Predicting the Antigenic Variant of Human Influenza A(H3N2) Virus with a Stacked Auto-Encoder Model

The influenza virus changes its antigenicity frequently due to rapid mutations, leading to immune escape and failure of vaccination. Rapid determination of the influenza antigenicity could help identify the antigenic variants in time. Here, we built a stacked auto-encoder (SAE) model for predicting the antigenic variant of human influenza A(H3N2) viruses based on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein sequences. The model achieved an accuracy of 0.95 in five-fold cross-validations, better than the logistic regression model did. Further analysis of the model shows that most of the active nodes in the hidden layer reflected the combined contribution of multiple residues to antigenic variation. Besides, some features (residues on HA protein) in the input layer were observed to take part in multiple active nodes, such as residue 189, 145 and 156, which were also reported to mostly determine the antigenic variation of influenza A(H3N2) viruses. Overall,this work is not only useful for rapidly identifying antigenic variants in influenza prevention, but also an interesting attempt in inferring the mechanisms of biological process through analysis of SAE model, which may give some insights into interpretation of the deep learning

基于代价敏感堆叠变分自动编码器的暂态稳定评估方法

机器学习算法在训练过程中,难免会遇到样本不平衡的情况,同时,对于电力系统来说稳定样本与不稳定样本的误分类代价是不同的,因此提出一种基于代价敏感堆叠变分自动编码器(stacked variational auto-encoder,SVAE)的电力系统暂态稳定评估方法。在模型训练过程中,通过改变误分类结果对模型参数调整的权重系数,修正了判别模型在不平衡样本训练过程中的倾向性,并提高了模型全局准确率。在此基础上,进一步提高不稳定样本的权重系数,有效加强了模型对不稳定样本的拟合程度,降低了不稳定样本的误判情况。在IEEE-39节点系统下的仿真结果说明,在不平衡样本情况下,所提方法可以改善判别结果的倾向性;在平衡样本情况下,通过误分类代价的设定可以有效降低不稳定样本的误判情况。