ORDER-PICKING OPTIMIZATION FOR AUTOMATED PICKING SYSTEM WITH PARALLEL DISPENSERS

Based on the characteristics of parallel dispensers in automated picking system, an order-picking optimization problem is presented. Firstly, the working principle of parallel dispensers is introduced, which implies the time cost of picking each order is influenced by the order-picking sequence. So the order-picking optimization problem can be classified as a dynamic traveling salesman problem （TSP）. Then a mathematical model of the problem is established and an improved max-min ant system （MMAS） is adopted to solve the model. The improvement includes two aspects. One is that the initial assignment of ants depends on a probabilistic formula instead of a random deployment; the other is that the heuristic factor is expressed by the extra picking time of each order instead of the total. At last, an actual simulation is made on an automated picking system with parallel dispensers. The simulation results proved the optimization value and the validity of improvement on MMAS.

Fluid-based Slotting Optimization for Automated Order Picking System with Multiple Dispenser Types

Slotting strategy heavily influences the throughput and operational cost of automated order picking system with multiple dispenser types, which is called the complex automated order picking system （CAOPS）. Existing research either focuses on one aspect of the slotting optimization problem or only considers one part of CAOPS, such as the Low-volume Dispensers, to develop corresponding slotting strategies. In order to provide a comprehensive and systemic approach, a fluid-based slotting strategy is proposed in this paper. The configuration of CAOPS is presented with specific reference to its fast-picking and restocking subsystems. Based on extended fluid model, a nonlinear mathematical programming model is developed to determine the optimal volume allotted to each stock keeping unit （SKU） in a certain mode by minimize the restocking cost of that mode. Conclusion from the allocation model is specified for the storage modules of high-volume dispensers and low-volume dispensers. Optimal allocation of storage resources in the fast-picking area of CAOPS is then discussed with the aim of identifying the optimal space of each picking mode. The SKU assignment problem referring to the total restocking cost of CAOPS is analyzed and a greedy heuristic with low time complexity is developed according to the characteristics of CAOPS. Real life application from the tobacco industry is presented in order to exemplify the proposed slotting strategy and assess the effectiveness of the developed methodology. Entry-item-quantity （EIQ） based experiential solutions and proposed-model-based near-optimal solutions are compared. The comparison results show that the proposed strategy generates a savings of over 18% referring to the total restocking cost over one-year period. The strategy proposed in this paper, which can handle the multiple dispenser types, provides a practical quantitative slotting method for CAOPS and can help picking-system-designers make slotting decisions efficiently and effectively.

ACCELERATED LIFE TEST STUDIES OF NEW COATED DISPENSER CATHODES

The life of impregnated Ba-W cathodes with a new construction have been evaluated using an accelerated life test at three different temperatures (1170℃,1130℃,1090℃) and constant current density (2A/cm^2).According to the relationship of life with operating temperatures,an accelerated equation has been set up.The cathode life at normal operating temperature is deducted based on the accelerated equation.The results show that life of the novel cathode exceeds 190,000 hour at a current density of 2A/cm^2.

A NEW Ba-W DISPENSER CATHODE IMPREGNATED WITH BARIUM YTTERBATE

A new kind of Ba-W dispenser cathode impregnated with barium ytterbate has been deve-loped.It has good properties;high coefficient of secondary emission,strong ability of resisting oxygenpoisoning,high thermionic emission current density and more uniform emission on the cathode surface.The cathode is suitable for using as an electron emitter for microwave tubes,especially magnetrons.

H_2 Output Feedback Control for Airborne Dispenser Uncertain Generalized System

The problem of H2 output feedback control for generalized system with structural uncertainties is studied using linear matrix inequality approach. A sufficient condition Of linear matrix inequality is presented such that the closed-loop system is stable and satisfies H2 performance for all admissible uncertainties. Furthermore, the solution of the controller is given. An H2 output feedback controller is designed in the airborne dispenser pitch channel, and the simulation results show that the controller is effective.

RCS Reduction of Airborne Dispenser

The radar cross section (RCS) of dispenser and its components is computed by graphical electromagnetic computing (GRECO) method, which bases on physical optics (PO) method. A satisfied agreement is gotten between computed and measured results outdoor. The results show that the main scattering source of the dispenser is the mirror reflecting of the body; in the most crucial nose-on region, the nose mirror reflecting plays important role; the corner reflecting is important to the fins' RCS. The corresponding measures to reduce dispenser's RCS are proposed. It is indicated that to reduce RCS, shaping should be adopts first, while aerodynamic characteristics and stealth characteristics should be considered synthetically during the design of dispenser.

