A therapeutic potentiality and toxicity concern of nutrient plant Annona squamosa Linn.

Annona squamosa Linn.fruit is famous for its nutritional value with a long history of medicinal benefits due to the presence of many phytochemicals,including alkaloids,diterpenes,essential oil,phytopeptides,etc.Several studies envisaged that Annona squamosa possesses cytotoxic,diuretic,antiurolithiatic,antitumor,anti-psoriatic,antioxidant,and hepatoprotective properties.This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of wound infection,dysentery,seizure,tumors,fever,vomiting,parasitic infections,hypertension,thyroid,toothache,acne,heart disease,inflammation,diabetes,hair loss,dandruff,hemorrhage,maggot-infected sores,abortifacient,and cough.However,some chemical constituents isolated from the plant have shown specific toxic effects in human and animal models,such as acute oral toxic effects,genotoxic,neurotoxic,and ocular toxic.The plant has diverse pharmacological actions,the seeds of this plant possess a genotoxic effect but on the contrary,the bark of the plant shows genoprotective activity.A large number of ethnobotanical studies reported the seed of this plant is used to induce abortion in humans,but a scientific study carried out in pregnant rats reported aqueous seed extract of the plant did not interfere with reproductive performance.The presented review summarized the traditional uses,pharmacological,and toxicological activities of the isolated compounds from this plant.Additionally,some patents and commercial products related to Annona squamosa are also brought up in this article to explore its application which would attract the scientific community to search out its hidden side.

Squamosa启动子结合蛋白基因家族在美国水稻微核心种质中的遗传结构分析

SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like(SPL)基因家族作为一个植物特异转录因子家族,已被证实具有许多重要的生物学功能。本研究利用19条水稻SPL基因序列设计的引物,对引自美国农业部的171份水稻微核心种质的Oryza sativaL.SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like(OsSPL)基因家族进行多态性分析。19对OsSPL基因引物扩增出140个条带,其中128个条带具有多态性,占91.4%;平均每个位点检测到7.4个条带。聚类与主坐标分析将171份材料划分为6类,类内品系呈相似地理生态分布,类与类之间无亚洲栽培稻与非洲栽培稻分化。性状关联分析表明,OsSPL基因家族的基因与每穗粒数、株高和抽穗期相关联。

A New Cytotoxic Acetogenin from the Seeds of Annona squamosa

A new Annonaceous acetogenin, squamostolide (1), was isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Its structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic methods and comparison with known compounds. It is the first example of Annonaceous acetogenin with each of the two ends of the aliphatic chain bearing a g-lactone. The new compound exhibited cytotoxic activity in vitro against bel-7402 and CNE2 human tumor cell lines.

<i>In Vitro</i>Clonal Propagation from Juvenile and Different Explant Types of Two Edible <i>Annonaceae</i>Species: <i>Annona muricata</i>L. and <i>Annona squamosa</i>L.

Annona muricata L. and Annona squamosa L. are tropical species whose fleshy fruit is edible. They offer real possibilities for socio-economic use, particularly in the fields of medicine, nutrition, ecosystem conservation and the poverty alleviation. This study was set up to evaluate different methods of micropropagation from juvenile material for the regeneration of these species. Thus, MS medium supplemented with [BAP 2 mg·L-1] i.e. M2 produced 2.87 newly formed shoots from the cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata. For the terminal apices of A. squamosa, it was MMS medium supplemented with [BAP 2 mg·L-1] i.e. MM2 that was most conducive to new shoot formation (3.12). The addition of 0.1 and 0.2 mg·L-1 of NAA in the M2 medium, made it possible to have the best elongations and average number of nodes for the new shoots from cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata (9.11 cm for 5.62 nodes). With A. squamosa, MM7 medium [MMS + BAP 1 mg·L-1 + KIN 1 mg·L-1] resulted in an average length of 9.05 cm with 5.62 nodes on average for the apical shoots. A 3-day rhizogenic induction period in the dark with [IBA 50 mg·L-1] and 2 g·L-1 of activated charcoal gave a rooting rate of 66.67% for shoots originating from the cotyledonary nodes of A. squamosa;while with vitroplants from cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata, a better rooting rate (83.33%) was obtained following a 5-day rhizogenic induction. After 30 days of acclimatization, the survival rate reached 83.33% for plants from the tips of A. muricata, whereas for A. squamosa, it was plants grown from cotyledonary nodes that had the same survival rate.

Squamin-A,Novel Cyclopeptide from Annona squamosa

A novel cyclopeptide, squamin-A has been isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa Linn.. The structure was elucidated by extensive 2D-NMR, FABMS and amino acid analysis in combination with Marfey's reagents as cyclo-[l-prolyl-l-(S-oxo)-methionyl-l-tyrosyl-l-glycyl-tythreonyl-l-valyl-l-alanyl-l-isoleucyl].

