Boosted by economic development and rising living standards,the world's carbon dioxide emissions remain high.Maintaining temperature rises below 1.5℃ by the end of the century requires rapid global carbon capture...Boosted by economic development and rising living standards,the world's carbon dioxide emissions remain high.Maintaining temperature rises below 1.5℃ by the end of the century requires rapid global carbon capture and storage implementation.The successful application of carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)technology in oilfields has become the key to getting rid of this predicament.Foam flooding,as an organic combination of gas and chemical flooding,became popular in the 1950s.Notwithstanding the irreplaceable advantages,as a thermodynamically unstable system,foam's stability has long restricted its development in enhanced oil and gas recovery.With special surface/interface effects and small-size effects,nanoparticles can be used as foam stabilizers to enhance foam stability,thereby improving foam seepage and oil displacement effects in porous media.In this paper,the decay kinetics and the stabilization mechanisms of nanoparticle-reinforced foams were systematically reviewed.The effects of nanoparticle characteristics,including particle concentration,surface wettability,particle size,and type,and reservoir environment factors,including oil,temperature,pressure,and salinity on the foam stabilization ability were analyzed in detail.The seepage and flooding mechanisms of nanoparticle-reinforced foams were summarized as:improving the plugging properties of foams,enhancing the interaction between foams and crude oil,and synergistically adjusting the wettability of reservoir rocks.Finally,the challenges in the practical application of nanoparticle-reinforced foams were highlighted,and the development direction was proposed.The development of nanoparticle-reinforced foam can open the way toward adaptive and evolutive EOR technology,taking one further step towards the high-efficiency production of the petroleum industry.展开更多
Miscible carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a well-established and promising enhanced oil recovery(EOR)technique whereby residual oil is recovered by mixing with injected CO_(2)gas.However,CO_(2),being very light and l...Miscible carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a well-established and promising enhanced oil recovery(EOR)technique whereby residual oil is recovered by mixing with injected CO_(2)gas.However,CO_(2),being very light and less viscous than reservoir crude oil,results in inefficient sweep efficiency.Extensive research is ongoing to improve CO_(2)mobility control such as the development and generation of CO_(2)/water foams.The long-term stability of foam during the period of flooding is a known issue and must be considered during the design stage of any CO_(2)foam flooding project.The foam stability can be improved by adding surfactants as stabilizers,but surfactants generated foams have generally a shorter life because of an unstable interface.Furthermore,surfactants are prone to higher retention and chemical degradation in the porous media,particularly under harsh reservoir conditions.Research has shown that nanoparticles(NPs)can act as an excellent stabilizing agent for CO_(2)/water foams owing to their surface chemistry and high adsorption energy.The foams generated using NPs are more stable and provide better mobility control compared to surfactant-stabilized foams.One limitation of using NPs as foam stabilizers is their colloidal stability which limits the use of low-cost NPs.Combining surfactants and NPs for CO_(2)foam stabilization is a novel approach and has gained interest among researchers in recent years.Surfactants improve the dispersion of NPs in the aqueous phase and minimize particle aggregation.NPs on the other hand create a stable barrier at the CO_(2)/water interface with the help of surfactants,thus generating highly stable and viscous foams.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the basic principles and applications of stabilized CO_(2)foams.A brief overview of CO_(2)foam flooding is discussed first,followed by a review of standalone surfactant-stabilized and NPs-stabilized CO_(2)/water foams.The application of hybrid surfactant-NPs stabilized CO_(2)foams is then presented and areas requiring further investigation are highlighted.This review provides an insight into a novel approach to stabilize CO_(2)/water foams and the effectiveness of the method as proved by various studies.展开更多
