Stable Carbon Isotopic Compositions of Methylated-MTTC in Crude Oils from Saline Lacustrine Depositional Environment:Source Implications

Significantly high abundant methyl-Methyl Trimethyl Tridecyl Chromans （MTTCs） have been detected in aromatic hydrocarbon fractions in crude oils from the Jizhong Depression and Jianghan Basin. The distribution of these compounds is dominated by methyl-MTTC and dimethyl- MTTC series, which indicate diagenetic products of a hypersaline depositional environment in the early stage and show a low degree of methylation. The occurrence of significantly high abundant methyl-MTTC depends mainly on good preservation conditions with a strongly reductive, hypersaline and water-columned depositional environment and subsequent non-intensive diagenetic transformations. The stable carbon isotopic compositions of the methyl-MTTCs and dimethyl-MTTCs in two samples are far different from the stable carbon isotopic composition of C30 hopane of apparent bacteria biogenesis （up to 4.11‰ and 5.75‰, respectively）. This obviously demonstrates that the methyl-MTTC and dimethyl-MTTCs cannot be of bacteria origin, which is different from the previous point of view about non-photosynthetic bacteria products or possible bacteria-reworked products. On the contrary, the stable carbon isotopic compositions of methyl-MTTC and dimethyl-MTTCs in the two samples were similar to that of the same carbon-numbered n-alkanes （nC27-nC28-nC29）, which indicates that they share the same source origin. Especially in the crude oil from the Zhao61 well, stable carbon isotopic compositions are also similar to that of the same carbon-numbered steranes with ααα- 20R isomer （mostly less than 0.4‰）. In consideration of the results of previous studies on saline lake ecological sedimentation, the authors hold that the methyl-MTTC and dimethyl-MTTCs in the saline lake sediments should be of algal biogenesis origin.

Trophic Interaction in a Portunus rituberculatus Polyculture Ecosystem Based on Carbon and Nitrogen Stable Isotope Analysis

Trophic interaction among various biomass groups in a swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus polyculture pond was investigated using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. The polycultured animal species also included white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, short-necked clam Ruditapes philippinarum, and redlip mullet Liza haematochila. The mean δ^(13)C value for all the biomass groups in polyculture ecosystem ranged from -25.61‰ to -16.60‰, and the mean δ^(15)N value ranged from 6.80‰ to 13.09‰. Significant difference in the δ^(13)C value was found between particulate organic matter(POM) and sediment organic matter(SOM)(P < 0.05), indicating that these two organic matter pools have different material sources. Assuming that a ^(13)C-enrichment factor of 1.00‰ and a ^(15)N-enrichment factor of 2.70‰ existed between consumer and prey, diets of the four cultured animals were estimated using a stable isotope mixing model. The estimated model results indicated that P. trituberculatus mainly feed on Aloidis laevis; L. vannamei mainly feed on shrimp feed; while A. laevis, R. philippinarum and L. haematochelia mainly feed on POM. Shrimp feed was also an important food source of R. philippinarum and L. haematochelia. The diets of P. trituberculatus, L. vannamei, R. philippinarum, and L. haematochila showed complementary effects in this polyculture ecosystem. Our finding indicated that the polyculture of these four organisms with suitable farming density could make an effective use of most of the food sources, which can make a highly efficient polyculture ecosystem.

Stable isotope techniques in plant water sources:a review

The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes widely exist in various kinds of natural water.Plants have to cope with various water sources:rainwater,soil water,groundwater,sea water,and mixtures.These are usually characterized by different isotopic signatures (18O/16O and D/H ratios).Because there are relative abundance variations in water,and plant roots do not discriminate against specific water isotopes during water uptake,hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios of water within plants provide new information on water sources,interactions between plant species and water use patterns under natural conditions.At present,the measurement of δD,δ18O composition of various potential water sources and stem water has become significant means to identify plant water sources.Based on previous studies,this review highlights recent advances such as theory basis,methodology,as well as different spatial and temporal scales,and existed questions and prospects.Stable isotope techniques for estimating plant water sources have provided valuable tools for conducting basic and applied research.Future studies emphasize the modification of preparing methods,isotope technique combined with other measurements,and aerial organs of plant water source should be en-couraged.