Research Progress of Main Pests in Sweetsop ( Annona squamosa L. ) and Its Insecticide Activity

The research progress on pests and insecticide activity of Annona squamosa L. is summarized in the paper, including symptom, occurrence regularity and control methods. Furthermore, the comprehensive technique for controlling pests of A. squamosa in the future is preliminarily discussed.

Eight new cytotoxic annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Annona squamosa

Eight new annonaceous acetogenins, squamotin A–D(1–4), annosquatin IV–V(5 and 6), muricin O(7) and squamosten B(8), together with four known ones(9–12) were isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Their structures were elucidated by chemical methods and spectral data. The inhibitory activities of compound 1–9 against three multidrug resistance cell lines were evaluated. All tested compounds showed strong cytotoxicity.

Molecular Cloning and Function Analysis of Two SQUAMOSA-Like MADS-Box Genes From Gossypium hirsutum L.

The MADS-box genes encode a large family of transcription factors having diverse roles in plant development. The SQUAMOSA （SQUA）/APETALA1 （AP1）/FRUITFULL （FUL） subfamily genes are essential regulators of floral transition and floral organ identity. Here we cloned two MADS-box genes, GhMADS22 and GhMADS23, belonging to the SQUA/AP1/FUL subgroup from Gossypium hirsutum L. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment showed that GhMAD$22 and GhMADS23 belonged to the euFUL and euAP1 subclades, respectively. The two genes both had eight exons and seven introns from the start codon to the stop codon according to the alignment between the obtained cDNA sequence and the Gossypium raimondii L. genome sequence. Expression profile analysis showed that GhMADS22 and GhMADS23 were highly expressed in developing shoot apices, bracts, and sepals. Gibberellic acid promoted GhMADS22 and GhMADS23 expression in the shoot apex. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing 35S：：GhMADS22 had abnormal flowers and bolted earlier than wild type under long-day conditions （16 h light/8 h dark）. Moreover, GhMADS22 over- expression delayed floral organ senescence and abscission and it could also respond to abscisic acid. In summary, GhMADS22 may have functions in promoting flowering, improving resistance and delaying senescence for cotton and thus it may be a candidate target for promoting early-maturation in cotton breeding.

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Triticum aestivum squamosa-promoter binding protein-box genes involved in ear development

Wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） is one of the most important crops in the world. Squamosa-promoter binding protein （SBP）-box genes play a critical role in regulating flower and fruit development. In this study, 10 novel SBP-box genes （TaSPL genes） were isolated from wheat （（Triticum aestivum L.） cultivar Yanzhan 4110）. Phylogenetic analysis classified the TaSPL genes into five groups （G1-G5）. The motif combinations and expression patterns of the TaSPL genes varied among the five groups with each having own distinctive characteristics： TaSPL20/21 in G1 and TaSPL17 in G2 mainly expressed in the shoot apical meristem and the young ear, and their expression levels responded to development of the ear; TaSPL6/15 belonging to G3 were upregulated and TaSPL1/23 in G4 were downregulated during grain development; the gene in G5 （TaSPL3） expressed constitutively. Thus, the consistency of the phylogenetic analysis, motif compositions, and expression patterns of the TaSPL genes revealed specific gene structures and functions. On the other hand, the diverse gene structures and different expression patterns suggested that wheat SBP-box genes have a wide range of functions. The results also suggest a potential role for wheat SBP-box genes in ear development. This study provides a significant beginning of functional analysis of SBP-box genes in wheat.

AP番荔枝在广西崇左的引种表现及栽培技术

为了调优热带水果品种比例,于2016年自湛江引入优良品种AP番荔枝进行试种。经过7年的引种栽培试验,AP番荔枝在广西崇左生长结果表现良好,果实大小中等、均匀。果实性状方面,AP番荔枝平均单果重297.8g,比普通番荔枝品种(CK)的181.6g增加64.0%,差异达极显著;可食率66%,比CK的57%增加15.8%,可溶性固形物24.5%,比CK的20.5%提高19.5%,这两项指标差异达显著;单果种子28粒,比CK的45粒减少37.8%,差异达极显著;可溶性糖18.3%,比CK的16.8%提高8.90%,平均株产量比CK高4.2%~10.5%,两项指标差异不显著。AP番荔枝具有早结丰产特性,其果实大、品质好、可食率高、可溶性固形物高,适合广西崇左发展种植。

Genome-wide analysis of microRNA156 and its targets,the genes encoding SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like(SPL)transcription factors,in the grass family Poaceae