Surfactant foam stability gets a lot of interest while posing a significant obstacle to many industrial operations.One of the viable solutions for addressing gas mobility concerns and boosting reservoir fluid sweep ef...Surfactant foam stability gets a lot of interest while posing a significant obstacle to many industrial operations.One of the viable solutions for addressing gas mobility concerns and boosting reservoir fluid sweep efficiency during solvent-based enhanced heavy oil recovery processes is foam formation.The synergistic effect of nanoparticles and surfactants in a porous reservoir media can help create a more durable and sturdier foam.This study aims to see how well a combination of the nanoparticles(NPs)and surfactant can generate foam for controlling gas mobility and improving oil recovery.This research looked at the effects of silicon and aluminum oxide nanoparticles on the bulk and dynamic stability of sodium dodecyl surfactant(SDS)-foam in the presence and absence of oil.Normalized foam height,liquid drainage,half-decay life,nanoparticle deposition,and bubble size distribution of the generated foams with time were used to assess static foam stability in the bulk phase,while dynamic stability was studied in the micromodel.To understand the processes of foam stabilization by nanoparticles,the microscopic images of foam and the shape of bubbles were examined.When nanoparticles were applied in foamability testing in bulk and dynamic phase,the foam generation and stability were improved by 23%and 17%,respectively.In comparison to surfactant alone,adding nanoparticles to surfactant solutions leads to a more significant pressure drop of 17.34 psi for SiO_(2)and 14.86 psi for Al_(2)O_(3)NPs and,as a result,a higher reduction in gas mobility which ultimately assists in enhancing oil recovery.展开更多
Lauryl betaine(LB)as an amphoteric surfactant carries both positive and negative charges and should be able to generate stable foam through electrostatic interaction with nanoparticles and co-surfactants.However,no pr...Lauryl betaine(LB)as an amphoteric surfactant carries both positive and negative charges and should be able to generate stable foam through electrostatic interaction with nanoparticles and co-surfactants.However,no previous attempts have been made to investigate the influence of nanoparticles and other co-surfactants on the stability and apparent viscosity of LBstabilized foam.In this study,a thorough investigation on the influence of silicon dioxide(SiO2)nanoparticles,alpha olefin sulfonate(AOS)and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),on foam stability and apparent viscosity was carried out.The experiments were conducted with the 2D Hele-Shaw cell at high foam qualities(80%-98%).Influence of AOS on the interaction between the LB foam and oil was also investigated.Results showed that the SiO2-LB foam apparent viscosity decreased with increasing surfactant concentration from 0.1 wt%to 0.3 wt%.0.1 wt%SiO2 was the optimum concentration and increased the 0.1 wt%LB foam stability by 108.65%at 96%foam quality.In the presence of co-surfactants,the most stable foam,with the highest apparent viscosity,was generated by AOS/LB solution at a ratio of 9:1.The emulsified crude oil did not imbibe into AOS-LB foam lamellae.Instead,oil was redirected into the plateau borders where the accumulated oil drops delayed the rate of film thinning,bubble coalescence and coarsening.展开更多
The aim of this research is to study the effect of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles,sizes as CO_(2) foam stabilizer in the presence of nonionic TX100 surfactant.Two nanosilica sizes,15 and 70 nm,have been examined tho...The aim of this research is to study the effect of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles,sizes as CO_(2) foam stabilizer in the presence of nonionic TX100 surfactant.Two nanosilica sizes,15 and 70 nm,have been examined thoroughly.Physisorption of TX100 on silica nanoparticles(nanosilica)was characterized by adsorption isotherm and surface tension measurement,while CO_(2) foams stability was quantified based on their foamability,foam stability,particle partitioning in the foams,and bubble sizes.Results show that direct contact of TX100 with nanosilica does altered the wettability of hydrophilic nanosilica surface,enable them to lengthen CO_(2) foams life at certain surfactant and nanoparticles concentrations.For 15 nm nanosilica,CO_(2) foam stability shows excellent performance at 0.1 and 0.5 wt%TX100 concentrations.As for 70 nm nanosilica,CO_(2) foam demonstrates longer lifetime at much lower TX100 concentration,0.01 wt%.Without the presence of TX100,CO_(2) foams exhibit undesirable lifetime performances for both nanosilica sizes.Nanosilica partitioning in CO_(2) foams structures demonstrate consistent relation with contact angle measurement.Estimated bubble sizes shows insignificant effect on CO_(2) foams life.With the assists of nanosilica and TX100,enhanced oil recovery via CO_(2) foam injection succeeds in increasing oil production by 13e22%of original oil-in-place(OOIP).展开更多
基金The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant 52004305)the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462022BJRC005)for the support of this work.