Impact of Training of Dispensers on Case Management of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections at Community Pharmacies in Pakistan

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of training of dispensers on the process of case management of ARI at community pharmacies in context to history taking and provision of advice working at community pharmacies in Islamabad, Pakistan. Method: A randomized, controlled, blinded intervention study was designed and implemented. Before the implementation of intervention, a baseline study was performed to assess the process of case management for ARI at community pharmacies. The study population included all community pharmacy outlets in Islamabad. After data collection, data was analyzed. The result of the study revealed that the overall process of disease management of ARI at community pharmacies in Pakistan is not satisfactory. Pharmacies of Islamabad which were visited in pre intervention phase (118) were divided into two geographical regions A (intervention) and B (control). From which thirty pharmacies were selected randomly from each region. The targeted group of the interventions was drug sellers. Keeping in view the results of the base line study an educational intervention was designed to improve the case management of ARI at community pharmacies in Pakistan. Results: No significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) was seen in the process of history taking and advice provision in case of ARI management at community pharmacies between pre and post control groups. On the other hand significant difference in the process of history taking and provision of advice for ARI was observed in the intervention group before and after training. Conclusion: The study has highlighted that improvements in the current dispensing practices at community pharmacies are possible through appropriate educational interventions. The dispensers have the potential to provide fast and low cost healthcare to the masses in the country where the presence of doctors and qualified pharmacist is low;to date they are an untapped and underutilized source in the country.

HIGH EMISSION PERFORMANCE IMPREGNATED DISPENSER CATHODE

In order to obtain higher emission performance than that of a traditional M-type cathode, we have developed a new type impregnated dispenser cathode. The new cathode is impregnated with a new active substance with molar ratio of 26BaO·29SrO·8Sc2O3 ·7CaO·Al2O3 . This paper introduces the emission performance, surface active material, and work function of the new cathode. At 1100℃B , the DC current density and pulse current density are 30.6±1.0 A/cm2 and 171.6±2.8 A/cm2 , respectively, 2.1 and 5.4 times of that of an M-type cathode. The work function of the new cathode is 1.668± 0.002 eV. High concentration O-Al-Sc-Sr-Ba and O-Al-Sc-Ba are found in the pores and at pore edges, respectively. By comparing the emission performances and surface characteristics of as-polished and as-cleaned cathodes, it is proposed that, the emission around pore ends forms the major part of the total emission for the new cathodes.

Microcapillary cell extrusion deposition with picolitre dispensing resolution

Extrusion-based cell deposition has become a prominent technique for expanding bioprinting applications.However,the associated print resolution in the order of nanolitre or above has been a limiting factor.The demand for improving print resolution towards the scale of a single cell has driven the development of precision nozzle extrusion,although the benefits gained remain ambiguous.Here,aided by in situ imaging,we investigated the dynamics of cell organisation through an extrusion-based microcapillary tip with picolitre precision through in-air or immersion deposition.The microcapillary extrusion setup,termed‘Picodis’,was demonstrated by generating droplets of colouring inks immersed in an immiscible medium.Next,using 3T3 fibroblast cells as an experimental model,we demonstrated the deposition of cell suspension,and pre-aggregated cell pellets.Then,the dynamic organisation of cells within the microcapillary tip was described,along with cell ejection and deposition upon exiting the tip opening.The vision-assisted approach revealed that when dispersed in a culture medium,the movements of cells were distinctive based on the flow profiles and were purely driven by laminar fluid flow within a narrow tip.The primary process limitations were cell sedimentation,aggregation and compaction,along with trapped air bubbles.The use of picolitre-level resolution microcapillary extrusion,although it provides some level of control for a small number of cells,does not necessarily offer a reliable method when a specified number of cells are required.Our study provides insights into the process limitations of high-resolution cell ink extrusion,which may be useful for optimising biofabrication processes of cell-laden constructs for biomedical research.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF THE DISPENSER CATHODE WITH Re AS A MIDDLE LAYER

A new type of dispenser cathode with dual-layer (Os-W/Re) is developed. The cathode coated with Os-W/Re shows better emission performance than the cathode coated with Os-W alloy. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra demonstrate that ternary alloy coating (Os-W-Re) formed on the surface of the cathode with dual-layer (Os-W/Re) after full activation is the major reason why it has better emission than the cathode with Os-W alloy. The surface of each variety of the cathode is characterized with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) before and after activation: the emitting surface of the cathode with Os-W alloy after ageing appeared non-adherence (flaking) in localized areas, which is one of the reasons for non-uniform emission. However, the surface of the cathode with dual-layer (Os-W/Re) does not present film peeling under the same conditions. Thus it ensures better emission uniformity and functional reliability for the dispenser cathode.

