A therapeutic potentiality and toxicity concern of nutrient plant Annona squamosa Linn.

Annona squamosa Linn.fruit is famous for its nutritional value with a long history of medicinal benefits due to the presence of many phytochemicals,including alkaloids,diterpenes,essential oil,phytopeptides,etc.Several studies envisaged that Annona squamosa possesses cytotoxic,diuretic,antiurolithiatic,antitumor,anti-psoriatic,antioxidant,and hepatoprotective properties.This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of wound infection,dysentery,seizure,tumors,fever,vomiting,parasitic infections,hypertension,thyroid,toothache,acne,heart disease,inflammation,diabetes,hair loss,dandruff,hemorrhage,maggot-infected sores,abortifacient,and cough.However,some chemical constituents isolated from the plant have shown specific toxic effects in human and animal models,such as acute oral toxic effects,genotoxic,neurotoxic,and ocular toxic.The plant has diverse pharmacological actions,the seeds of this plant possess a genotoxic effect but on the contrary,the bark of the plant shows genoprotective activity.A large number of ethnobotanical studies reported the seed of this plant is used to induce abortion in humans,but a scientific study carried out in pregnant rats reported aqueous seed extract of the plant did not interfere with reproductive performance.The presented review summarized the traditional uses,pharmacological,and toxicological activities of the isolated compounds from this plant.Additionally,some patents and commercial products related to Annona squamosa are also brought up in this article to explore its application which would attract the scientific community to search out its hidden side.

AP番荔枝在广西崇左的引种表现及栽培技术

为了调优热带水果品种比例,于2016年自湛江引入优良品种AP番荔枝进行试种。经过7年的引种栽培试验,AP番荔枝在广西崇左生长结果表现良好,果实大小中等、均匀。果实性状方面,AP番荔枝平均单果重297.8g,比普通番荔枝品种(CK)的181.6g增加64.0%,差异达极显著;可食率66%,比CK的57%增加15.8%,可溶性固形物24.5%,比CK的20.5%提高19.5%,这两项指标差异达显著;单果种子28粒,比CK的45粒减少37.8%,差异达极显著;可溶性糖18.3%,比CK的16.8%提高8.90%,平均株产量比CK高4.2%~10.5%,两项指标差异不显著。AP番荔枝具有早结丰产特性,其果实大、品质好、可食率高、可溶性固形物高,适合广西崇左发展种植。

番荔枝多糖的超声波辅助提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

为优化番荔枝多糖(Annona squamosa Linn.polysaccharides,ASP)超声辅助提取工艺条件,并测定所提取的ASP抗氧化活性。以液料比、超声时间、超声温度、超声功率为考察因素,番荔枝多糖提取量为考察指标,在单因素试验结果的基础上,采用响应面试验优化ASP提取工艺条件,并对ASP的总抗氧化能力和清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、羟基自由基的能力进行研究。结果表明,ASP超声波辅助提取最佳工艺条件为:液料比60∶1(mL/g),超声时间30 min,超声温度34℃,超声功率358 W。在该工艺条件下,测得ASP提取量为(49.91±0.07)mg/g。抗氧化活性测定结果显示,ASP质量浓度为0.3411 mg/mL时,总抗氧化能力为1.680,对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基的清除率分别为86.5%、80.90%,且总抗氧化能力大于对照VC。响应面法优化的ASP超声辅助提取工艺可行,ASP有很强的抗氧化活性,可作为一种抗氧化剂资源开发利用。

Squamosa启动子结合蛋白基因家族在美国水稻微核心种质中的遗传结构分析

SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like(SPL)基因家族作为一个植物特异转录因子家族,已被证实具有许多重要的生物学功能。本研究利用19条水稻SPL基因序列设计的引物,对引自美国农业部的171份水稻微核心种质的Oryza sativaL.SQUAMOSA promoter-binding-like(OsSPL)基因家族进行多态性分析。19对OsSPL基因引物扩增出140个条带,其中128个条带具有多态性,占91.4%;平均每个位点检测到7.4个条带。聚类与主坐标分析将171份材料划分为6类,类内品系呈相似地理生态分布,类与类之间无亚洲栽培稻与非洲栽培稻分化。性状关联分析表明,OsSPL基因家族的基因与每穗粒数、株高和抽穗期相关联。

