Ultrasonic C-scan Detection for Stainless Steel Spot Welding Based on Wavelet Package Analysis

An ultrasonic test of spot welding for stainless steel is conducted. Based on wavelet packet decomposition, the ultrasonic echo signal has been analyzed deeply in time - frequency domain, which can easily distinguish the nugget from the corona bond. The 2D C-scan images produced by ultrasonic C scan which contribute to quantitatively calculate the nugget diameter for the computer are further analyzed. The spot welding nugget diameter can be automatically obtained by image enhancement, edge detection and equivalent diameter algorithm procedure. The ultrasonic detection values in this paper show good agreement with the metallographic measured values. The mean value of normal distribution curve is 0.006 67, and the standard deviation is 0.087 11. Ultrasonic C-scan test based on wavelet packet signal analysis is of high accuracy and stability.

Lap-Shear Performance of Weld-Bonded Mg Alloy and Austenitic Stainless Steel in Three-Sheet Stack-Up

With the growing interest in utilizing Mg and austenitic stainless steel(ASS)in the automotive sector,joining them together in three-sheet configuration is inevitable.However,achieving this task presents considerable challenges due to the large differences in their physical,metallurgical and mechanical properties.To overcome these challenges,the feasibility of using weld-bonding to join Mg alloy/ASS/ASS was investigated.The nugget formation,interface characteristics,microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated.The results show that the connection between the Mg alloy and upper ASS was achieved through the combined effect of the cured adhesive and weld-brazing in the weld zone.On the other hand,a metallurgical bond was formed at the ASS/ASS interface.The Mg nugget microstructure exhibited fine columar grains composed predominantly of primaryα-Mg grains along with a eutectic mixture ofα-Mg andβ-Mg17Al12.The nugget formed at the ASS/ASS interface consisted largely of columnar grains of austenite,with some equiaxed dendritic grains formed at the centerline of the joint.The weld-bonded joints exhibited an average peak load and energy absorption of about 8.5 kN and 17 J,respectively(the conventional RSW joints failed with minimal or no load application).The failure mode of the joints changed with increasing welding current from interfacial failure via the Mg nugget/upper ASS interface to partial interfacial failure(part of the Mg nugget was pulled out of the Mg sheet).Both failure modes were accompanied by cohesive failure in the adhesive zone.

Rapid ultrasonic C-scan on image test for spot welding based interpolation

In this paper, ultrasonic C-scan test of spot welds for stainless steel has been studied. It is concluded that large scanning step length contributes to high testing efficiency, however, the low-resolution C-scan image generated cannot be used to assess spot welding quality reliably. Based on bicubic image interpolation, the C-scan image in low resolution with the large step length 1 000 ~xm is subdivided and reconstructed. By this means, the C-scan image resolution is greatly enhanced and testing results obtained are satisfactory, realizing rapid assessment of spot welds. The results of rapid ultrasonic C-scan test fit the actual metallographic measured value well. Mean value of normal distribution of error statistics is O. 006 67, and the standard deviation is O. 087 11. Rapid ultrasonic C-scan test based on image interpolation is of high accuracy and excellent stability.

Interfacial microstructure and property of resistance spot welding joints of titanium to stainless steel

Commercially pure titanium and stainless steel sheets were welded using the technique of resistance spot welding with an aluminum alloy insert. The interfacial microstructure of the joint was observed and analyzed using electron microscopy; the tensile shear strength was investigated. An approximate 160 nm thick layer of Al solid solution supersaturated with Ti was observed at the interface between titanium and aluminum alloy. The solid solution layer contained the precipitates TiAla. And an approximate 1. 5 μm thick serrate reaction layer was observed at the interface between stainless steel and aluminum alloy. The maximum tensile shear load of 5.38 kN was obtained from the joint welded at the welding current of 10 kA. The results reveal that the property of the joint between titanium and stainless steel can be improved by using an aluminum alloy insert.

