Single-cell profiling of the pig cecum at various developmental stages

The gastrointestinal tract is essential for food digestion,nutrient absorption,waste elimination,and microbial defense.Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the intestinal tract has greatly enriched our understanding of cellular diversity,functional heterogeneity,and their importance in intestinal tract development and disease.Although such profiling has been extensively conducted in humans and mice,the single-cell gene expression landscape of the pig cecum remains unexplored.Here,single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 45572 cells obtained from seven cecal samples in pigs at four different developmental stages(days(D)30,42,150,and 730).Analysis revealed 12 major cell types and 38 subtypes,as well as their distinctive genes,transcription factors,and regulons,many of which were conserved in humans.An increase in the relative proportions of CD8^(+)T and Granzyme A(low expression)natural killer T cells(GZMA^(low)NKT)cells and a decrease in the relative proportions of epithelial stem cells,Tregs,RHEX^(+)T cells,and plasmacytoid dendritic cells(pDCs)were noted across the developmental stages.Moreover,the post-weaning period exhibited an up-regulation in mitochondrial genes,COX2 and ND2,as well as genes involved in immune activation in multiple cell types.Cell-cell crosstalk analysis indicated that IBP6^(+)fibroblasts were the main signal senders at D30,whereas IBP6^(−)fibroblasts assumed this role at the other stages.NKT cells established interactions with epithelial cells and IBP6^(+)fibroblasts in the D730 cecum through mediation of GZMA-F2RL1/F2RL2 pairs.This study provides valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity and function in the pig cecum at different development stages.

Construction Method of Civil Aircraft Airborne⁃system Supplier Development Process System

Based on the analysis of the development process system status of domestic and foreign civil aircraft airborne system suppliers,this paper proposes the overall construction idea of"a set of civil aircraft process system"based on IPD(Integrated product development)in the organization.The development stage,process,activity and task are the logical framework elements of the system construction."Based on process decomposition,vertical stratification,horizontal segmentation,combination of special and common,process customized to tools,role and process integration,giving full consideration to the interface between supplier management and process modules"etc.are the concrete ideas.Moreover,formulate top⁃level system construction standards,implemented by process system management tool platform,so that the process system and development work can be effectively integrated to effectively guide the development work of airborne system suppliers,and meet the quality and airworthiness requirements of civil aircraft development.Through the development application of a certain type of flight control system,the process system and tool platform were verified and optimized in practice.

Production evolution patterns and development stage division of waterflooding oilfields

The continuous growth of recoverable reserves in a waterflooding oilfield has a significant impact on the patterns of production evolution. A new production evolution model is established by improving the Weng Cycle model. With the new model, the statistical correspondence between the production decline stage and the reserve-production imbalance is clarified,and the correlation of water cut with the recovery percent of recoverable reserves is discussed, providing quantitative basis of reservoir engineering for dividing development stages of oilfield and defining mature oilfields. According to the statistics of oilfields in eastern China, the time point corresponding to the reserve-production balance coefficient dropping to less than 1dramatically is well correlated the beginning point of production decline, thus the time when the reserve-production balance coefficient drops dramatically can be taken as the initiation point of production decline stage. The research results show that the water cut and the recovery percent of recoverable reserves have a good statistical match in the high water cut stage, and it is more rational to take both the start point of production decline stage and the water cut of 90%(or the recovery percent of recoverable reserves of 80%) as the critical criteria for defining a mature oilfield. Five production evolution patterns can be summarized as follows: growth–peak plateau–stepped decline, growth–stepped stabilizing–stepped decline, growth–stepped stabilizing–rapid decline, growth–peak plateau–rapid decline, and growth–continuous decline.