番荔枝开花传粉生物学特性及不同授粉方式果实差异性研究

【目的】探讨番荔枝开花传粉生物学特性,对比不同授粉方式的果实差异,为番荔枝生殖繁育系统研究提供数据支持,也为番荔枝杂交育种及生产提供参考依据。【方法】以凤梨释迦、非洲骄傲、大目释迦3个番荔枝品种为研究对象,观察其花朵形态和开花进程,用扫描电镜观察花粉形态,调查其访花传粉昆虫;于番荔枝花不同开花进程测定花粉萌发率、柱头可授性,并进行人工授粉比较试验,统计坐果率,分析果实特性。【结果】番荔枝花朵为青色,具有特殊结构,传粉室属半闭合型,主要传粉昆虫为小甲虫、蓟马。花粉为四合体,辐射对称,外壁纹饰呈网状雕纹,大目释迦脊上有丛横交错纹路,凤梨释迦、非洲骄傲脊上有不明显圆点突起。番荔枝花粉在开花前就具有一定活力,花粉活力随时间推移不断升高,在散粉阶段达到最高值,随后下降,柱头可授性在未开时期已具有可授性,初开至全开时柱头可授性仍较强,散粉时柱头可授性较弱。人工授粉坐果率均值为74.67%,自然授粉坐果率均值为32.22%,不同授粉方式的番荔枝果实品质无显著差异(P>0.05,下同),但人工授粉的果实果形更好,单果重、纵横径、种子数、可食率数值更大;维生素C、可溶性糖、蛋白质、总酸、总酚、总黄酮含量、氨基酸总量及钾、钙、钠、镁、铁、锰、锌等元素含量与自然坐果果实无显著差异。【结论】番荔枝花雌雄异熟,具半闭合型传粉室,主要依靠小甲虫和蓟马传粉。人工授粉坐果率显著大于自然授粉处理,其果实品质与自然授粉相近,果形更优。

A New Cytotoxic Acetogenin from the Seeds of Annona squamosa

A new Annonaceous acetogenin, squamostolide (1), was isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Its structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic methods and comparison with known compounds. It is the first example of Annonaceous acetogenin with each of the two ends of the aliphatic chain bearing a g-lactone. The new compound exhibited cytotoxic activity in vitro against bel-7402 and CNE2 human tumor cell lines.

SQUAMOSTATIN-B, A NEW POLYKETIDE FROM ANNONA SQUAMOSA (ANNONACEAE)

Squamostatin-B (1), a new polyketide or acetogenin, has been isolated from Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae). Its structure and relative atereochemistry were elucidated on the basis of the spectral analyses of 1 and its derivatives, the acetate (2) and mesitoate (3).

<i>In Vitro</i>Clonal Propagation from Juvenile and Different Explant Types of Two Edible <i>Annonaceae</i>Species: <i>Annona muricata</i>L. and <i>Annona squamosa</i>L.

Annona muricata L. and Annona squamosa L. are tropical species whose fleshy fruit is edible. They offer real possibilities for socio-economic use, particularly in the fields of medicine, nutrition, ecosystem conservation and the poverty alleviation. This study was set up to evaluate different methods of micropropagation from juvenile material for the regeneration of these species. Thus, MS medium supplemented with [BAP 2 mg·L-1] i.e. M2 produced 2.87 newly formed shoots from the cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata. For the terminal apices of A. squamosa, it was MMS medium supplemented with [BAP 2 mg·L-1] i.e. MM2 that was most conducive to new shoot formation (3.12). The addition of 0.1 and 0.2 mg·L-1 of NAA in the M2 medium, made it possible to have the best elongations and average number of nodes for the new shoots from cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata (9.11 cm for 5.62 nodes). With A. squamosa, MM7 medium [MMS + BAP 1 mg·L-1 + KIN 1 mg·L-1] resulted in an average length of 9.05 cm with 5.62 nodes on average for the apical shoots. A 3-day rhizogenic induction period in the dark with [IBA 50 mg·L-1] and 2 g·L-1 of activated charcoal gave a rooting rate of 66.67% for shoots originating from the cotyledonary nodes of A. squamosa;while with vitroplants from cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata, a better rooting rate (83.33%) was obtained following a 5-day rhizogenic induction. After 30 days of acclimatization, the survival rate reached 83.33% for plants from the tips of A. muricata, whereas for A. squamosa, it was plants grown from cotyledonary nodes that had the same survival rate.