Deformation at Room and Low Temperatures and Martensite Transformation in Resistance Spot Welding Duplexγ&α(δ) Materials of 301L Stainless Steel

Transformation induced plasticity （TRIP） and twinning induced plasticity （TWlP） effects had been widely studied in single austenite steel. But in duplex γ ＆ α（δ） phase, such as welding materials of stainless steel, they had been less studied. Tensile shear loading experiment of resistance spot welding specimens prepared with 2 mm 301L sheets, was carried out at 15℃ and -50℃. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） as well as X-ray diffraction （XRD） were used to investigate the microstructure of weld nugget, and specimens fracture surface. The results showed that the initial weld nugget was composed of 8.4% α（δ） ferrite and 91.6% austenite. Tensile shear load bearing capacity of spot welding specimen at -50℃ was 24.8 kN, 17.7% higher than that at 15℃. About 78.5 vol. pct. martensite transformation was induced by plastic deformation at -50℃, while about 67.9 vol. pct transformation induced at 15℃. The plasticity of spot welding joint decreased with the decline of experimental temperature.

Electrical-thermal interaction simulation for resistance spot welding nugget process of mild steel and stainless steel

A three dimensional finite difference electrical thermal model for resistance spot welding nugget process of mild steel and stainless steel is introduced. A simulation method of the interaction of electrical and thermal factors is presented. Meanwhile, calculation method of contact resistance and treatment method of heater structure is provided. The influence of the temperature dependent material properties and various cooling boundary conditions on welding process was also taken into account in the model. A method for improving the mild steel and stainless steel joint was analyzed in numerical simulation process. Experimental verification shows that the model prediction agrees well with the practice. The model provides a useful theoretic tool for the analysis of the process of resistance spot welding of mild steel and stainless steel.

Welding of shape memory alloy to stainless steel for medical occluder

Dissimilar metal joining between NiTi shape memory alloy（SMA） and stainless steel was conducted.A cluster of NiTi SMA wires were first joined with tungsten inert gas（TIG） welding process,then the NiTi SMA TIG weld was welded to a stainless steel pipe with laser spot welding process.The microstructure of the welds was examined with an optical microscope and the elemental distribution in the welds was measured by electron probe microanalysis（EPMA）.The results show that TiC compounds dispersively distribute in the NiTi SMA TIG weld.However,the amount of TiC compounds greatly decreases around the fusion boundary of the laser spot weld between the NiTi SMA and stainless steel.Mutual diffusion between NiTi shape memory alloy and stainless steel happen within a short distance near the fusion boundary,and intermetallic compounds such as Ni3Ti＋（Fe,Ni）Ti appear around the fusion boundary.

Microstructure and Property Relationships in Resistance Spot Weld between 7114 Interstitial Free Steel and 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel

Due to the differences in physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the base metals, the resistance spot welding of dissimilar materials is generally more challenging than that of similar materials. The influence of the primary welding parameters affecting the heat input such as peak current on the morphology, microhardness, and tensile shear load bearing capacity of dissimilar welds between 304 grades austenitic and 7114 grade interstitial free steel has been investigated in this study. The optimum welding parameters producing maximum joint strength were established at a peak current of 9 kA, where the electrode force is kept 6×10^-5 Pa and weld time is kept constant 17 cycles, respectively. The primary cause of weakening the weldment is identified as the excessive grain growing region of heat affected zone （HAZ） in case of 7114 grade interstitial free steel.

Cracking Phenomenon in Spot Welded Joints of Austenitic Stainless Steel

The spot welds nugget cracking of austenitic stainless steel at temperatures between 700°C - 1010°C was investigated. Traditionally, the cracks have been observed around the spot nugget in welded temperature. Actually, these cracks are developed due to incomplete melting and inappropriate electrode pressure, which causes an expulsion of molten metal. These cracks start to grow and cause either the interface or plug fracture according to the loading type. In this work, the micro-cracks in the weld nugget were indicated for this type of steel at elevated temperature. Cracks appear in a certain range of temperature;about 700°C - 750°C. The cracks like defect and cavitations were presented. According to the fracture mechanics point of view, these cracks reduce the mechanical strength. Therefore, these cracks have to be taken into account with a certain precaution. Moreover, considering the working temperature and reducing the element may develop ferrite particles.

