BEHAVIOR OF OBSTRUCTED SQUARE BUOYANT VERTICAL JETS IN STATIC AMBIENT (Ⅰ)-VERIFICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND NUMERICAL METHOD

Some experiments were made for the buoyant jet from a square orifice with a square disc placed on it in static ambient and concentration along the axis in self-similar area behind disc was measured. And at the same time a three-dimensional mathematical model was established to simulate the whole flowing under different conditions. All the results predicted by the numerical calculation were substantiated by the experiments. The results were compared with experiential formula for obstructed round buoyant ver- tical jets in static ambient and it was found that the two concentration distributions had good accordance. Star shape of temperature isolines on cross-sections in the near areas from the disc was found and it was a very special figure for obstructed square buoyant vertical jets with a square disc. The shape will transform to concentric circles gradually alike to the round buoyant vertical jet in self-similar area with increasing of the distance from the disc.

Experimental and numerical investigations on micromixing performance of multi-orifice cross-flow jet mixers

Multi-orifice cross-flow jet mixers(MOCJMs)are used in various industrial applications due to their excellent mixing efficiency,but few studies have focused on the micromixing performance of MOCJMs.Herein,the flow characteristics and micromixing performance inside the MOCJM were investigated using experiments and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations based on the Villermaux/Dushman system and the finite-rate/modified eddy-dissipation model.The optimal A value was correlated with the characteristic parameters of MOCJMs to develop a CFD calculation method applicable to the study of the micromixing performance of the MOCJMs.Then the micromixing efficiency was evaluated using the segregation index XS,and the effects of operational and geometric parameters such as mixing flow Reynolds number(ReM),flow ratio(RF),total jet area(ST),the number of jet orifices(n),and outlet configuration on the micromixing efficiency were investigated.It was found that the intensive turbulent region generated by interactions between jets,as well as between jets and crossflows,facilitated rapid reactions.XS decreased with increasing ReM and decreasing RF.Furthermore,MOCJMs with lower ST,four jet orifices,and the narrower outlet configuration demonstrated a better micromixing efficiency.This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the micromixing performance of MOCJMs and provides valuable guidance for their design,optimization,and industrial application.

On two distinct Reynolds number regimes of a turbulent square jet

The effects of Reynolds number on both large-scale and small-scale turbulence properties are investigated in a square jet issuing from a square pipe. The detailed velocity fields were measured at five different exit Reynolds numbers of 8 × 10^3 〈 Re 〈 5 × 10^4. It is found that both large-scale properties （e.g,, rates of mean velocity decay and spread） and small-scale properties （e.g., the dimensionless dissipation rate constant A = εL/（u^2）^3/2） are dependent on Re for Re ≤ 3 ×10^4 or Reλ ≤ 190, but virtually become Re-independent with increasing Re or Reλ. In addition, for Reλ 〉 190, the value ofA = εL/（u^2）^3/2 in the present square jet converges to 0.5, which is consistent with the observation in direct numerical simulations of box turbulence, but lower than that in circular jet, plate wake flows, and grid turbulence. The discrepancies in critical Reynolds number and A = εL/（u^2）^3/2 among different turbulent flows most likely result from the flow type and initial conditions.

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of a laminar square jet in cross flows

A three-dimensional, nineteen-velocity(D3Q19) Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM) model was developed to simulate the fluid flow of a laminar square jet in cross flows based on the single relaxation time algorithm. The code was validated by the mathematic solution of the Poiseuille flow in a square channel, and was further validated with a previous well studied empirical correlation for the central trajectory of a jet in cross flows. The developed LBM model was found to be able to capture the dominant vortex, i.e. the Counter-rotating Vortex Pair(CVP) and the upright wake vortex. Results show that the incoming fluid in the cross flow channel was entrained into the leeside of the jet fluid, which contributes to the blending of the jet. That the spread width of the transverse jet decreases with the velocity ratio. A layer-organized entrainment pattern was found indicating that the incoming fluid at the lower position is firstly entrained into the leeside of the jet, and followed by the incoming fluid at the upper position.