Squamin-A,Novel Cyclopeptide from Annona squamosa

A novel cyclopeptide, squamin-A has been isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa Linn.. The structure was elucidated by extensive 2D-NMR, FABMS and amino acid analysis in combination with Marfey's reagents as cyclo-[l-prolyl-l-(S-oxo)-methionyl-l-tyrosyl-l-glycyl-tythreonyl-l-valyl-l-alanyl-l-isoleucyl].

Research Progress of Main Pests in Sweetsop ( Annona squamosa L. ) and Its Insecticide Activity

The research progress on pests and insecticide activity of Annona squamosa L. is summarized in the paper, including symptom, occurrence regularity and control methods. Furthermore, the comprehensive technique for controlling pests of A. squamosa in the future is preliminarily discussed.

Effect of Seed Drying on Germination Behavior and Seedling Growth of Sweetsop （Annona squamosa）

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi （KNUST） Ghana from September, 2009 to April, 2010, to determine the most appropriate drying method, as a post harvest practice, that would ensure high percentage germination ofAnnona squamosa seeds and its subsequent effect on seedling growth. The seeds were sun-dried, air-dried under shade or kept in the fresh state. Five treatments were used, namely, Freshly Sown seeds （Treatment 1, control）, Seeds Air-Dried under Shade for one day （Treatment 2）; Seeds Sun-Dried for one day （Treatment 3）; Seeds Air-Dried under Shade for three consecutive days （Treatment 4）; Seeds Sun-Dried for three consecutive days （Treatment 5）. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design （CRD） and replicated three times. Drying of Annona squamosa seeds had significant effect on earliness and number of seeds germinated. Air drying under shade and sun-drying for three consecutive days improved earliness to germination （26 days after sowing） and percent total germination but air-drying under shade had better effect on total seed germination, achieving 90% germination in 42 days after sowing. Furthermore, the prevailing ambient temperature of 30 ℃-32 ℃ enhanced germination of Annona squamosa seeds. The study concluded that for optimum germination, seeds of Annona squamosa should be either air-dried or sun-dried for three consecutive days and be incubated in an ambient temperature range of 30 ℃-32 ℃. In terms of growth, seedling growth in leaf production was better from seeds sun-dried for three consecutive days.

番荔枝花粉特性及其授粉技术研究进展

综述了国内外番荔枝花粉、授粉技术研究进展、存在的问题,以及对番荔枝授粉技术未来发展的展望,以期为番荔枝产业的持续发展提供参考。

番荔枝根腐病菌分离鉴定、生物学特性分析及药剂筛选

鉴定分离番荔枝根腐病病原菌,对菌株进行致病性检测和生物学特性分析,并研究9种杀菌剂对根腐病菌株的毒力效果,以期为后续番荔枝根腐病菌致病机理和病害综合防控等研究提供材料与理论基础。本研究结合形态和分子生物学手段,分离并鉴定广东番荔枝主产区根腐病致病真菌,利用活体接种试验测试不同菌株致病力,并分析菌株的生物学特性;通过室内毒力试验筛选效果佳的杀菌药剂。结果表明,所采根腐病株中纯化分离的5个菌株均为镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.),其中SJF1-4为腐皮镰刀菌(F.solani),SJF5为嗜线虫镰刀菌(F.nematophilic)。SJF3致病性最强,其次为SJF4,然后是SJF2,最低为SJF1和SJF5。菌株生物学特性研究显示,28℃为菌株最佳培养温度条件,致死温度为75℃;5种碳源对菌落生长与蔗糖对照差异不显著,氮源蛋白胨、牛肉膏、硝酸钾与对照硝酸钠差异不显著,尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵效率则显著低于对照处理。杀菌剂毒力测试结果显示,咪鲜胺、苯甲嘧菌酯和苯醚·甲环唑对病菌生长毒力显著高于其他药剂处理,其EC50分别为0.08、0.86、1.27 mg/L;其次为恶霉灵、春雷喹啉铜和甲嘧甲霜灵,毒力最低为甲霜·锰锌和烯酰吗啉,EC50分别达678.29、1313.92 mg/L。本研究结果可为番荔枝根腐病的综合防控和抗病育种等提供理论依据。