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulation in plants and animals by targeting messenger RNAs(mRNAs)for cleavage or repressing translation of specific mRNAs.The first miRNA identified in plants,miRNA156(miR156),targets the SQUAMOSA promoter-binding protein-like(SPL)transcription factors,which play critical roles in plant phase transition,flower and plant architecture,and fruit development.We identified multiple copies of MIR156 and SPL in the rice,Brachypodium,sorghum,maize,and foxtail millet genomes.Sequence and chromosomal synteny analysis showed that both MIR156s and SPLs are conserved across species in the grass family.Analysis of expression data of the SPLs in eleven juvenile and adult rice tissues revealed that four non-miR156-targeted genes were highly expressed and three miR156-targeted genes were only slightly expressed in all tissues/developmental stages.The remaining SPLs were highly expressed in the juvenile stage,but their expression was lower in the adult stage.It has been proposed that under strong selective pressure,non-miR156-targeted mRNA may be able to re-structure to form a miRNAresponsive element.In our analysis,some non-miR156-targeted SPLs(SPL5/8/10)had gene structure and gene expression patterns similar to those of miR156-targeted genes,suggesting that they could diversify into miR156-targeted genes.DNA methylation profiles of SPLs and MIR156s in different rice tissues showed diverse methylation patterns,and hypomethylation of non-CG sites was observed in rice endosperm.Our findings suggested that MIR156s and SPLs had different origination and evolutionary mechanisms:the SPLs appear to have resulted from vertical evolution,whereas MIR156s appear to have resulted from strong evolutionary selection on mature sequences.

番荔枝花粉特性及其授粉技术研究进展

综述了国内外番荔枝花粉、授粉技术研究进展、存在的问题,以及对番荔枝授粉技术未来发展的展望,以期为番荔枝产业的持续发展提供参考。

番荔枝根腐病菌分离鉴定、生物学特性分析及药剂筛选

鉴定分离番荔枝根腐病病原菌,对菌株进行致病性检测和生物学特性分析,并研究9种杀菌剂对根腐病菌株的毒力效果,以期为后续番荔枝根腐病菌致病机理和病害综合防控等研究提供材料与理论基础。本研究结合形态和分子生物学手段,分离并鉴定广东番荔枝主产区根腐病致病真菌,利用活体接种试验测试不同菌株致病力,并分析菌株的生物学特性;通过室内毒力试验筛选效果佳的杀菌药剂。结果表明,所采根腐病株中纯化分离的5个菌株均为镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.),其中SJF1-4为腐皮镰刀菌(F.solani),SJF5为嗜线虫镰刀菌(F.nematophilic)。SJF3致病性最强,其次为SJF4,然后是SJF2,最低为SJF1和SJF5。菌株生物学特性研究显示,28℃为菌株最佳培养温度条件,致死温度为75℃;5种碳源对菌落生长与蔗糖对照差异不显著,氮源蛋白胨、牛肉膏、硝酸钾与对照硝酸钠差异不显著,尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵效率则显著低于对照处理。杀菌剂毒力测试结果显示,咪鲜胺、苯甲嘧菌酯和苯醚·甲环唑对病菌生长毒力显著高于其他药剂处理,其EC50分别为0.08、0.86、1.27 mg/L;其次为恶霉灵、春雷喹啉铜和甲嘧甲霜灵,毒力最低为甲霜·锰锌和烯酰吗啉,EC50分别达678.29、1313.92 mg/L。本研究结果可为番荔枝根腐病的综合防控和抗病育种等提供理论依据。

番荔枝籽水提液对亚硝酸根的清除效果研究

在体外模拟胃液条件下,采用分光光度法研究番荔枝籽水提液对NO_(2)^(-)的清除效果。以NO_(2)^(-)的清除率为评价指标,在考察番荔枝籽水提液的浸提时间、水浴时间和提取温度对NO_(2)^(-)的清除能力影响的基础上,通过响应面实验优化对NO_(2)^(-)清除作用的最佳番荔枝籽水提液提取条件。结果表明,番荔枝籽水提液清除NO_(2)^(-)的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶50(g∶mL),浸提时间61min,水浴时间32min,提取温度81℃,在该条件下,番荔枝籽水提液对NO_(2)^(-)的清除率可达(32.39±0.16)%。

鳞状毛囊角化病一例

56岁女性患者,躯干、臀部淡褐色鳞屑状斑疹4年.皮肤科情况:躯干、臀部泛发大小不一的圆形淡褐色片状鳞屑,鳞屑中央有与毛囊孔一致的小黑点附着于皮肤,边缘游离.腰部皮损组织病理:角化过度,可见数个毛囊角栓形成,基底层可见色素增加,真皮内数个生长期毳毛毛囊.诊断:鳞状毛囊角化病.予以润燥止痒胶囊、大黄蛰虫胶囊口服,维A酸乳膏外用,1个月后皮损基本消退.随访2年,冬季少量皮损复发.