Initial Dilution of A Vertical Round Non-Buoyant Jet in Wavy Cross-Flow Environment

The phenomenon of wastewater discharged into coastal waters can be simplified as a turbulent jet under the effect of waves and currents. Previous studies have been carried out to investigate the jet behaviors under the current only or the wave only environment. To obtain better understanding of the jet behaviors in a realistic situation, a series of physical experiments on the initial dilution of a vertical round jet in the wavy cross-flow environment are conducted. The diluted processes of the jet are recorded by a high-resolution camcorder and the concentration fields of the jet are measured with a peristaltic suction pumping system. When the jet is discharged into the wavy cross-flow environment, a distinctive phenomenon, namely ＂effluent clouds＂, is observed. According to the quantitative measurements, the jet width in the wavy cross-flow environment increases more significantly than that does in the cross-flow only environment, indicating that the waves impose a positive effect on the enhancement of jet initial dilution. In order to generalize the experimental findings, a comprehensive velocity scale ua and a characteristic length scale l are introduced. Through dimensional analysis, it is found that the dimensionless centerline concentration trajectories cy/l is in proportion to 1/3 power of the dimensionless downstream distance x/l, and the dimensionless centerline dilution 2c aS Q/（u l） is proportional to the square of the dimensionless centerline trajectory cy/l. Several empirical equations are then derived by using the Froude number of cross-flow Frc as a reference coefficient. This paper provides a better understanding and new estimations of the jet initial dilution under the combined effect of waves and cross-flow current.

Dilution characteristics of dual buoyant jets in wavy cross-flow environment

Due to the difference in density between the discharge effluent and coastal water,partially treated wastewater is often discharged into the marine environment as a buoyant jet via submarine outfalls with multiport diffusers.The dilution characteristics of effluent discharge(dual buoyant jets)in a wavy cross-flow environment were studied in a laboratory.The planar laser-induced fluorescence technique was used to obtain the concentration data of the jets.The effects of different environmental variables on the diffusion and dilution characteristics of the jets were examined through physical experiments,dimensional analysis,and empirical formulations.It was found that the dilution process of the dual jets could be divided into two components:the original jet component and the effluent cloud component.The jet-to-current velocity ratio was the main parameter affecting the concentration levels of the effluent cloud.The merging of the two jets increased the jet concentration in the flow field.When the jets traveled further downstream,the axial dilution increased gradually and then increased significantly along the axis.Under the effects of strong waves,the concentration contours branched into two peaks,and the mean dilution became more significant than under the effects of weak waves.Therefore,the dilution of the effluent discharge was expected to be significant under strong wave effects because the hydrodynamic force increased.A dilution equation was derived to improve our understanding of the dilution process of buoyant jets in a wavy cross-flow environment.This equation was used to determine the influences of the jet-to-current velocity ratio,wave-to-current velocity ratio,and Strouhal number on the minimum jet dilution.It revealed that the wave and buoyancy effects in effluent discharges were significant.

Experiment on Vaporization of Jet into Cross-Flow

The injection characteristics of the main fuel nozzle,which is widely applied in advanced lean-premixed-prevaporized(LPP)low-emission combustors,can be simplified as the atomization and vaporization processes of a jet into cross-flow.In this study,a nozzle with a diameter of 0.4 mm is designed and processed through the heating of the inlet air,and the vaporization characteristics are investigated.The optical measurement and cyclone separation methods are separately used to investigate the evaporation rate of a jet into cross-flow.Experimental results show that the fuel evaporation rate in cross-flow is mainly affected by the Weber number(We),equivalent ratio(φ),momentum rate of fuel to air(q),and air temperature.In addition,the inlet temperature is a crucial factor for the evaporation ratio of a jet into cross-flow.The evaporation results measured by two different methods in the same cross-flow are very close to each other with a deviation within 10%.

Effect of Geometrical Parameters on Submerged Cavitation Jet Discharged from Profiled Central-body Nozzle

The flow characteristics of cavitation jets are essential issues among relevant studies. The physical properties of the jet are largely determined by the geometrical parameters of the nozzle. The structure and cavitation jets characteristics of the angular-nozzle and the self-resonating cavitation nozzle have been extensively studied, but little research is conducted in the central-body cavitation nozzle mainly because of its hard processing and the cavitation jet effect not satisfactory. In this paper, a novel central-body nozzle (a non-plunger central-body nozzle with square outlet) is studied to solve above problems. Submerged jets discharged from the novel central-body nozzle are simulated, employing the full cavitation model. The impact of nozzle configuration on jet properties is analyzed. The analysis results indicate that when central-body relative diameter keeps constant, there is an optimal contraction degree of nozzle’s outlet, which can induce intense cavitation in the jet. The central-body relative diameter also affects jet profiles. In the case of large central-body relative diameter, most of the bubbles settle in the jet core. On the contrary, a smaller relative diameter makes bubbles concentrate in the interface between the jet and its surrounding fluid. Moreover, the shorter outlet part allows the cavitation zone further extend in both the axial and racial directions. The research results further consummate the study on the central-body nozzles and the correlation between cavitation jet and the structure, and elementarily reveal the mechanism of cavitation jet produced in a non-plunger novel central-body nozzle and the effect of the structure parameters on the cavitation jet, moreover, provide the theoretical basis for the optimal design of the nozzle.