Revealing microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of resistance spot welded NiTi-stainless steel with Ni or Nb interlayer

Dissimilar welding of NiTi and stainless steel(SS)for multifunctional device fabrication is challenging due to the brittle nature of intermetallic compounds(IMCs)that are formed in the weld zone.In this work,Ni and Nb interlayers were applied for the resistance spot welding(RSW)of NiTi and SS to replace the harmful Fe_(2)Ti phase and to restrict the mixing of dissimilar molten metals,respectively.Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the joints were investigated.It was shown that a conventional weld nugget was created in the absence of any interlayer in the welded joint suffering from traversed cracks due to the formation of brittle IMCs network in the fusion zone(FZ).By the addition of Ni from the interlayer,Fe_(2)Ti dominated weld nugget was efficaciously replaced by Ni_(3)Ti phase;however,the presence of the large pore and cracks reduced the effective joining area.The use of a Nb interlayer resulted in a fundamentally different joint,in which FZs at NiTi and SS sides separated by the unmolten Nb would suppress the mixing of dissimilar molten metals.Nb-containing eutectic structures with low brittleness formed at the interfaces,contributing to the enhancement of joint strength(increased by 38%on fracture load and 460%on energy absorption).A high-melting-point interlayer showed great potential to realize a reliable and high-performing RSWed NiTi-SS joint.

添加高熵合金粉末AZ31B镁合金/304不锈钢电阻点焊接头组织和力学性能

以FeCoNiCrMn高熵合金为中间层,获得高质量的AZ31B/不锈钢电阻点焊接头。分析过渡区与两侧母材的反应扩散行为,检测接头性能并优化焊接工艺。结果表明:包含FeCoNiCrMn颗粒的过渡区成功连接镁、钢两母材。镁合金侧界面主要是颗粒周围反应生成的Fe4Al13金属间化合物;而不锈钢侧边界主要由(Fe,Ni)固溶体和Fe4Al13金属间化合物两部分组成。拉剪载荷F随焊接电流I和焊接压力P的增加,焊接时间t的延长,呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,在18.2~22.5 kA,15~35周波,2.0~10.6 kN的实验工艺范围内,添加高熵合金镁/钢点焊接头拉剪载荷在3.2 kN以上,最大拉剪载荷为5.605 kN,相比未添加高熵合金镁/钢点焊接头拉剪载荷提高了397%。高熵合金过渡层形成了大量(Fe,Ni)固溶体,减少Fe4Al13脆性金属间化合物的生成,有效提高了接头的力学性能。

马氏体不锈钢薄板电阻点焊技术研究进展

马氏体不锈钢电阻点焊性能较差的特性阻碍了其在薄板结构上的应用。笔者对比马氏体和奥氏体不锈钢的物理和力学特性,分析了马氏体不锈钢电阻点焊性能差的根源;综述了马氏体不锈钢薄板电阻点焊技术研究现状,包括点焊接头的微观组织形成机理、接头的力学性能和断裂模式等。笔者特别关注了一些改善马氏体不锈钢点焊性能、提高马氏体不锈钢接头承载能力的工艺方法,如引入二次脉冲电流改善熔核韧性、引入中间层改变熔核组织、采用复合连接技术等,并对这些技术措施的应用前景进行了展望。