Temporal and environmental factors drive community structure and function of methanotrophs in volcanic forest soils

Methanotrophs,organisms that obtain oxygen by oxidizing methane,are recognized as the only known biological sink for atmospheric CH_4,and forest soil methanotrophs play crucial roles in mitigating global warming.The succession patterns of methanotrophic communities and functions in Wudalianchi volcano forest soils could provide a basis for the study of evolutionary mechanisms between soil microorganisms,the environment,and carbon cycling of temperate forest ecosystems under climate change.In this study,the characteristics and drivers of methanotrophic community structure and function of two volcanic soils at different stages of development are analyzed,including an old volcano and a new volcano,which most recently erupted 300 years and 17-19×10^(5)years ago,respectively,and a non-volcano hills as control,based on space for time substitution and Miseq sequencing and bioinformation technology.The results showed that CH_(4) fluxes were significantly higher in old-stage volcano forest soils than new-stage forest soils and non-volcano forest soils.There were significant differences in the community composition and diversity of soil methanotrophs from different volcano forest soils.Methylococcus was the dominant genus in all soil samples.Additionally,the relative abundance of Methylococcus,along with Clonothrix,Methyloglobulus,Methylomagum,Methylomonas and Methylosarcina,were the important genera responsible for the differences in methanotrophic community structure in different volcano forest soils.The relative abundance of methanotroph belonging toγ-proteobacteria was significantly higher than that belonging toα-proteobacteria(P<0.05).Chao1,Shannon and Simpson indices of soil methanotrophic community were significantly lower in new-stage volcanos and were significantly affected by bulk density,total porosity,p H,nitrate,dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen.There were significant differences in community structure between new-stage and old-stage volcanoes.Bulk density and p H are important soil properties contributing to the divergence of methanotrophs community structure,and changes in soil properties due to soil development time are important factors driving differences in methanotrophs communities in Wudalianchi volcanic soils.

Dual Instinct and Structural Theories: DSM-5-TR

The genetic based Dual Instinct Theory is determined by evolutionary history. Aggression is required for survival and sex for propagation of species. Aggressive and sexual drive derivatives with their corresponding defence mechanisms are combined with biologically based stages of infant/child development and the functional entity of Structural Theory. This model of human nature is the applied to the diagnostic categories of DSM-5-TR. Objectives: To follow the innate Dual Instinct Theory from life to death and through Artificial Intelligence;connect it with biological stages of development of the Structural Theory and illustrate its manifestations in DSM-5-TR classifications. Method: Review of selected published literature. Applying the principle of focus and cognition of informed clinical observation of innate drive derivatives in conjunction with The Structural Theory. Both theories are functional entities with no structures involved. Sigmund Freud’s biologically based stages of development;oral, anal, genital pubic, adult, and geriatric along with a variety of unconscious, automatic, and persistent defense mechanisms are selectively folded into diagnosis listed in the manual.

Characterization of Bacterial Communities Associating with Larval Development of Yesso Scallop(Patinopecten yessoensisis Jay, 1857) by High-Throughput Sequencing

Bacterial community presumably plays an essential role in inhibiting pathogen colonization and maintaining the health of scallop larvae, but limiting data are available for Yesso scallop （Patinopecten yessoensisis Jay, 1857） larval development stages. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the bacterial communities associating with Yesso scallop larval development at fertilized egg S l, trochophora S2, D-shaped larvae S3, umbo larvae S4, and juvenile scallop S5 stages by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Genomic DNA was extracted from the larvae and their associating baetera, and a gene segment covering V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using an Illumina Miseq sequencer. Overall, 106760 qualified sequences with an average length of 449 bp were obtained. Sequences were compared with those retrieved from 16S rRNA gene databases, and 4 phyla, 7 classes, 15 orders, 21 families, 31 genera were identified. Proteobacteria was predominant phylum, accounting for more than 99%, at all 5 larval development stages. At genus level, Pseudomonas was dominant at stages S1 （80.60%）, S2 （87.77%） and S5 （68.71%）, followed by Photobacterium （17.06%） and Aeromonas （1.64%） at stage S1, Serratia （6.94%）, Stenotrophomonas （3.08%） and Acinetobacter （1.2%） at stage S2, Shewanella （25.95%） and Pseudoalteromonas （4.57%） at stage S5. Moreover, genus Pseudoal- teromonas became dominant at stages S3 （44.85%） and S4 （56.02%）, followed by Photobacterium （29.82%）, Pseudomonas （11.86%）, Aliivibrio （8.60%） and Shewanella （3.39%） at stage S3, Pseudomonas （18.16%）, Aliivibrio （14.29%）, Shewanella （4.11%）, Psychro- monas （4.04%） and Psychrobacter （1.81%） at stage S4. From the results, we concluded that the bacterial community changed sig- nificantly at different development stages of Yesso Scallop larvae.