基于FMEA法的住院药房智能药柜用药安全研究

目的提高住院药房智能药柜(ADC)的用药安全管理。方法采用失效模型和效应分析(FMEA)法,经医院护士、药师等讨论后,从信息系统、人员操作、药品信息、硬件设备、管理方法5个方面建立20个失效模型(包括32个风险点),汇总为调查问卷,并通过专家咨询和药师讨论后建立问卷评分标准。于干预前发放问卷进行调查,根据发现的风险对其中30个可操作的风险点设定干预措施,持续干预5个月后(干预后)再次进行问卷调查,比较干预前后的风险优先级数(RPN)。结果干预后,30个风险点的RPN值均不同程度降低,其中22个显著降低(P<0.05)。管理方法方面的全部风险点RPN值均显著降低(P<0.05);硬件设备方面的全部风险点RPN值均无显著改变(P>0.05)。结论FMEA法用于住院药房ADC的用药安全研究,可减少其用药风险,促进药护共同管理安全使用ADC规则的形成,尤其适用于麻醉药品等特殊药品的用药管理。

多因素线性回归模型分析门诊药房自动发药机对药师工作效率的影响

目的分析使用自动发药机对药师工作效率的影响。方法选择北京积水潭医院新街口院区和回龙观院区门诊药房(两种工作场景:配备自动发药机、完全传统手工调配模式)。以患者取药等候时间为因变量,分别以日门诊药房窗口药师数、当日该院区门诊药房处方量、患者当日就诊科室数、实际取药数量4项指标作为自变量,建立多因素线性回归模型,比较不同模型下患者取药等候时间的影响因素。以患者取药等候时间为因变量,以日门诊药房窗口药师数、是否配备自动发药机、当日该院区门诊药房处方量、患者当日就诊科室数、实际取药数量5项指标作为自变量,建立多因素线性回归模型,分析门诊药房工作药师数、是否采用自动发药机等对患者取药等候时间的影响。结果使用自动发药机院区每增加1名药师,患者取药等候时间缩短9.63 s,未使用自动发药机院区每增加1名药师,患者取药等候时间缩短5.41 s。将自动发药机作为影响因素纳入模型后,5项自变量均对患者取药等候时间有影响(P<0.05)。其中采用自动发药机的院区相比另一院区的取药等候时间节省20.08 s;院区日处方量每增1张,患者取药等候时间增加0.07 s;每增加1名门诊上班药师,患者取药等候时间减少5.69 s;患者当日每多就诊1个科室,取药等候时间增加72.72 s;患者取药数方面,取2~10盒/支相比取1盒/支、取超过10盒/支相比取1盒/支,患者取药等候时间分别减少15.72、9.25 s。结论自动发药机有助于提升门诊药房的工作效率,改善就医体验。

饵剂投放站对田间红火蚁的饵剂搬运量及防控效果研究

饵剂诱杀是防控红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren最广泛和最有效的措施。本研究利用一种新型饵剂投放站(简称饵剂站)对比分析红火蚁工蚁对0.08%茚虫威杀蚁饵剂及其载体的搬运量,并使用5 g/巢、10 g/巢、20 g/巢3种剂量的饵剂对田间红火蚁蚁巢进行单蚁巢处理,评价饵剂站对田间红火蚁的饵剂搬运量及防控效果的影响。结果表明,红火蚁工蚁对饵剂站内0.08%茚虫威饵剂及其载体的搬运量少于直接撒施处理方式的搬运量。施药24 h后,红火蚁工蚁对饵剂站内和直接撒施的0.08%茚虫威饵剂搬运量分别为14.84±3.18 g和17.71±5.88 g,差异不显著。使用饵剂站施用10 g、20 g饵剂处理28 d后,工蚁减退率、蚁巢减退率、蚁群级别降低率和综合防治效果均可达到90%以上,与直接撒施处理方式均无显著差异。虽然饵剂站会一定程度上降低红火蚁工蚁对饵剂的搬运量,但却不影响对红火蚁的防控效果,基于其防雨、防潮的优点,饵剂站可显著延长红火蚁防控的窗口期。

