large inclusions in spring steel produced by the conventional process,and the quantity and the size of large inclusions in spring steel produced by new process are largely reduced.As a result,the fatigue properties of the spring steel produced by new process are highly improved,and the ratio ofσ-1/σbis raised from 0.451 to 0.468.

Development of a New Kind of High Strength Spring Steel

A new kind of high strength, high toughness and high plasticity spring steel has been developed. The strength, the reduction of area and the elongation of the steel are all higher than those of the steel 60Si2CrVA. The decarburization resistance and the sag resistance are also higher than those of the steel 60Si2CrVA. It has good hardenability, and is suitable for making springs with big cross section. The bogie springs made of this kind of steel have passed 2×106 cycles without broken under the conditions of maximum stress of 906 MPa and the minimum stress of 388 MPa.

FEM Simulation of Effect of Process Parameters on Static Recrystallization in 60SiMnA Spring Steel

Two-dimensional rigid-plastic finite element method (FEM) was used for simulation of the effect of process parameterson the static recrystallization of 60SiMnA spring steel using MARC/AutoForge 3.1 software. A thermo-mechanicalcoupled analysis was conducted considering the heat transfer between the workpiece, the roll and the environment,and the heat generation due to plastic work. The static recrystallization laws under different processing conditionsand the predicted distribution of the static recrystallization volume fraction on the deformation cross section arepresented.

Effect of Boron on Delayed Fracture Resistance of Medium-Carbon High Strength Spring Steel

The delayed fracture behavior of medium carbon high strength spring steel containing different amounts of boron （0. 000 5%, 0. 001 6 %） was studied using sustained load delayed fracture test. The results show that delayed fracture resistance of boron containing steels is higher than that of conventional steel 60Si2MnA at the same strength level and it increases with the increase of boron eontent from 0. 000 5% to 0. 001 6%. The delayed fracture mode is mainly intergranular in the boron containing steels tempered at 350℃, which indicates that the addition of boron does not change the fracture character. However, the increase of boron content enlarges the size of the crack initia tion area. Further study of phase analysis indicates that most boron is in solid solution, and only a very small quantity of boron is in the M3 （C, B） phase.

Inclusion control of automotive spring steel in the basic oxygen furnace and ingot casting process

The process of automotive spring steel in the basic oxygen furnace and ingot casting （BOF-IC） of Baosteel is described in this paper. High quality spring steel can be obtained through designing reasonable deoxidization and alloying processes ,enhancing steel purity and reducing inclusions in steel.

Relationship between microstructures and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded joint of spring steel

Based on mechanical properties tests and microstructures investigations, the relationship between microstructures and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded joints of spring steel is studied. The agglomeration of precipitated carbide is the sign that indicates spot welded joints structure of spring steel is fully tempered. Spot welded joints microstructure of nickelplaied spring steel is fully tempered in random tempering heat treatment process, and mechanical properties of the welded joints are advanced. This research results showed a new approach for increasing spot welded joints quality of spring steel and hardened steel.

3-D thermo-mechanical coupled FEM simulation of continuous hot rolling process of 60SiMnA spring steel bars and rods

The 3-D thermo-mechanical coupled elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM)was used for the simulation of the two-pass continuous hot rolling process of 60SiMnA spring steelbars and rods using MARC/AutoForge3.1 software. The simulated results visualize the metal flow andthe dynamic evolutions of the strain, stress and temperature during the continuous hot rolling,especially inside the work-piece. It is shown that the non-uniform distributions of the strain,stress and temperature on the longitudinal and transverse sections are a distinct characteristic ofthe continuous hot rolling, which can be used as basic data for improving the tool design,predicting and controlling the micro-structural evolution of a bar and rod.