An algorithm for automatic identification of multiple developmental stages of rice spikes based on improved Faster R-CNN

Spike development directly affects the yield and quality of rice. We describe an algorithm for automatically identifying multiple developmental stages of rice spikes(AI-MDSRS) that transforms the automatic identification of multiple developmental stages of rice spikes into the detection of rice spikes of diverse maturity levels. The scales vary greatly in different growth and development stages because rice spikes are dense and small, posing challenges for their effective and accurate detection. We describe a rice spike detection model based on an improved faster regions with convolutional neural network(Faster R-CNN).The model incorporates the following optimization strategies: first, Inception_Res Net-v2 replaces VGG16 as a feature extraction network;second, a feature pyramid network(FPN) replaces single-scale feature maps to fuse with region proposal network(RPN);third, region of interest(Ro I) alignment replaces Ro I pooling, and distance-intersection over union(DIo U) is used as a standard for non-maximum suppression(NMS). The performance of the proposed model was compared with that of the original Faster R-CNN and YOLOv4 models. The mean average precision(m AP) of the rice spike detection model was92.47%, a substantial improvement on the original Faster R-CNN model(with 40.96% m AP) and 3.4%higher than that of the YOLOv4 model, experimentally indicating that the model is more accurate and reliable. The identification results of the model for the heading–flowering, milky maturity, and full maturity stages were within two days of the results of manual observation, fully meeting the needs of agricultural activities.

Construction of China Osmanthus City and Intellectual Property Right Protection in Xianning City in the Context of Three New Developments

Xianning City of Hubei Province is one of the five major traditional osmanthus producing areas in the world and the hometown of osmanthus in China. Xianning is constructing China Osmanthus City in the whole city. This paper first introduces the main characteristics of the osmanthus industry in Xianning City, and analyzes the characteristics of traditional knowledge, biological genetic resources, new plant varieties, patents, geographical indications, and trademarks. Then, it studies the intellectual property resources of the osmanthus industry, and analyzes the main problems existing in the construction of China Osmanthus City and intellectual property right protection. Finally, it comes up with constructive recommendations including applying for China and Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems, developing colored-leaf osmanthus varieties, creating a regional public brand of osmanthus specialty products, and building a new development pattern of osmanthus industry.

Grain size distribution at four developmental stages of crescent dunes in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert,China

Although scientists have performed many studies on crescent （barchan） dunes in the Taklimakan Desert,few studies reported the changes in grain size at different development stages of crescent dunes.In order to evaluate the changing trends of surface sediment grain size with dune development,we investigated the grain size characteristics at four developmental stages （oval sand pile,shield dune,incipient crescent dune and mature crescent dune） of crescent dunes by measuring the morphology of sand dune and observing the near-surface wind regime.The dunes have developed in a wide inter-dune corridor between high compound longitudinal ridges in China＇s Taklimakan Desert.The surface sediments at four developmental stages of the crescent dunes were primarily composed of fine sands,followed by very fine and medium sands.Mean grain sizes ranged from 2.8 to 3.1 φ,with a unimodal distribution.The sands were moderately well-sorted,their distribution varied from platykurtic to very platykurtic,and symmetrical or skewed towards the fine particles.From oval sand piles through shield and incipient crescent dunes to mature crescent dunes,incipient grain size gradually increased,particles became finer,sorting became better,kurtosis and skewness increased.Grain sizes on the surface layer became coarser upwards from the toe of the windward slope and then became finer towards the bottom of the leeward slope.We found that the coarsest particles at different positions at the four developmental stages were different.The coarsest particles were distributed at the top of the oval sand piles and shield dunes,versus at the middle of the windward slope of the incipient and mature crescent dunes.Correlations between the mean grain size and other grain size parameters showed that as mean grain size became finer,sorting became better and kurtosis became wider,but skewness changed only slightly.In addition,grain size variation in the surface sediments correlated with the movement speed of the dunes in the study area.In the open ground among tall-complex longitudinal ridges in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert where aeolian environment is characterized by comparatively strong wind and unsaturated sand flow,faster dune movement corresponded to coarser grain size.