Integrating stable isotopes and factor analysis to delineate the groundwater provenance and pollution sources in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin, Jordan

Globally,groundwater contamination by nitrate is one of the most widespread environmental problems,particularly in arid and semiarid areas,which are characterized by low amounts of rainfall and groundwater recharge.The stable isotope composition of groundwater(δ2H-H2O andδ18O-H2O)and dissolved nitrate(δ15N-NO3–andδ18O-NO3–)and factor analysis(FA)were applied to explore groundwater provenance,pollution,and chemistry evolution in the northwestern part of the Amman-Al Zarqa Basin,Jordan.In this study,we collected 23 samples from the Lower Ajloun aquifer in 2021,including 1 sample from a groundwater well and 22 samples from springs.These samples were tested for electrical conductivity,total dissolved solids,pH,temperature,dissolved oxygen,the concentration of major ions(Ca2+,Mg2+,Na+,K+,HCO3–,Cl–,SO42–,and NO3–),and the stable isotope composition of groundwater and dissolved nitrate.The results revealed that groundwater in the study area is mainly Ca–Mg–HCO3 type and can be classified as fresh water,hard water,and very hard water.The range and average concentration of NO3–were 3.5–230.8 and 50.9 mg/L,respectively.Approximately 33%of the sampling points showed NO3–levels above the maximum allowable concentration of 50.0 mg/L set by the World Health Organization(WHO)guidelines for drinking water quality.The values ofδ18O-H2O andδ2H-H2O showed that groundwater in the study area is part of the current water cycle,originating in the Mediterranean Sea,with significant evaporation,orographic,and amount effects.The values of the stable isotope composition of NO3–corresponded toδ15N-NO3–andδ18O-NO3–values produced by the nitrification process of manure or septic waste and soil NH4+.The FA performed on the hydrochemical parameters and isotope data resulted in three main factors,with Factor 1,Factor 2,and Factor 3,accounting for 50%,21%,and 11%of the total variance,respectively.Factor 1 was considered human-induced factor,named"pollution factor",whereas Factor 2,named"conservative fingerprint factor",and Factor 3,named"hardness factor",were considered natural factors.This study will help local researchers manage groundwater sustainably in the study area and other similar arid and semiarid areas in the world.

Analysis of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in carbonate rocks by the laser micro-sampling technique

The analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in different carbonate rocks by the phosphoric acid method is not easier than that by the laser sampling method developed in recent years, which optically focuses laser beams with sufficient energy on a micro area of a thin section in a vacuum sample box via microscope. CO 2 produced by heating decomposition of carbonate was purified by the vacuum system, and the stable isotopic values of carbon and oxygen were calculated and analyzed on a mass spectrometer. This paper adopted the laser micro-sampling technique to analyze the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in dolomite, carbonate cement, stromatolite and different forms of dawsonite (donbassite). Results indicated that the laser micro-sampling method is effective in analyzing carbonate composition and could be a convincing proof for justification on carbonate composition analysis.

Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of Surface-Sediment Carbonate in Bosten Lake (Xinjiang,China) and its Controlling Factors

