An elastic model for bioinspired design of carbon nanotube bundles

Collagen fibers provide a good example of making strong micro-or mesoscale fibers from nanoscale tropocollagen molecules through a staggered and crosslinked organization in a bottom-up manner.Mimicking the architectural features of collagen fibers has been shown to be a promising approach to develop carbon nanotube（CNT）fibers of high performance.In the present work,an elastic model is developed to describe the load transfer and failure propagation within the bioinspired CNT bundles,and to establish the relations of the mechanical properties of the bundles with a number of geometrical and physical parameters such as the CNT aspect ratio and longitudinal gap,interface cross-link density,and the functionalizationinduced degradation in CNTs,etc.With the model,the stress distributions along the CNT-CNT interface as well as in every individual CNT are well captured,and the failure propagation along the interface and its effects on the mechanical properties of the CNT bundles are predicted.The work may provide useful guidelines for the design of novel CNT fibers in practice.

Theoretical understandings, key technologies and practices of tight conglomerate oilfield efficient development: A case study of the Mahu oilfield, Junggar Basin, NW China

A series of theoretical explorations and field tests have been carried out to efficiently develop the Mahu tight conglomerate oilfield in the Junggar Basin.Concepts of steered-by-edge fracturing and proactive fracturing interference were proposed.A series of innovative technologies were developed and implemented including optimization of 3-D staggered well pattern,proactive control and utilization of spatial stress field,and synergetic integration of multiple elements.Different from shale,the unique rock fabric and strong heterogeneities of tight conglomerate formation are favorable factors for forming complex fractures,small space well pattern can proactively control and make use of interwell interference to increase the complexity of fracture network,and the"optimum-size and distribution"hydraulic fracturing can be achieved through synergetic optimization.During pilot phase of this field,both depletion with hydraulically fractured vertical wells and volume fracturing in horizontal wells were tested after water injection through vertical wells,then the multi-stage fracturing with horizontal well was taken as the primary development technology.A series of engineering methods were tested,and key development parameters were evaluated such as well spacing,lateral length,fractures spacing,fracturing size,and fracturing operation process.According to geoengineering approach,the 100 m/150 m tridimensional tight-spacing staggered development method was established with systematic integration of big well clusters,multiple stacked pay zones,small well spacing,long lateral length,fine perforation clustering,zipper fracturing and factory operation.According to half-year production performance,100 m/150 m small spacing wells outperformed 500 m/400 m/300 m spacing wells.Its average estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)of wells was identical with those best wells from large-spacing area.Compared with the overall performance of Mahu oilfield,the drainage efficiency and estimated recovery factor of this pilot were significantly boosted with improved economics.

THE PRODUCTIVITY OF WELL PATTERN WITH HORIZONTAL WELLS AND VERTICAL WELLS

The calculation of productivity and the choice of well pattern of mixedhorizontal and vertical wells were discussed in this paper. Because the naturall drainage areas ofhorizontal wells are oval rather than circular, rectangular drainage well patterns should beadopted. Using pseudo 3-di-mensional method and conformal transformation, the potential function ofa row of horizontal wells was deduced. Using this function and the superposition principle, ananalytical solution of the productivity for the rectangular mixed well pattern was given.Quantitative means for defining the shapes of the optimum pattern were developed in this paper byintroducing two dimensionless parameters, the shape factor and dimensionless length of horizontalwell. The formula for productvity was used to optimize the mixed well patterns. The curves of theoptimized shape factor against dimensionless length of horizontal well were drawn. The results showthat the pattern area and formation thickness have no effect on the optimal shape factors and can beapplied to the design of development for oil fields.

Modeling natural convection heat transfer from perforated plates

Staggered pattern perforations are introduced to isolated isothermal plates,vertical parallel isothermal plates,and vertical rectangular isothermal fins under natural convection conditions.The performance of perforations was evaluated theoretically based on existing correlations by considering effects of ratios of open area,inclined angles,and other geometric parameters.It was found that staggered pattern perforations can increase the total heat transfer rate for isolated isothermal plates and vertical parallel plates,with low ratios of plate height to wall-to-wall spacing(H/s),by a factor of 1.07 to 1.21,while only by a factor of 1.03 to 1.07 for vertical rectangular isothermal fins,and the magnitude of enhancement is proportional to the ratio of open area.However,staggered pattern perforations are detrimental to heat transfer enhancement of vertical parallel plates with large H/s ratios.