Early Growth and Development of Boer Goats from Embryo Transplant

[ Objective] To study the growth-development of Boer goats from embryo transplant. [ Method] With Boer goats from embryo transplant as the tested animals and natural breeding Boer goats born in the same period as CK, the weight of Boer goats at birth and at the age of 1,3 and 6 months as well as the body size at the age of 3 and 6 months were investigated in this study, while their health conditions were also observed and recorded. [ Result] Under the normal feeding conditions, Boer goats from embryo transplant developed well at early stage, and their meat-using body type were also obvious. The average birth weight of bucks was （4.25±0.95） kg, and that of does was （3.74±0.10） kg. The average weight of bucks at the age of 6 months was （31.90 ±0.74） kg and that of was （25.90 ±0.67） kg. The daily gains of bucks and ewes from birth to 6 months of age were 153.64 and 123.11 g respectively, while their body length, body height and chest circumference increased obviously, and there was no significant difference in body weight or body size between them and natural breeding goats. [ Condusioa] The study lays a foundation for further studies on the breedinq and utilization of Boer noats from embryo transplant at early staae.

Development Stage and Evolution Cause of European Union Agriculture and Suggestions for Chinese Agricultural Development

Agriculture is a basic industry related to national economy and people’s livelihood,and is also the cornerstone of national economic development. European Union(EU) is the second largest exporter of agricultural products in the world,and its agricultural production change has international influence. In this paper,starting from two angles of EU agricultural development scale and target,development stage of its agricultural production is explored,and development and evolution causes of EU agriculture are analyzed: efficiency and benefit targets cause change of EU agricultural management model; change of agricultural product supply-demand pattern leads the evolution of EU agricultural development idea; the reflection of agricultural development target impels the transformation of EU agricultural development. On this basis,the below conclusions are obtained: agricultural development could evolve according to the changes of economic and social conditions; it is a necessary requirement of promoting internal market stability and international market harmony to actively use agricultural support policies adapting to agricultural development at each stage; it is an important measurement of impelling agricultural modernization process to promote innovation of agricultural management model and development of market integration; it is an inevitable road of realizing sustainable development of agriculture to develop ecological agriculture and emphasize equal development of agriculture and countryside. On this basis,it could provide the reference for agricultural development of China based on EU agricultural development experience.

Comparison of the Photosynthetic Characteristics of Two Developmental Stages in Nostoc sphaeroides Kützing (Cyanophyta)

The photosynthetic activities between two main developmental stages, colony and hormogonium, of the edible cyanobacterium Nostoc sphaeroides Kutzing, were compared. Hormogonia have a higher content of chlorophyll than that of colonies. It showed that the ratios of phycocyain （PC）, allophycocyain （APC） and phycoerythrocyanin （PEC） in hormogonia and colonies were different. The room temperature chlorophyll fluorescence, 77 K chlorophyll fluorescence, measurements of PSⅠand PS Ⅱ activities all showed that colony has higher photosynthetic competence than hormogonia. Hormogonia had a higher respiration rate than colony, while their maximum photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates were very close. The responses of hormogonia and colonies to high light illuminations also were different. Both of their oxygen evolution rates decreased quickly with the prolonged high light illumination, but hormogonia can keep relatively higher PSⅡ activity （Fv/Fm） than that of colonies. The results suggested that colony was photosynthetically more competent than hormogonia, while the ability of hormogonia to tolerate high light illumination was higher than that of colony.