288家医院质子泵抑制剂注射剂脱包调剂现状及对药品质量的影响分析

目的探讨质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)注射剂的医院脱包(脱去硬纸盒外包装)调剂现状及其对药品质量的影响。方法比较2010年版、2015年版、2020年版《中国药典》及国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)、美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)、欧洲药品管理局(EMA)官网药品说明书中PPIs注射剂贮藏条件的差异。通过问卷星设计并向全国30个省(96个市)的288家三级、二级、二级以下医院发放调查问卷,调查PPIs注射剂在医院的脱包贮藏现状。观察注射用奥美拉唑钠光照后的颜色变化,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法测定脱包后在光照下奥美拉唑的含量。结果《中国药典》要求PPIs应在遮光或凉暗处贮藏,国内上市的PPIs注射剂要求遮光贮藏的药品说明书占90.59%,要求避光贮藏的占9.41%,其中注射用奥美拉唑钠原研药规定脱包后在一般室内光照条件下有效期不超过24 h;FDA和EMA的奥美拉唑钠和艾司奥美拉唑钠注射剂药品说明书均要求现用现脱包。共回收问卷408份,有效问卷356份,有效回收率为87.25%。其中,三级医院最多(占68.54%),被调查人员主要为药师(占64.89%),76.69%的工作年限超过10年,仅48.03%接受过遮光药品贮藏管理培训。PPIs注射剂在药房、运输、病区环节脱包的分别占43.75%,52.78%,79.86%,脱包后未遮光贮藏的分别占35.71%,82.24%,77.83%;脱包后使用时长主要为3~5 d(占45.14%)。注射用奥美拉唑钠脱包后在一般室内光照条件下24 h内表面变黄,随光照时间的延长逐渐加深;连续光照30 d,奥美拉唑浓度的RSD为6.67%(>5%),光照16 d的含量较光照1 d减少了12.30%。结论在医院药品流通各环节中,PPIs注射剂提前脱包且脱包后未遮光贮藏的情况普遍存在,导致药品含量降低。建议相关部门应制订PPIs注射剂的脱包管理制度,要求现用现脱包,脱包后遮光贮藏。

基于化学成分与药理作用评价当归-黄芪药对配方颗粒汤剂与传统汤剂的差异

目的评价当归-黄芪药对配方颗粒汤剂(DGD)与传统汤剂在化学成分和药理效应方面的差异,为合理应用该配方颗粒提供参考。方法以原料来源批次统一和不统一2种对比方式,设不同样品组,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法建立特征图谱,从特征图谱相似度、成分种类、指标成分含量、共有峰面积等角度对化学成分进行评价;采用失血性血虚模型小鼠评价药效。结果①DGD特征图谱与传统汤剂相似度较高(相似度>0.87);②共有色谱峰数目不一致,传统汤剂-自购饮片和传统汤剂-A厂饮片共有色谱峰各12个,A厂DGD共有色谱峰15个,B厂DGD共有色谱峰10个;③A厂DGD中阿魏酸、毛蕊异黄酮苷含量高于传统汤剂(P<0.05);B厂DGD与传统汤剂阿魏酸含量差异无统计学意义,但毛蕊异黄酮苷含量较传统汤剂低(P<0.05);④DGD共有峰面积总和与传统汤剂相比,自购传统汤剂、A厂传统汤剂及A厂配方颗粒、B厂配方颗粒中各成分含量相对比值分别为1.00、0.96、2.14、0.60;⑤DGD及传统汤剂均能明显促进失血性贫血模型小鼠血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞(RBC)恢复(P<0.01);与模型对照组比较,除B厂DGD组外均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);A厂DGD与传统汤剂差异无统计学意义,B厂DGD与传统汤剂差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论无论原料来源批次是否一致,DGD与传统汤剂在化学成分上均存在一定差异;在药理作用上,来源于同一批次饮片制备的DGD与传统汤剂对改善失血性贫血药效相当,来源于不同批次饮片制备的DGD与传统汤剂在药效上存在一定差异;不同来源批次的饮片和不同制备工艺造成不同厂家配方颗粒存在质量差异,说明国家统一配方颗粒质量标准及制定相关过程规范具有必要性与紧迫性。