不同长径比柱形炸药水下爆炸气泡动力学行为特性

采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究了不同长径比的柱形装药在固支方板下爆炸气泡动力学行为;对质量2.5g、长径比分别为1∶1和2∶1的TNT炸药进行了水中固支方板下的爆炸实验,利用高速摄影记录爆炸气泡演化图像;使用ABAQUS软件对长径比为5∶1、10∶1、20∶1的柱形装药,在竖直与水平设置条件下的水下爆炸气泡演化过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,炸药长径比为1∶1和2∶1时,爆炸气泡演化现象无明显差别。当药柱竖直放置时,由于炸药长径比不同导致的爆炸气泡初始形态差异,会在气泡演化过程中迅速消弭;但长径比与起爆位置都对射流速度有不同程度的影响;当药柱水平放置时,起爆点位置会影响气泡的对称性和水射流形态;药柱端部起爆时,气泡膨胀过程的形态略微不对称,水射流向起爆点方向偏移;炸药长径比越大爆炸水射流在气泡内部越宽,并且水射流的载荷越小;药柱中心起爆时,爆炸气泡产生竖直向上的水射流,不发生偏移。

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF LAMINAR SQUARE IMPINGING JET FLOWS

A theoretical study has been undertaken to determine the flow characteristics associated with a three-dimensional laminar impinging jet issuing from a square pipe nozzle. Interesting flow structures around the jet are detected. The numerical result reveals the existence of four streamwise velocity off-center peaks near the impingement plate, which is different from the rectangular jet impingement. The mechanism of the formation of the off-center velocity peaks and the parameters affecting the flow-field characteristics are discussed by comparison of the computed results with different nozzle-to-plate spacings and Reynolds numbers.

方列管型射流式O_2(~1Δ)发生器的COIL出光研究

方列管型射流式 O2 ( 1 Δ)发生器是一种新型高效的氧碘化学激光器 ( COIL)化学能源供给装置。描述了采用该发生器在 COIL上所做的一系列出光实验 ,这些实验着重于考察该发生器的性能参数及相应的 COIL化学效率。结果在 Cl2 流量为 0 .2 5mol/ s、无冷阱、稳定腔条件下获得化学效率高达2 6%。

静水中正方形孔口的有障碍浮射流(Ⅰ)——数学模型及计算方法的验证

对静水中正方形孔口之上放置一正方形阻力盘的浮射流进行了试验,测量了不同工况下盘后自相似区域轴线上浓度的分布,并建立了其相应的三维数学模型,对不同工况进行了数值模拟计算,数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好.将结果与静水中圆孔有阻力浮射流的经验公式进行了比较,发现正方形孔口上放置一正方形阻力盘与圆孔上放置一圆盘在盘后自相似区轴线上浓度分布规律基本一致.对盘后不同高度位置处横截面上的温度等值线分布进行了分析,发现离正方形盘较近的一段高度内温度等值线呈现独特的星形分布,随着离盘距离的增加则变为与圆孔浮射流类似的同心圆形状.

半正方形罩线型切割器的数值模拟研究

半正方形药型罩也可以看作两个楔角90°楔形药型罩相对排列在一起而演化出的一种线型聚能装药结构。应用LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件完成了爆炸载荷下半正方形罩线性切割器形成射流过程的数值模拟。结果表明,半正方形罩线性切割器能形成一股片状扇形聚能射流;半正方形罩线型切割器形成射流存在一个初始射流二次汇聚的过程,二次汇聚形成的射流速度比一次汇聚射流速度提高了33%以上;半正方形罩线型切割器形成射流速度要明显高于普通线型切割器;随药型罩厚度的增加,半正方形罩线型切割器形成射流速度降低。

亚声速等膨胀方管射流轴置换现象的数值研究

基于可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,采用大涡模拟方法与高精度WENO/TCD混合格式,对Ma=0.6的亚声速等膨胀方管射流的初始流场进行了数值研究。数值结果清晰地描述了初始主涡环的形成与三维演变过程。方管射流具有平面管与圆管射流的一般流场特征,但方管周向曲率的不一致导致轴向流动速度不均匀,使方形主涡环出现复杂的Biot-Savart自诱导变形,并在方形涡环截面上诱导形成4对反向流向涡对。在主涡环的Biot-Savart自诱导变形与流向涡对的诱导速度共同作用下致使主涡环截面形状相对于初始时旋转45°,完成轴置换。另外,在亚声速等膨胀射流中,流向涡对的诱导速度在轴置换中占主要作用。