Discussion on the Regional Division of the Development Stage of China's Wind Power

This paper constructs the index system of the regional division of the development stage of China's wind power resources,including the index of energy,the index of wind energy endowments and other indices.Based on principal component analysis and layered clustering analysis of these indices,and combined with the conceptual function of the development and utilization stage of the wind power,this paper divides the development and utilization stage of the wind power into four stages taking province as the basic yardstick:optimization growth stage,the rapid growth stage,the slow growth stage and the initial growth stage.In addition,this paper briefly discusses the basic strategy that should be adopted in each development stage of wind power resources.

Models for Initial Allocation of Emission Permits in a River Basin During Industrial Development:A Case Study of Huaihe River Basin,China

At present,water pollutant emission trading plays an increasingly important role in pollution control in many foreign countries,and its pilot studies and demonstration have also been started in China.In order to solve the problem of initial allocation of emission permits:premise and basis of emission trading in a river basin,basic principles on initial allocation of actual emission permits in China are put forward.And it is thought that local development stage of industry should be taken into full account for initial allocation model of emission permits.There are five different allocation models in different development stages of industry,including models like distribution according to needs,improved same-rate reduction,performance,integration and environmental capacity,etc.The initial allocation of emission permits in various basins should choose a suitable model in accordance with their respective development stages.It is suggested in this article that integrated allocation model should be a main choice for current development stage of industry in China.

Efficient Resource Allocation to Take Center Stage in China's Economic Development

China has basically succeeded in its quantitative catch-up with advanced economies and has now entered into a new stage of economic development focused on the greater efficiency of resource allocation. In order to achieve the objectives of the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, efforts must be made to reform the ＂petty-farmer＂ economic mode of production while promoting specialization, modernization, and economies of scale. The restructuring and upgrade of the manufacturing sector should be focused on existing industries and the development of high-end industries while maintaining China＇s comparative advantage in narrowing technology gaps with advanced economies. The goal should be to transform China from a large industrial manufacturer into a competitive one. Technological innovation should be based on demand, supported by projects, carried out by firms through the social division of labor, and work to increase the capacity of la^e enterprises to integrate the results of innovation. Materialized labor consumption and logistical costs must be reduced, and the quality and level of urbanization must be increased. To assist productivity development, urban citizenship should be granted to rural migrant workers. In addition, the urbanization of those who remain in the countryside should be promoted in order for rural populations to enjoy the benefits of industrially robust, technologically modern and ecologically sound civilization.

New Stage for Railway Reform and Development

1. Review of railway work in 1996 The year 1996 was an important year for China’s railways in facing a historic turning point—— committing itself to a programme of structural re-

Exploring the Developmental Stages of Amharic Nominal and Verbal Gender:Evidence for processability theory

The purpose of this article is twofold.First,it explores the order of the development of nominal and verbal gender of Amharic,which is one of the Ethio-Semitic languages.Second,it provides empirical evidence for the typological plausibility of processability theory(PT).In fact,PT has been tested in typologically different languages(e.g.,English,Italian,and Japan);however,it does not have any validation from Ethiopian languages in general and Ethio-Semitic languages in particular yet.Relevant data was collected from sixteen respondents via picture description tasks,short storytelling,interviews,story re-telling,and spot the difference tasks.Distributional analysis was conducted for the analysis,and the point of emergence of target structures was determined using the emergence criteria.Accordingly,the result shows that the development of gender assignment is compatible with processability theory’s predictions in that lexical procedure precedes phrasal procedure,which is followed by S-procedure.Moreover,the masculine gender emerged earlier than its feminine counterpart at all developmental stages.However,subject agreement markers in pro-drop context emerged at stage two preceding subject verb agreement.This finding is against processability theory’s claim that suggests subject agreement markers only emerge at stage four of the processability hierarchy disregarding their stages of development in pro-drop context in particular.