Bosten Lake is a mid-latitude lake with water mainly supplied by melting ice and snow in the Tianshan Mountains. The depositional environment of the lake is spatially not uniform due to the proximity of the major inlet and the single outlet in the western part of the lake. The analytical results show that the carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of recent lake sediments is related to this specific lacustrine depositional environment and to the resulting carbonate mineralogy. In the southwestern lake region between the Kaidu River inlet and the Kongqi River outlet, carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） values of the carbonate sediment （-1‰ to -2‰） have no relation to the oxygen isotope composition of the carbonate （δ^18O） values （-7‰ to -8‰）, with both isotopes showing a low variability. The carbonate content is low （〈20%）. Carbonate minerals analyzed by X-ray diffraction are mainly composed of calcite, while aragonite was not recorded. The salinity of the lake water is low in the estuary region as a result of the Kaidu River inflow. In comparison, the carbon and oxygen isotope values are higher in the middle and eastern parts of the lake, with δ^13C values between approximately ＋0.5‰ and ＋3‰, and δ^18O values between -1‰ and -5‰. There is a moderate correlation between the stable oxygen and carbon isotopes, with a coefficient of correlation r of approximately 0.63. This implies that the lake water has a relatively short residence time. Carbonate minerals constitute calcite and aragonite in the middle and eastern region of the lake. Aragonite and Mg-calcite are formed at higher lake water salinity and temperatures, and larger evaporation effects. More saline lake water in the middle and eastern region of the lake and the enhanced isotopic equilibrium between water and atmospheric CO2 cause the correlating carbon and oxygen isotope values determined for aragonite and Mg-calcite. Evaporation and biological processes are the main reasons for the salinity and carbonate mineralogy influence of the surface-sediment carbonate in Bosten Lake. The lake water residence time and the CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the water body control the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of the carbonate sediment. In addition, organic matter pollution and decomposition result in the abnormally low carbon isotope values of the lake surface-sediment carbonate.

Stable carbon isotope compositions of isoprenoid chromans in Cenozoic saline lacustrine source rocks from the Western Qaidam Basin,NW China:Source implications

Although the distribution of mono-,di-and trimethylated 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-Trimethyltrideeyl) chromans(MTTCs) is well understood as an indicator of water salinity,their origin and formation mechanism are still ambiguous and under debate.In this paper,abnormally high levels of MTTCs were detected in Cenozoic saline lacustrine source rocks from the Western Qaidam Basin.Using a two-step column chromatography method,the MTTCs and naphthalenes were separated from other aromatic compounds and concentrated in one fraction,so that the stable carbon isotope compositions of these compounds could be accurately measured.Similar carbon isotope ratios for the mono-,di-and trimethylated 2-methyl-2-(4,8,12-Trimethyltrideeyl) chromans in a given sample suggest the MTTCs may share the same biological source(s).The MTTCs from the Western Qaidam Basin have similar carbon isotope compositions to primary producer-derived pristane and phytane.However,the ? 13C values for the MTTCs showed significant differences with other primary producers-derived biomarkers(e.g.C27 and C29 steranes),probably indicating a distinct microalgae source from specific niches for the MTTC compounds.We speculate that the MTTCs distribution patterns may be controlled by the water chemistry dynamics in niches,which,in turn,is affected by hypersaline bottom water.

Maternal Body Composition and Its Relationship to Infant Breast Milk Intake in Rural Pakistan

Some women in rural Pakistan are chronically undernourished, and consequently underweight. Concerns have been expressed that the degree of undernourishment might be sufficiently severe to affect lactation performance. We have obtained data on maternal body composition and infant breast milk intake using stable isotope methods in a group of thirty three mother and infant pairs at approximately six months of age. The maternal body mass index ranged from 16.6 to 29.1 kg·m-2. In this population we found that exclusive breast-feeding tended to be associated with lower maternal body fat, and that there was no evidence for compromised lactational performance due to malnourishment. Finally we note that when our data is combined with that from other studies there may be a generalised negative correlation between breast milk intake and maternal body fat.

Variation characteristics of CO_(2) in a newly-excavated soil profile,Chinese Loess Plateau:Excavation-induced ancient soil organic carbon decomposition