文摘Boosted by economic development and rising living standards,the world's carbon dioxide emissions remain high.Maintaining temperature rises below 1.5℃ by the end of the century requires rapid global carbon capture and storage implementation.The successful application of carbon capture,utilization,and storage(CCUS)technology in oilfields has become the key to getting rid of this predicament.Foam flooding,as an organic combination of gas and chemical flooding,became popular in the 1950s.Notwithstanding the irreplaceable advantages,as a thermodynamically unstable system,foam's stability has long restricted its development in enhanced oil and gas recovery.With special surface/interface effects and small-size effects,nanoparticles can be used as foam stabilizers to enhance foam stability,thereby improving foam seepage and oil displacement effects in porous media.In this paper,the decay kinetics and the stabilization mechanisms of nanoparticle-reinforced foams were systematically reviewed.The effects of nanoparticle characteristics,including particle concentration,surface wettability,particle size,and type,and reservoir environment factors,including oil,temperature,pressure,and salinity on the foam stabilization ability were analyzed in detail.The seepage and flooding mechanisms of nanoparticle-reinforced foams were summarized as:improving the plugging properties of foams,enhancing the interaction between foams and crude oil,and synergistically adjusting the wettability of reservoir rocks.Finally,the challenges in the practical application of nanoparticle-reinforced foams were highlighted,and the development direction was proposed.The development of nanoparticle-reinforced foam can open the way toward adaptive and evolutive EOR technology,taking one further step towards the high-efficiency production of the petroleum industry.
基金the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan for supporting this research through the Grant No.AP09562433.
文摘Miscible carbon dioxide(CO_(2))flooding is a well-established and promising enhanced oil recovery(EOR)technique whereby residual oil is recovered by mixing with injected CO_(2)gas.However,CO_(2),being very light and less viscous than reservoir crude oil,results in inefficient sweep efficiency.Extensive research is ongoing to improve CO_(2)mobility control such as the development and generation of CO_(2)/water foams.The long-term stability of foam during the period of flooding is a known issue and must be considered during the design stage of any CO_(2)foam flooding project.The foam stability can be improved by adding surfactants as stabilizers,but surfactants generated foams have generally a shorter life because of an unstable interface.Furthermore,surfactants are prone to higher retention and chemical degradation in the porous media,particularly under harsh reservoir conditions.Research has shown that nanoparticles(NPs)can act as an excellent stabilizing agent for CO_(2)/water foams owing to their surface chemistry and high adsorption energy.The foams generated using NPs are more stable and provide better mobility control compared to surfactant-stabilized foams.One limitation of using NPs as foam stabilizers is their colloidal stability which limits the use of low-cost NPs.Combining surfactants and NPs for CO_(2)foam stabilization is a novel approach and has gained interest among researchers in recent years.Surfactants improve the dispersion of NPs in the aqueous phase and minimize particle aggregation.NPs on the other hand create a stable barrier at the CO_(2)/water interface with the help of surfactants,thus generating highly stable and viscous foams.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the basic principles and applications of stabilized CO_(2)foams.A brief overview of CO_(2)foam flooding is discussed first,followed by a review of standalone surfactant-stabilized and NPs-stabilized CO_(2)/water foams.The application of hybrid surfactant-NPs stabilized CO_(2)foams is then presented and areas requiring further investigation are highlighted.This review provides an insight into a novel approach to stabilize CO_(2)/water foams and the effectiveness of the method as proved by various studies.
基金This research is funded by graduate studies of the University of Regina,Petroleum Technology Research Centre(PTRC),and MITACS.