不同工作因数下方波冲击射流的换热特性

应用数值模拟方法研究了不同工作因数下方波冲击射流的换热及流动特性,并分析了冲击靶面换热特性的变化规律。研究了冲击靶面换热特性随Reynolds数、脉冲频率、喷嘴距冲击靶面距离与喷嘴直径之比等参数的变化规律,重点分析了不同工作因数对冲击射流滞止区域换热与流动特性的影响,并将数值计算结果与连续冲击射流、脉动冲击射流实验结果进行对比验证。计算结果表明:当工作因数为0.5与0.7时,冲击靶面滞止区域Nusselt数非常接近;当工作因数为0.5时,壁面射流区域Nusselt数比工作因数为0.7时提高了10%;工作因数为0.9时,冲击靶面Nusselt数比连续冲击射流提高3%;工作因数为0.7时,相对于工作因数为0.5、0.9及连续冲击射流时,冲击靶面滞止区域存在强烈的涡结构变化。

三维方管层流冲击射流流动与传热的数值研究

通过求解三维稳态不可压缩N-S方程和能量方程,对半封闭层流方管冲击射流的流动与传热特性进行了数值研究。根据计算结果分析了射流中四个偏心速度峰值形成的原因,在层流范围内考察了射流雷诺数和冲击高度对流场结构和传热性能的影响。计算结果表明,冲击射流的传热特性受流场结构的控制,冲击面附近水平断面上四个偏心速度峰值的形成,导致在相应断面上形成温度分布的四个偏心最小值,以及在冲击面上形成局部Nu数的四个偏心峰值。

大涡模拟理论及其应用综述

对大涡模拟(LargeEddySimulation LES)理论的发展过程、基本理论及其应用现状和前景进行了系统的论述,并概要地介绍了运用LES理论,数值模拟方柱绕流的流动分离现象和动量射流与线性波相互作用的数值模拟成果,表明了LES理论对紊流细部结构具有较强的数值模拟能力,可望用以解决大量的工程实际问题.

深厚海相软土临河公路扩建地基处理方法探讨

针对临河段扩建公路,其主要特点是道路拓宽占用了原河道,公路拓宽部分的地基为深厚海相软土以及淤泥层与基岩风化层倾斜相交,需要加固处理。同时,软土地基处理后,对侧河岸需要改移外扩开挖,这会对地基处理效果产生不良影响,因此需要慎重选择地基处理方法。本文借助ABAQUS有限元软件和现场实测数据,对双向粉喷桩和预制方桩的经济性和处理效果进行比较,结果表明:(1)双向粉喷桩联合塑料排水板处理深厚海相软土层优于常规粉喷桩;(2)双向粉喷桩处理淤泥层与基岩风化层倾斜相交时,桩体某深度处将产生明显的滑移剪切面,而预制方桩处理不会出现该情况,因此,当淤泥层与基岩风化层倾斜相交时,应选择预制方桩处理。

基于岭回归法的航油消耗评价指标研究与修正

随着中国航空运输周转量不断增长,航油消耗量也在持续增长。然而,航油价格和环境成本(碳交易或碳税)的增加使航空公司不得不大力节油。为了更加精确地评估航空公司的航油消耗,基于中国航空运输业1981—2010年的统计数据,运用最小二乘法对现有的油耗评价指标———单位吨公里油耗进行研究,并在此基础上引入了起飞爬升下降油耗这个指标,同时运用岭回归法解决了回归过程中存在的多重共线性问题,最终得到标准化的岭回归方程。结果表明,飞机起飞爬升下降时耗油比巡航时要高,增加指标更符合中国航空运输业的实际情况。

固支方板在水下爆炸气泡射流作用下动态响应

为研究水下爆炸气泡溃灭发生射流时对水中结构的影响,借助于商用瞬态动力学有限元软件MSC.Dytran,对固支方板在水下爆炸载荷作用下的动态响应进行研究。对底部爆炸和侧面爆炸两种典型情况进行计算,将气泡运动过程与试验结果进行对比分析,两者吻合较好,验证所建立方法的可行性。在此基础上,对射流发生时流场情况以及固支方板的响应特点进行分析,认为射流载荷是局部载荷,可以引起严重的局部破坏,在近场水下爆炸研究中必须予以重视。