Present situation and countermeasure of low-alloy spring steel wire rod for domestic automobile

The variety,inner quality and surface quality of low-alloy spring steel wire rod for domestic automobile is summarized in detail.And according to commercial low-alloy spring steel wire rod variety, product quality level and its actual application situation on automobile supplied by present industrially developed country metallurgy enterprises,it is pointed that the variety of low-alloy spring steel wire rod for domestic automobile can't satisfy the requirements of automobile industry development,compare with overseas advanced technology,product quality has the following gaps:the first is that steel purity is low,the control level of non-metallic inclusions is not steady,there is often large grain difficult deforming non-deformation inclusions existing,the control level of steel purity has big difference,the level of large steel factory is high,but its steady has a large gap compare with foreign advanced level,not to mention small steel factory which research and development powder is low.The second is surface complete decarburization can' t be avoided completely.The third is that surface defects are more.The fourth is that composition segregation and structure segregation are not steady,steel wire can't be drawn normally when the segregation is serious. In all,the segregation of 55SiCrA is superior to 60Si2MnA obviously.The industrialization of domestic high level low-alloy spring steel wire rod can't seek quick success and instant benefits,independent innovation perseveringly must be adopted,the success may be reached after master core technologies and adopt the science way of step by step.

Effects of F-EMS on the solidification structure of 60Si_2CrVAT spring steel billets

The effects of the final electromagnetic stirring （EMS） on the solidification structure of 60Si2CrVAT high strength spring （HSS） steel of continuous casting （CC） billets has been studied. The analysis of the solidification structure is based on the comparison between the macrostructure, microstructure, carbon segregation and defects of the 60Si2CrVAT billet with mold-electromagnetic stirring （ M - EMS ） and those with the M ＋ final solidification zone electromagnetic stirring （ F - EMS）. It is found that the solidification structure of the billet with the F - EMS is improved with the tightness of the billet and the increase in the ratio of the equiaxed structure,the inner porosity and the shrinkage are remarkably reduced, and that the ratio of central carbon segregation sharply decreases. Meanwhile, the secondary dendrite arm spacing （SDAS） is improved, and the ratio of central equiaxed grain considerably increases, which results in finer grains. Therefore ,the quality of the billet is enhanced with the F - EMS.

Analysis of Fatigue Fracture with Scanning Electron Microscopy of Valve Spring Steel

Valve spring steel for engines, belonging to the class of super clean steel, must be supported due to their application, high numbers of cycles in fatigue and cannot suffer any type of failure, which would be catastrophic for the vehicle. From these considerations, it was tested in axial fatigue, a test that can detect possible internal defects in their structure, caused by inclusions, a class of valve spring steel, where it aimed to discover the values of their fatigue life, followed by an analysis ofmicrostructural fracture surface by SEM （scanning electron microscopy）. It was proved, after testing, the specimens tested broke up a number of cycles always compatible with the life work of a valve spring and that fractures always occurred by surface defects in the specimens.

Investigation of the Microstructure of Rolled Semi-Solid Steel

In this paper, spring steel-60Si2Mn and stainless steel-1Cr18Ni9Ti were rolled one pass in the semi-solid state. The microstructural evolution during rolling of the steels with different solid fraction was investigated. The experimental results showed that the manner of liquid and solid phases flowing and deforming was different. During rolling, most of solid phases remained in the center of the rolled specimens, while liquid phase flowed to the edge, which resulted in the macrosegregation of liquid and solid phases. Only the amount of solid fraction reached a certain value, were the solid phases deformed and flattened.

Effect of cerium on the cleanliness of spring steel used in fastener of high-speed railway

The effects of Ce addition on the quantity, size, distribution of inclusions and the content of oxygen, sulfur and other hazardous residual elements in spring steel used as fastener in high speed railway were investigated by metallographic examination, SEM-EDS and composition analysis. The results indicated that the contents of oxygen decreased with the addition of Ce （[Ce]〈0.1%） and the content of sulfur continually decreased with increasing content of Ce （[Ce]〈1.2%）. However, with the further increase of Ce element addition, the content of [O] and T[O] began to increase. The content of Ce corresponding to the lowest [O] and T[O] lied in the range of 0.10%-0.13%and 0.045%-0.065%, respectively. The addition of Ce in spring steel resulted in the formation of rare earth oxides/oxysulfides and decreased the size of inclusions to less than 3μm in globular or spheroid shape. Moreover, the residual harmful elements （As, P, Pb and Sn） were found to exist in the Ce-containing inclusions, which had proved that the Ce addition could capture the residual elements and suppress their precipitation behaviors in the grain boundary.