Soils of the Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP)contain substantial amounts of soil inorganic carbon(SIC),as well as recent and ancient soil organic carbon(SOC).With the advent of the Anthropocene,human perturbation,including excavation,has increased soil CO_(2) emission from the huge loess carbon pool.This study aims to determine the potential of loess CO_(2) emission induced by excavation.Soil CO_(2) were continuously monitored for seven years on a newly-excavated profile in the central CLP and the stable C isotope compositions of soil CO_(2) and SOC were used to identify their sources.The results showed that the soil CO_(2) concentrations ranged from 830μL·L^(-1) to 11190μL·L^(-1) with an annually reducing trend after excavation,indicating that the human excavation can induce CO_(2) production in loess profile.Theδ^(13) C of CO_(2) ranged from–21.27‰to–19.22‰(mean:–20.11‰),with positive deviation from top to bottom.The range of δ^(13)CSOC was–24.0‰to–21.1‰with an average of–23.1‰.Theδ^(13) C-CO_(2) in this study has a positive relationship with the reversed CO_(2) concentration,and it is calculated that 80.22%of the soil CO_(2) in this profile is from the microbial decomposition of SOC and 19.78%from the degasification during carbonate precipitation.We conclude that the human excavation can significantly enhance the decomposition of the ancient OC in loess during the first two years after perturbation,producing and releasing soil CO_(2) to atmosphere.

Geochemistry and origins of hydrogen-containing natural gases in deep Songliao Basin,China:Insights from continental scientific drilling

The different reservoirs in deep Songliao Basin have non-homogeneous lithologies and include multiple layers with a high content of hydrogen gas.The gas composition and stable isotope characteristics vary significantly,but the origin analysis of different gas types has previously been weak.Based on the geochemical parameters of gas samples from different depths and the analysis of geological settings,this research covers the diverse origins of natural gas in different strata.The gas components are mainly methane with a small amount of C_(2+),and non-hydrocarbon gases,including nitrogen(N_(2)),hydrogen(H_(2)),carbon dioxide(CO_(2)),and helium(He).At greater depth,the carbon isotope of methane becomes heavier,and the hydrogen isotope points to a lacustrine sedimentary environment.With increasing depth,the origins of N_(2)and CO_(2)change gradually from a mixture of organic and inorganic to inorganic.The origins of hydrogen gas are complex and include organic sources,water radiolysis,water-rock(Fe^(2+)-containing minerals)reactions,and mantle-derived.The shales of Denglouku and Shahezi Formations,as source rocks,provide the premise for generation and occurrence of organic gas.Furthermore,the deep faults and fluid activities in Basement Formation control the generation and migration of mantle-derived gas.The discovery of a high content of H_(2)in study area not only reveals the organic and inorganic association of natural-gas generation,but also provides a scientific basis for the exploration of deep hydrogen-rich gas.

中国季风区降水构成对降水中稳定同位素的影响:以长沙为例

降水构成是指对流或平流降水量在总降水量中所占比例,不同的降水构成对降水稳定同位素的丰度会产生重要的影响。基于长沙地区实测的日降水稳定同位素数据和GNIP月降水同位素数据,对不同时间尺度、不同季节时段以及不同降水强度下降水构成对降水中稳定同位素影响的变化特征进行分析和比较,旨在揭示不同的降水构成对降水中稳定同位素影响的差异,深化对季风区降水形成过程中稳定同位素变化规律的认识。结果表明:云中对流强度的差异造成了不同季节对流降水量占总降水量的比例(convective precipitation fraction,CPF)与总降水量之间相关关系的差异。在日和月时间尺度下,在暖半年,CPF随总降水量的增大而减小,而在冷半年,CPF随总降水量的增大而增大。无论是在暖半年还是在冷半年,日时间尺度下长沙站降水中的δ18O随CPF增大不断偏正。在月时间尺度下,包括长沙站在内的中国季风区大部,降水中δ18O与CPF均呈正相关。由于不同季节对流活动的强度不同会造成降水构成的不同,也使得相对于暖半年,冷半年时段降水构成对降水中稳定同位素的影响要强于降水量效应的影响,因此在冷半年长沙地区δ18O—CPF线性回归方程的斜率随降水强度的增大而增大,而在暖半年,δ18O—CPF斜率随降水强度的增大而减小。