番荔枝籽水提液对亚硝酸根的清除效果研究

在体外模拟胃液条件下,采用分光光度法研究番荔枝籽水提液对NO_(2)^(-)的清除效果。以NO_(2)^(-)的清除率为评价指标,在考察番荔枝籽水提液的浸提时间、水浴时间和提取温度对NO_(2)^(-)的清除能力影响的基础上,通过响应面实验优化对NO_(2)^(-)清除作用的最佳番荔枝籽水提液提取条件。结果表明,番荔枝籽水提液清除NO_(2)^(-)的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶50(g∶mL),浸提时间61min,水浴时间32min,提取温度81℃,在该条件下,番荔枝籽水提液对NO_(2)^(-)的清除率可达(32.39±0.16)%。

鳞状毛囊角化病一例

56岁女性患者,躯干、臀部淡褐色鳞屑状斑疹4年.皮肤科情况:躯干、臀部泛发大小不一的圆形淡褐色片状鳞屑,鳞屑中央有与毛囊孔一致的小黑点附着于皮肤,边缘游离.腰部皮损组织病理:角化过度,可见数个毛囊角栓形成,基底层可见色素增加,真皮内数个生长期毳毛毛囊.诊断:鳞状毛囊角化病.予以润燥止痒胶囊、大黄蛰虫胶囊口服,维A酸乳膏外用,1个月后皮损基本消退.随访2年,冬季少量皮损复发.

葱鳞葡萄孢菌诱导下韭菜RT-qPCR内参基因的筛选和验证

葱鳞葡萄胞菌引起的韭菜灰霉病是影响韭菜产量和品质的主要因素之一。为了筛选出感染灰霉病后韭菜叶片中稳定表达的内参基因用于基因定量表达分析,以模拟接种和接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌24、48、72 h的韭菜叶片为材料,基于前期的转录组测序结果选取UBC1、UBC2、UBQ1、UBQ2、GAPDH3、GAPDH4、TUB、EF-1α、40S RP、DDX、eIF-1A、PABP和DnaJ共13个基因为候选内参基因,利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术检测13个基因的表达情况,采用geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper软件和Reffinder在线程序对候选内参基因的表达稳定性进行评估。结果表明,13个候选内参基因中UBQ1的Ct值变化范围最小,表达水平最稳定。GeNorm、NormFinder和BestKeeper软件筛选出的最佳内参基因不同,RefFinder综合评估显示,UBC2和UBQ1是韭菜叶片接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌后表达稳定性较好的基因,DDX是稳定性较差的基因。为了验证所筛选内参基因的可靠性,选择6个稳定性不同的候选内参基因分别作为定量分析的内部参照,对接种葱鳞葡萄孢菌后不同时间韭菜叶片中GST676和PRP902基因的表达水平进行归一化处理。结果显示,以稳定性较高的UBC2或UBQ1为内参基因时,校正的GST676和PRP902基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果一致,而以稳定性相对较差的40S RP、eIF-1A、GAPDH4或DDX为内参基因时,校正的目的基因的表达趋势与转录组测序结果稍有差异。软件分析和实验验证结果表明,UBC2和UBQ1基因可作为葱鳞葡萄孢菌侵染韭菜叶片后相关基因定量表达分析的最合适内参基因。研究结果为后续开展韭菜抗灰霉病关键基因表达分析和功能研究奠定了基础。