Changes in hippocampal neurons and memory function during the developmental stage of newborn rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

BACKGROUND: Under the normal circumstance, there exist some synapses with inactive functions in central nervous system (CNS), but these functions are activated following nerve injury. At the early stage of brain injury, the abnormal functions of brain are varied, and they have very strong plasticity and are corrected easily. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of neuronal morphology in hippocampal CA1 region and memory function in newborn rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) from ischemia 6 hours to adult. DESIGN: Completely randomized grouping, controlled experiment. SETTING: Taian Health Center for Women and Children; Taishan Medical College. MATERIALS: Altogether 120 seven-day-old Wistar rats, of clean grade, were provided by the Experimental Animal Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Synaptophysin (SYN) polyclonal antibody was provided by Maixin Biological Company, Fuzhou. METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of Morphology, Taishan Medical College between October 2000 and December 2003. ① The newborn rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: model group and control group, 60 rats in each group. Five rats were chosen from each group at postoperative 6 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 7 days, 2 weeks and 3 weeks separately for immunohistochemical staining. Fifteen newborn rats were chosen from each group at postoperative 4 weeks and 2 months separately for testing memory ability (After test, 5 rats from each group were sacrificed and used for immunohistochemical staining)② The right common carotid artery of newborn rats of model group was ligated under the anesthetized status. After two hours of incubation, the rats were placed for 2 hours in a container filled with nitrogen oxygen atmosphere containing 0.08 volume fraction of oxygen, thus, HIE models were created; As for the newborn rats in the control group, only blood vessels were isolated, and they were not ligated and hypoxia-treated. ③ Thalamencephal tissue sections of newborn rats of two groups were performed DAB developing and haematoxylin slight staining. Cells with normal nucleous in 250 μm-long granular layer which started from hippocampal CA1 region were counted with image analysis system under high-fold optical microscope (×600), and the thickness of granular layer was measured. The absorbance (A) of positive reactant of SYN in immunohistochemically-stained CA1 region was measured. Learning and memory ability were measured with step through test 3 times successively. ④ t test and paired t test were used for comparing intergroup and intragroup difference of measurement data respectively, and Chi-square for comparing the difference of enumeration data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Comparison of cytological changes in hippocampal CA1 region and memory ability at different postoperative time points between two groups. RESULTS: Totally 120 newborn rats were involved in the result analysis. ① Cell morphological changes in hippocampal CA1 region: In the control group, with aging, perikaryon, nucleus and nucleolus in cortex of parietal lobe were significantly increased, Nissl body was compacted, the amount of neurons was declined, but the A of SYN positive reactant was relatively increased. In the model group, at postoperative each time point, neurons were seriously shrunk and dark-stained, nucleus was contracted, chromatin was condensed, nucleolus was unclear, even cells disappeared, especially the cells in 6 hours and 24 hours groups. The amount of neurons with normal morphology in hippocampal CA1 region and granular layer thickness in the model group at postoperative each time point were significantly less or smaller than those in the control group at postoperative 6 hours respectively (t =3.002-1.254, P < 0.01). The A value of SYN positive reactant at postoperative 2, 3 and 4 weeks was significantly higher than that at previous time point (t =2.011-2.716,P < 0.05-0.01). ② Test results of learning and memory ability: In the first test, there was no significant difference in the ratio of rats which kept memory ability between two groups (P > 0.05); In the third test, the ratio of rats which kept memory ability in the model group was significantly lower than that in the control group at postoperative 4 weeks and 2 months[53%(8/15),100%(15/15);60%(9/15),93%(14/15),χ 2=2.863,2.901,P < 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The destroyed hippocampal structure induces the decrease of learning and memory ability of developmental rats. Early interference can increase the quality of neurons and also promote functional development of the nervous system.

Human Development from the Perspective of Ecology

the pursuit of the liberation of all mankind and the comprehensive development of human freedom is the theme of all marxist theories.Marx in the criticism of classical political economics“abstract”,to the whole history of the definition of“general”,found the abstract“general”of the people behind the objective existence and state of development,so as to clearly indicate the relationship between man and nature of human development has experienced on the basis of the nature of the dependence on one stage,gradually from natural objects depends on the stage and with the natural fusion of freedom comprehensive stage,and the concrete connotation of man’s free overall and implementation path.