准噶尔盆地东道海子凹陷及周缘上古生界原油成因来源

东道海子凹陷的钻探工作始于20世纪90年代,但由于复杂的构造演化和沉积特征,该区勘探长期停滞不前。直到近期,部署在东道海子凹陷的探井中屡屡发现良好油气显示,使该区的油气勘探重燃希望。目前,对该区油气成因来源的认识还很薄弱,给勘探方向的选择造成了较大的困难。文章对东道海子凹陷及周缘石炭系和二叠系储层中原油的稳定碳同位素组成、类异戊二烯烷烃和甾萜类生物标志化合物等地球化学特征进行了系统分析,划分了原油的成因类型,再结合研究区主力烃源岩的地球化学特征,最终厘清了各类原油的来源。结果表明,研究区原油总体已进入主生油窗,属于成熟原油,分为三种不同类型。第一类原油稳定碳同位素组成重,Pr/Ph值较高,含有丰富的C_(19)三环萜烷、C_(20)三环萜烷和C_(24)四环萜烷,伽马蜡烷指数低,来自下石炭统松喀尔苏组b段的淡水腐殖型烃源岩。第二类原油稳定碳同位素组成轻,Pr/Ph值相对较低,含有丰富的β-胡萝卜烷和伽马蜡烷,但C_(19)三环萜烷、C_(20)三环萜烷和C_(24)四环萜烷的丰度较低,来自中二叠统平地泉组咸水湖相烃源岩。第三类原油的地化特征介于上述两类原油之间,表现出混源特征。上述认识提供了一个在多源叠置区开展油源对比的典型案例,同时也为东道海子凹陷及周缘下一步油气勘探指明了方向。

金沙江下游流域大气降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源

金沙江下游流域地处干热河谷气候影响区,大气降水对该区域水文循环至关重要。分析了金沙江下游流域降水稳定同位素组成的季节变化特征及其影响因素,结合同位素示踪和HYSPLIT模型探讨了流域大气降水水汽来源。结果表明:金沙江下游流域降水δ^(2) H和δ^(18) O雨季偏负而旱季偏正,气温和降水量对同位素组成影响较大而高程效应不显著;流域大气降水线斜率和截距均低于全球和我国大气降水线,主要受到非平衡蒸发作用影响;流域大气降水水汽来源和昆明地区类似,雨季降水主要受到西南与南亚季风影响,旱季降水潜在来源为西风带或极地大陆气团。研究成果对金沙江下游区域水文循环具有重要指导意义。

基于稳定同位素贝叶斯混合模型的南四湖水量来源定量解析

为定量解析南四湖水源组成,厘清本地水与外调水的关系,精准保护湖泊水资源,本文建立了基于氢氧稳定同位素的贝叶斯混合模型,分析比较南水北调东线运行后调水期和非调水期不同水源对南四湖湖区的贡献比例及季节特征。结果表明:(1)流域降雨受到一定程度局地蒸发的影响,夏季受海洋蒸发水汽的影响;(2)南四湖地下水、大气降水、入湖河流和外调水等不同水源对湖区水体的贡献比例受南水北调东线工程运行影响较大,调水期分别为5.4%、8.7%、31.2%和54.7%,外调水贡献比例最高;非调水期分别为22.9%、53.0%、6.7%和17.4%,大气降水贡献比例最高,入湖河流贡献相对较少。(3)南水北调东线调水实施后,调水期的外调水量对湖区的贡献占绝对优势,表明调水对南四湖水量变化发挥了重要作用,调水活动逐渐取代自然因素成为流域水量变化的主要驱动因子。

Geochemical characteristics and origins of natural gases in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin,West Africa