基于转录组的番荔枝ARF基因家族鉴定及其在花发育中的表达分析

鉴定番荔枝ARF家族基因,并分析其在花发育中的表达谱,为深入探索ARF家族基因调控花发育的机制奠定基础,为解决番荔枝产业上出现的“花而不实”、结果率低等问题提供理论依据。以番荔枝为研究对象,基于转录组测序,筛选鉴定出11个番荔枝AsARF基因。通过同源进化分析、蛋白结构域分析、亚细胞定位、qRT-PCR等技术,初步分析了AsARF家族基因的生物学功能。进化树分析结果显示,AsARF蛋白可以被分为5组。AsARF的预测蛋白分子量在73.85~112.51 kDa之间,等电点分布于5.42~7.63之间。所有AsARF蛋白均含有1个DNA结合结构域和1个中间区域结构域,除AsARF3a、AsARF6a和AsARF6b外,其他蛋白还存在1个C-末端二聚化结构域。基于蛋白中间区域的氨基酸富集情况,推测AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6c、AsARF6d、AsARF7和AsARF16这6个蛋白可能为转录激活子,而AsARF2、AsARF3a、AsARF3b、AsARF6a和AsARF6b这5个蛋白推测为转录抑制子。鉴定得到3个CTD结构域缺失的ARF基因:AsARF3a、AsARF6a和AsARF6b,它们可能有着独特的生物学功能。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,AsARF蛋白主要定位在细胞核中。亚细胞定位实验结果显示,AsARF2、AsARF3a和AsARF6a蛋白定位于细胞核,表明AsARF蛋白具有转录因子的核定位特征。qRT-PCR结果显示,AsARF3a、AsARF3b、AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6a和AsARF7在花芽期表达量最高,AsARF2和AsARF6b的表达量在花蕾期最高。AsARF2、AsARF3a、AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6b、AsARF6c和AsARF16基因在正常花中的呈现高表达,而AsARF3b、AsARF6a、AsARF6d和AsARF7则在畸形花中表达量更高。AsARF6b、AsARF6c在正常花中表达量高、而AsARF6a、AsARF6d在畸形花中表达量更高,说明它们在花的正常发育中起到了重要作用。

番荔枝果皮弱极性成分研究(Ⅲ)

目的研究番荔枝Annona squamosa Linn.果皮弱极性成分。方法番荔枝果皮95%乙醇提取物采用硅胶柱进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果从中分离得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为16α-17-acetoxy-18-nor-ent-kaurane-4β-ol(1)、ent-kaurane-16-en-19-ol(2)、ent-kuarane-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid(3)、ent-kuarane-15-en-17-al-19-oic acid(4)、16α,17-dihydroxy-ent-kaurane-19-oic acid methyl ester(5)、16α-ent-kaurane-17-ol(6)。结论化合物1为新化合物,化合物3~6均为首次从番荔枝果皮中分离得到。

葱鳞葡萄孢菌诱导下韭菜RT-qPCR内参基因的筛选和验证

葱鳞葡萄胞菌引起的韭菜灰霉病是影响韭菜产量和品质的主要因素之一。为了筛选出感染灰霉病后韭菜叶片中稳定表达的内参基因用于基因定量表达分析,以模拟接种和接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌24、48、72 h的韭菜叶片为材料,基于前期的转录组测序结果选取UBC1、UBC2、UBQ1、UBQ2、GAPDH3、GAPDH4、TUB、EF-1α、40S RP、DDX、eIF-1A、PABP和DnaJ共13个基因为候选内参基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测13个基因的表达情况,采用geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper软件和Reffinder在线程序对候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行评估。结果表明,13个候选内参基因中UBQ1的Ct值变化范围最小,表达水平最稳定。GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件筛选出的最佳内参基因不同,RefFinder综合评估显示,UBC2和UBQ1是韭菜叶片接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌后表达稳定性较好的基因,DDX是稳定性较差的基因。为了验证所筛选内参基因的可靠性,选择6个稳定性不同的候选内参基因分别作为定量分析的内部参照,对接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌后不同时间韭菜叶片中GST676和PRP902基因的表达水平进行归一化处理。结果显示,以稳定性较高的UBC2或UBQ1为内参基因时,校正的GST676和PRP902基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果一致,而以稳定性相对较差的40S RP、eIF-1A、GAPDH4或DDX为内参基因时,校正的目的基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果稍有差异。软件分析和实验验证结果表明,UBC2和UBQ1基因可作为葱鳞葡萄孢菌侵染韭菜叶片后相关基因定量表达分析的最合适内参基因。研究结果为后续开展韭菜抗灰霉病关键基因表达分析和功能研究奠定了基础。

番荔枝主要虫害防治及其杀虫活性研究概述

就当前番荔枝(Annona squamosa L.)生产中主要的虫害及其杀虫活性的研究进展进行了阐述,对番荔枝生产过程中存在的主要虫害的症状、发生规律及防治方法进行了总结,并对我国未来番荔枝虫害的综合防治技术进行了初步探讨。