文摘Surfactant foam stability gets a lot of interest while posing a significant obstacle to many industrial operations.One of the viable solutions for addressing gas mobility concerns and boosting reservoir fluid sweep efficiency during solvent-based enhanced heavy oil recovery processes is foam formation.The synergistic effect of nanoparticles and surfactants in a porous reservoir media can help create a more durable and sturdier foam.This study aims to see how well a combination of the nanoparticles(NPs)and surfactant can generate foam for controlling gas mobility and improving oil recovery.This research looked at the effects of silicon and aluminum oxide nanoparticles on the bulk and dynamic stability of sodium dodecyl surfactant(SDS)-foam in the presence and absence of oil.Normalized foam height,liquid drainage,half-decay life,nanoparticle deposition,and bubble size distribution of the generated foams with time were used to assess static foam stability in the bulk phase,while dynamic stability was studied in the micromodel.To understand the processes of foam stabilization by nanoparticles,the microscopic images of foam and the shape of bubbles were examined.When nanoparticles were applied in foamability testing in bulk and dynamic phase,the foam generation and stability were improved by 23%and 17%,respectively.In comparison to surfactant alone,adding nanoparticles to surfactant solutions leads to a more significant pressure drop of 17.34 psi for SiO_(2)and 14.86 psi for Al_(2)O_(3)NPs and,as a result,a higher reduction in gas mobility which ultimately assists in enhancing oil recovery.
文摘Lauryl betaine(LB)as an amphoteric surfactant carries both positive and negative charges and should be able to generate stable foam through electrostatic interaction with nanoparticles and co-surfactants.However,no previous attempts have been made to investigate the influence of nanoparticles and other co-surfactants on the stability and apparent viscosity of LBstabilized foam.In this study,a thorough investigation on the influence of silicon dioxide(SiO2)nanoparticles,alpha olefin sulfonate(AOS)and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),on foam stability and apparent viscosity was carried out.The experiments were conducted with the 2D Hele-Shaw cell at high foam qualities(80%-98%).Influence of AOS on the interaction between the LB foam and oil was also investigated.Results showed that the SiO2-LB foam apparent viscosity decreased with increasing surfactant concentration from 0.1 wt%to 0.3 wt%.0.1 wt%SiO2 was the optimum concentration and increased the 0.1 wt%LB foam stability by 108.65%at 96%foam quality.In the presence of co-surfactants,the most stable foam,with the highest apparent viscosity,was generated by AOS/LB solution at a ratio of 9:1.The emulsified crude oil did not imbibe into AOS-LB foam lamellae.Instead,oil was redirected into the plateau borders where the accumulated oil drops delayed the rate of film thinning,bubble coalescence and coarsening.
文摘The aim of this research is to study the effect of hydrophilic silica nanoparticles,sizes as CO_(2) foam stabilizer in the presence of nonionic TX100 surfactant.Two nanosilica sizes,15 and 70 nm,have been examined thoroughly.Physisorption of TX100 on silica nanoparticles(nanosilica)was characterized by adsorption isotherm and surface tension measurement,while CO_(2) foams stability was quantified based on their foamability,foam stability,particle partitioning in the foams,and bubble sizes.Results show that direct contact of TX100 with nanosilica does altered the wettability of hydrophilic nanosilica surface,enable them to lengthen CO_(2) foams life at certain surfactant and nanoparticles concentrations.For 15 nm nanosilica,CO_(2) foam stability shows excellent performance at 0.1 and 0.5 wt%TX100 concentrations.As for 70 nm nanosilica,CO_(2) foam demonstrates longer lifetime at much lower TX100 concentration,0.01 wt%.Without the presence of TX100,CO_(2) foams exhibit undesirable lifetime performances for both nanosilica sizes.Nanosilica partitioning in CO_(2) foams structures demonstrate consistent relation with contact angle measurement.Estimated bubble sizes shows insignificant effect on CO_(2) foams life.With the assists of nanosilica and TX100,enhanced oil recovery via CO_(2) foam injection succeeds in increasing oil production by 13e22%of original oil-in-place(OOIP).