Effects of Niobium and Vanadium on Hydrogen-Induced Delayed Fracture in High Strength Spring Steel

Influence of vanadium and/or niobium additions on delayed fracture behavior in high strength spring steel was studied by hydrogen permeation method and slow strain rate technique （8SRT）, and its mechanism was analyzed. The results show that apparent diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in microalloyed spring steels Nb-V-steel and Nb-steel is lower than that in non-microalloyed steel 60Si2MnA. Percentage of strength reduction in SSRT in air after precharged hydrogen of the microalloyed steels is smaller than that of 60Si2MnA. Addition of the microalloys changes the fracture characteristics. Thence, vanadium and/or niobium additions are a very effective and economy means to improve the hydrogen-induced delayed fracture resistance of high strength spring steel.

Heredity in the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-rolled Spring Steel Wire 60Si2MnA during Heat Treatment Process

Heredity in the microstructure and mechanical properties of hot-rolled spring steel wire 60Si2MnA during heat treatment process was investigated comprehensively. The steel was isothermally transformed to obtain various hot-rolled microstructure （pearlite fineness within the range of 140-510 nm） and mechanical properties, and followed by some quenching-tempering treatment. Afterwards, microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and quantitative metallography, and mechanical properties were determined by tensile test. The results indicated that the hot-rolled microstructure with a coarsen pearlite structure had been changed after reheating, to a austenite microstructure with bigger and more uneven grain size, and finally to a coarsen tempered microstructure. And the average austenite grain size and standard deviation of its distribution in quenched microstructure were observed to depend linearly on the interlamellar spacing in hot-rolled microstructure. Besides, to obtain a good combination of the final strength and plasticity, an optimum value range （190-280 nm） of the interlamellar spacing had been determined for the interlamellar spacing in hot-rolled microstructure.

Effects of TMCP Parameters on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Bearing Spring Steel

The effects of TMCP parameters,such as finish rolling temperature and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Nb-bearing spring steel were investigated by thermal simulation,quantitative metallography and tensile test.And the precipitation in Nb-bearing spring steel was analysis by electron microscopy.Experimental results indicate that the higher finish rolling temperature or the more rapid cooling rate in a given range,the less the proeutectoid ferrite content and the thinner the interlamellar spacing is.Reasonably higher finish rolling temperature followed by properly higher cooling rate is suggested to improve the mechanical properties of Nb-bearing spring steel.Micro-addition of niobium decreases the proeutectoid ferrite content and the interlamellar spacing and leads to forming degenerated pearlite.The precipitation of size range ～20-50 nm in Nb-bearing spring steel occurred at the lamellar ferrite of pearlite and the proeutectoid ferrite.

Secondary Hardening, Austenite Grain Coarsening and Surface Decarburization Phenomenon in Nb-Bearing Spring Steel

The secondary hardening, the austenite grain coarsening and the surface decarburization phenomenon of Nb-bearing spring steel were investigated, and the effects of niobium on tempered microstructure was studied using scanning electron microscope. The results show that the micro-addition of niobium increases the tempering resistance and produces secondary hardening. The effect of niobium on the size and distribution of cementite particles is one of the primary reasons to increase the hardness after tempering. The grain-coarsening temperature of the spring steel is raised 150 ~C due to Nb-addition. Furthermore, both the secondary hardening and the austenite grain coarsening phenomenon congruously demonstrate niobium begins observably dissolving above 1 100 ℃ in the spring steel. Be- sides, niobium microalloying is an effective and economy means to decrease the decarburization sensitivity of the spring steels.