外加磁场对高强不锈钢电阻点焊熔核组织与性能调控技术研究

针对轨道车辆高强不锈钢材料电阻点焊存在的压痕明显、熔核直径波动较大、熔核中心缩孔等问题,探索了磁控电阻点焊技术对提升焊接质量和接头性能的潜力。通过在现有电阻点焊设备上增加环形永磁体,利用外加磁场对熔融金属进行电磁搅拌,发现磁控电阻点焊能够显著改善焊点质量和接头性能。与传统电阻点焊相比,磁控点焊可降低凸痕高度80.6%,增大熔核直径12.0%,并将熔核等轴晶区的枝晶间比例从29%改善至6%。此外,磁控点焊接头的拉剪断裂载荷提高11.8%,疲劳强度也得到了提升。通过微观组织观测发现,磁控点焊能够有效细化熔核晶粒,使枝晶间比例大幅下降,从而提高接头表面强度,降低压痕深度。疲劳试验结果表明,磁控点焊接头的疲劳寿命显著提高,且断裂模式由传统点焊的界面断裂转变为高韧性的纽扣断裂模式。研究为磁控电阻点焊技术在不锈钢轨道车辆制造中的应用提供了实验数据支持,并为无涂装车辆高可靠无痕点焊提供了借鉴。

铁素体和马氏体不锈钢薄板的电阻点焊技术研究现状

对比了铁素体、马氏体和奥氏体不锈钢的热物理特性和力学性能.分析了铁素体和马氏体不锈钢的电阻点焊的可行性及难点.综述了铁素体和马氏体不锈钢电阻点焊技术的研究现状,包括点焊接头的微观组织、力学性能和断裂模式等,以及改善铁素体和马氏体不锈钢点焊性、提高电焊接头承载性能的工艺和技术措施.

奥氏体不锈钢小径管焊缝超声波相控阵检测技术应用及分析

针对奥氏体不锈钢小径管焊缝的失效机理和裂纹缺陷特点,研究制定了专用超声波相控阵检测技术,并确定了验收标准及裂纹判断方法,选取35条焊缝进行现场试验验证。结果表明:超声波相控阵不合格焊缝与内表面液体渗透检测结果基本一致;超声波相控阵与射线检测约50%焊缝结果一致,超声波相控阵和射线检测均存在裂纹漏检。通过理论、试验结果及试验数据统计分析,得出超声波相控阵技术能够有效检测出役致裂纹;超声波相控阵技术在单侧扫查时,对探头对侧焊缝区域裂纹缺陷检出率低,容易发生漏检;超声波相控阵技术对于高度较小的裂纹,容易误判缺陷性质;射线检测对役致裂纹的检出率低,从检测结果统计分析可得出,检出率低于超声波相控阵技术。

奥氏体不锈钢管环焊缝超声相控阵检测分析讨论

本文通过分析奥氏体不锈钢晶粒粗大对超声检测的影响,结合超声衰减的特性,在NB/T 47013—2015《承压设备无损检测》和NB/T 47013.15—2021《承压设备无损检测第15部分:相控阵超声检测》标准下设计了两个对比实验。通过两次超声检测对比实验和超声检测-射线检测对比实验,验证了相控阵超声检测相较于常规超声检测在不锈钢管环焊缝检测中更可靠、更准确。

Q235/304不锈钢异种钢焊接接头超声相控阵检测研究

异种钢焊接接头具备高强度、高耐腐蚀性以及低成本等特性,已经被广泛应用于锅炉、管道和压力容器等特种设备中。然而由于异种钢焊接接头的材料组织、力学性能以及残余应力不均匀,在制造和服役后极易出现开裂等缺陷,采用常规无损检测存在检测精度低、扫查范围小等缺点,导致缺陷难以检出。针对上述问题,以Q235/304不锈钢两种典型异种钢焊接接头为研究对象,推导了超声相控阵检测异种材料聚焦延时计算法则,制作Q235和304不锈钢焊接试块,并利用汕超SUPOR32P/32PT检测仪结合延时法则检测含有预制未熔合、未焊透和裂纹的人工缺陷,然后通过射线检测对比分析。检测结果表明:相较于传统超声检查技术,采用超声相控阵检测技术检测的定位误差小于5mm,长度定量误差均小于10%,定性分类准确度达到100%,能够较好地满足异种钢焊接接头质量检测要求。