化疗药物智能配药与运送系统的应用

目的 :应用化疗药物智能配药与运送系统并评价其应用效果,为保障患者用药安全和提高临床工作效率提供借鉴。方法 :采用现场观察法观察配药过程,比较人工与机器人冲配化疗药所需要的时间及药物残余量。比较化疗药物智能配药与运送系统使用前后人工与机器人冲配化疗药数量和配送化疗药次数。结果 :人工冲配每袋化疗药物时间长于机器人冲配时间(P<0.01),人工冲配药物残余量多于机器人(P<0.01)。机器人日均冲配化疗药数量多于人工(P<0.01)。机器人月均配送化疗药次数低于人工(P<0.01)。结论 :通过应用化疗药物智能配药与运送系统,可以提高给药精准度和工作效率,减少医务人员与化疗药接触频次,有利于降低职业损伤风险,值得推广应用。

利用自动粉剂分包机提高儿童药物分剂量的准确度

目的:总结自动粉剂分包机的使用经验,探讨其应用价值。方法:选取3种常需分剂量的药品分别进行人工和机器(自动粉剂分包机)分剂量至1/5、1/8、1/10各3批,每批各取30包精密称量并记录,计算并比较各批的相对标准偏差(RSD)与合格率。结果:粉剂分包机分剂量合格率高于人工分剂量(P<0.05)。其中,分包总量>3 g的1/5粒熊去氧胆酸胶囊的分包机分剂量RSD低至3.26%~4.21%,合格率达到100%。结论:自动粉剂分包机分剂量大大提高了分剂量的准确度,用好自动粉末分包机对推动儿童精准分剂量调剂工作的发展至关重要。

基于正交实验优化中药配方颗粒调剂工艺

目的:探讨影响中药配方颗粒药品下药量因素,优化最佳配药、储存条件,保证患者用药安全、有效,提高患者对中药配方颗粒药品的满意度。方法:通过正交实验法优化最佳配药、储存条件,对中药配方颗粒进行质量监管。结果:配方颗粒调剂工艺的影响因素依次为:湿度>粒径>温度;最佳调剂工艺为温度21℃,湿度45%,粒径为全部通过2号筛且不通过3号筛。结论:温度、湿度、粒径三者对配方颗粒的调剂工艺都有显著影响,依据本实验所得最佳配药条件,能达到最准确配药量。

探讨病区药房药品调剂差错原因及其防范对策

目的分析病区药房药品调剂差错原因,并制定相应的防范对策。方法选择病区药房药品出现调剂差错的59张处方,通过回顾性分析法调查药品调剂差错原因,记录不同差错原因的发生率。结果59张处方中,药师因素的差错率为49.15%,药品因素的差错率为18.64%,医师因素的差错率为32.20%。药师因素中,责任心差错率为79.31%,药品位置差错率为20.69%。药品因素中,药品外包装相似差错率为27.27%,药物商品名称相似差错率为18.18%,同名不同规格差错率为54.55%。医师因素中,医嘱单有误差错率为5.26%,剂量、规格、用法错误差错率为21.05%,用法不正确或不清楚差错率为15.79%,配伍禁忌差错率为57.89%。结论医院病区药房合理分析药品调剂差错原因,可以采取有效措施来防止差错的发生。

静脉用药调配中心护理管理中应用目视管理模式的干预效果

目的:探讨静脉用药调配中心(PIVAS)护理管理中应用目视管理模式的干预效果。方法:选取2022年1—6月滨州医学院附属医院PIVAS应用常规管理模式的工作人员12名作为常规管理组,选取2022年7—12月滨州医学院附属医院PIVAS应用目视管理方案的工作人员12名作为目视管理组。比较两组病区医护人员满意度及不良事件发生率。结果:目视管理组服务态度、接受处方及退药及时准确性、药物分批次合理性、药物配置准确性、药物配送及时准确性评分均高于常规管理组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);目视管理组不良事件发生率低于常规管理组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:PIVAS护理管理期间,以目视管理模式为干预对策,不仅能够提高病区医护人员的满意度,还可降低不良事件发生率。