The gas sources in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin(Tano Basin)are seldom reported and remain controversial due to multiple sets of potential source rocks and poorly documented geochemical characteristics of natural gases.The marine source rock potential from the Upper Albian to Turonian as well as the molecular composition and the stable carbon isotope composition of natural gases in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin were studied in detail to investigate the origins of natural gases.The total organic carbon(TOC),hydrogen index(HI),and generation potential(S_(1)+S_(2))of source rocks indicate that both sapropelic source rocks and humic source rocks developed during the late Albian,whereas sapropelic source rocks developed during the Cenomanian and the Turonian.The normal order ofδ^(13)CH_(4)<δ^(13)C_(2)H6<δ^(13)C_(3)H_(8)(δ^(13)C_(1)<δ^(13)C_(2)<δ^(13)C_(3)),the relationship between C_(2)/C_(3)molar ratio andδ^(13)C_(2)-δ^(13)C_(3),and the plot ofδ^(13)C_(1)versus C_(1)/(C_(2)+C_(3))collectively show that the natural gases are thermogenic due to the primary cracking of kerogen,including the typical oil-associated gases from Well D-1,the mixed oil-associated gases and coal-derived gases from Well G-1 and Well L-1.Based on the plot ofδ^(13)C_(1)versusδ^(13)C_(2)and the established relationship betweenδ^(13)C_(1)and equivalent vitrinite reflectance(Ro),we proposed that the natural gases are in a mature stage(Ro generally varies from 1.0%to 1.3%).Combined with results of basin modelling and oil-to-source correlation,the transitional to marine source rocks during the late Albian were thought to have made a great contribution to the natural gases.Our study will make a better understanding on petroleum system in the eastern Cote d’Ivoire Basin.

宁夏南部月亮山西麓地下水化学特征研究

通过对宁夏南部月亮山西麓水文地质条件的研究 ,分析了研究区内含水层中地下水化学组分的特征以及各组分含量之间的相互依存关系。认为含水介质的矿物成分对该区内地下水组分影响显著。地下水同位素等分析显示 ,该区地下水的补给主要为现代大气降水 ,认为地下水化学组分的成因主要是溶滤作用和蒸发作用。

长江中游若干湖泊水生植物体内C、N、P及δ^(13)C分布

本文就长江中游 9个湖泊 10种水生植物的C、N、P和稳定C同位素进行了测定 ,水生植物C元素的平均含量为33.2± 5 .4 6 % ,N、P分别为 1.5 8± 0 .90 %和 0 .30± 0 .13% ,δ13 C组成变化在 - 2 7.91‰～ - 17.16‰之间。从水生植物的生长区域来看 ,叶子中的C、N和δ13 C值与其所处的水环境有密切的关系。对于沉水植物 ,由于受到无机碳的限制 ,其叶子中C和N含量显著低于挺水植物及浮水植物 ;而同时由于水体中无机碳δ13 C组成较高 ,使得沉水植物叶子的δ13

晚泥盆世弗拉斯期—法门期之交海水温度变化的同位素证据

位于我国湖南省冷水江地区锡矿山矿区的老江冲剖面为发育良好的浅水台地相沉积 ,出露著名的上泥盆统弗拉斯—法门阶 (Fr/Fa)界线 ,多年的地层古生物学工作已详细地了解了该区的古生物面貌。本研究采用了基本保存完好的腕足动物Cyrospirifervernemili壳体进行了稳定C、O同位素地球化学分析 ,δ18O值为 - 8.4‰～- 9.6‰ ;δ13C值为 - 2 .2‰～ 0 .5‰ ,二值在弗拉斯—法门阶交界处均发生了异常波动 ,将此值与其他地区的研究结果进行比较 ,可以认为 ,弗拉斯—法门期交界时所发生的剧烈而大范围的事件所造成的同位素波动可以作为大区域地层对比的标志。经过计算 ,推断从弗拉斯期末至法门期初 ,我国华南地区的古海洋发生了降温事件。

贵州草海湖泊系统碳循环简单模式

本文分析了贵州草海湖泊系统中的主要含碳物质———湖水DIC、表层沉积物有机质、水生植物的稳定碳同位素组成 ,其δ13C值分别为 :- 3.70‰至 - 10 .60‰ ,- 2 0 .90‰至- 2 1.60‰ ,- 16.10‰至 - 17.4 0‰ .通过质量平衡计算 ,建立了草海区域碳循环的简单模式 .结果表明 :对于草海这样一个水生植物茂盛的浅水富氧湖泊而言 ,光合—呼吸作用和有机质的降解对整个湖泊体系的稳定碳同位素组成具有决定性的作用 .