广东番荔枝种植现状和推广策略

番荔枝富含了诸多有益于人体健康的矿物质和有机酸等,不仅具有较高的营养价值,而且药用价值较为突出,能够激活人脑细胞,促进胃肠蠕动,同时还具有观赏价值。广东因其特有的地理环境以及气候条件,比较适宜种植番荔枝。特别是最近几年,随着番荔枝的价格逐渐走高,广东地区扩大了种植面积,引进了先进的种植技术,逐渐形成了番荔枝产业。本文在对广东番荔枝种植优势进行分析的基础上,从品种、产地、技术三方面探讨广东番荔枝种植现状,进而提出了切实可行的推广策略。

基于转录组的番荔枝ARF基因家族鉴定及其在花发育中的表达分析

鉴定番荔枝ARF家族基因,并分析其在花发育中的表达谱,为深入探索ARF家族基因调控花发育的机制奠定基础,为解决番荔枝产业上出现的“花而不实”、结果率低等问题提供理论依据。以番荔枝为研究对象,基于转录组测序,筛选鉴定出11个番荔枝AsARF基因。通过同源进化分析、蛋白结构域分析、亚细胞定位、qRT-PCR等技术,初步分析了AsARF家族基因的生物学功能。进化树分析结果显示,AsARF蛋白可以被分为5组。AsARF的预测蛋白分子量在73.85~112.51 kDa之间,等电点分布于5.42~7.63之间。所有AsARF蛋白均含有1个DNA结合结构域和1个中间区域结构域,除AsARF3a、AsARF6a和AsARF6b外,其他蛋白还存在1个C-末端二聚化结构域。基于蛋白中间区域的氨基酸富集情况,推测AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6c、AsARF6d、AsARF7和AsARF16这6个蛋白可能为转录激活子,而AsARF2、AsARF3a、AsARF3b、AsARF6a和AsARF6b这5个蛋白推测为转录抑制子。鉴定得到3个CTD结构域缺失的ARF基因:AsARF3a、AsARF6a和AsARF6b,它们可能有着独特的生物学功能。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,AsARF蛋白主要定位在细胞核中。亚细胞定位实验结果显示,AsARF2、AsARF3a和AsARF6a蛋白定位于细胞核,表明AsARF蛋白具有转录因子的核定位特征。qRT-PCR结果显示,AsARF3a、AsARF3b、AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6a和AsARF7在花芽期表达量最高,AsARF2和AsARF6b的表达量在花蕾期最高。AsARF2、AsARF3a、AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6b、AsARF6c和AsARF16基因在正常花中的呈现高表达,而AsARF3b、AsARF6a、AsARF6d和AsARF7则在畸形花中表达量更高。AsARF6b、AsARF6c在正常花中表达量高、而AsARF6a、AsARF6d在畸形花中表达量更高,说明它们在花的正常发育中起到了重要作用。

番荔枝果皮弱极性成分研究(Ⅲ)

目的研究番荔枝Annona squamosa Linn.果皮弱极性成分。方法番荔枝果皮95%乙醇提取物采用硅胶柱进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果从中分离得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为16α-17-acetoxy-18-nor-ent-kaurane-4β-ol(1)、ent-kaurane-16-en-19-ol(2)、ent-kuarane-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid(3)、ent-kuarane-15-en-17-al-19-oic acid(4)、16α,17-dihydroxy-ent-kaurane-19-oic acid methyl ester(5)、16α-ent-kaurane-17-ol(6)。结论化合物1为新化合物,化合物3~6均为首次从番荔枝果皮中分离得到。

中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂对番荔枝耐藏性的影响

以长角豆胶与黄原胶复配胶为涂膜基质,添加具抑菌作用的中草药制剂五倍子、大黄以及NaCl等成膜助剂,配制成中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂,用扫描电子显微镜观察此保鲜剂所成复合膜的表面形貌,并以番荔枝为实验材料,对其进行涂膜处理,研究中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂对番荔枝品质变化的影响。结果表明:中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂可形成一层致密、较均匀的膜,能抑制番荔枝果实中有机酸、VC等营养成分的消耗,降低失重率、裂果率、腐烂率和可溶性固形物转化速度,延缓后熟软化过程,抑制呼吸强度,降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度,从而延缓果实衰老,有较好的保鲜效果。