Effect of electrode morphology on steel/aluminum alloy joint

Microstructure characteristics of dissimilar-metal resistance spot welded joints of SUS301 L austenitic stainless steel and 6063-T6 aluminum alloy, and effects of electrode morphology were studied. Results indicated that welded joints of dissimilar materials between austenitic stainless steel and aluminum alloy had characteristics of welding-brazing. The aluminum nugget consisted mainly of the cellular crystal, cellular dendrites and dendrites. The interface between austenitic stainless steel and aluminum alloy had a two-layered structures:a flat front surface θ-Fe_2Al_5 on the steel side and a serrated morphology θ-FeAl_3 on the aluminium alloy side, and it was the weakest zone of the joints. The electrode morphology had great effects on spot welded joints of stainless steel and aluminum alloy. The custom electrodes were a planar circular tip electrode with tip diameter of 10 mm on the stainless steel side and a spherical tip electrode with spherical radius of 35 mm on the aluminum alloy side. When the custom electrodes were used, the nugget diameter, tensile shear load and indentation ratio of spot welded joint were 7.22 mm, 3 606 N and 10.71%, respectively. The nugget diameter and joint tensile shear load increased by 34% and 102% respectively, and the indentation ratio decreased by 65% compared with the F-type electrodes(nugget diameter: 5.384 mm, tensile-shear load 1 783 N, indentation rate 30.94%). Therefore, it was more favorable to use the custom electrodes for improving the mechanical properties and appearance quality of resistance spot welded joints of stainless steel and aluminum alloy.

18Ni不锈钢电阻点焊接头力学性能有限元仿真

为了研究航空用18Ni马氏体不锈钢电阻点焊接头的剪切性能和微观组织,开展了18Ni马氏体不锈钢的电阻点焊试验和点焊接头的剪切试验,并采用有限元分析软件,仿真了点焊接头在剪切过程中的应力分布。结果表明,18Ni不锈钢电阻点焊接头的最大抗剪力为45.01 kN,最小抗剪力为36.87 kN;仿真结果显示,剪切过程中的应力主要集中分布在焊点处,尤其是两块试板中间的焊点位置应力最大;观察金相组织后发现,点焊接头的微观组织类似于铸造组织,粗大的柱状晶从焊缝边缘向焊缝中心生长,最终在焊缝中心形成一条明显的晶界线,同时发现,晶粒内部的组织为针状马氏体组织和残余奥氏体组织,热影响区的晶粒为等轴晶,且等轴晶的晶粒尺寸小于焊缝柱状晶的晶粒尺寸,还发现焊缝内部存在有微裂纹缺陷。

超声振动对304不锈钢窄间隙TIG焊接接头组织和力学性能的影响

针对304不锈钢窄间隙TIG(非熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊)焊接焊缝晶粒粗大、接头拉伸性能较差等问题,采用将超声振动头施加在试板,在TIG焊接过程引入超声振动的方法对其进行焊接,研究了焊接接头的组织和力学性能。结果表明:引入超声振动后,在热力学和动力学综合作用下,焊缝熔深增加,焊缝区柱状晶向等轴晶转变速率提高,等轴晶占比增多,晶粒细化;与常规TIG相比,引入超声振动后改善了304不锈钢窄间隙焊接接头的焊缝组织,提高了其力学性能,焊缝区的硬度明显提高,接近于母材,焊接接头的抗拉强度和屈服强度也均高于常规TIG焊接接头,伸长率也得到提高;当超声振幅为40μm时,焊接接头的抗拉强度最高,为674 MPa,屈服强度也较高,为376 MPa,断后伸长率为25%。