Impact of designed infection control educational program on nurses’knowledge and compliance with standard precautions at maternity hospitals

Objectives:This study aimed to assess the nurses’knowledge and compliance with infection control standard precautions and evaluate the impact of the designed infection control educational program on nurses’knowledge and compliance with standard precautions at the maternity hospital.Materials and Methods:A quasi‑experimental one‑group pretest‑posttest design was used on convenient sample of 60 nurses working at Obstetrics and Gynecological hospital in Cairo University Hospital,Kasr El Ainy,who received“designed infection control educational program”for 6 months.The data were collected through the questionnaire comprising demographics,knowledge,and compliance with standard precautions questionnaire.The nurses’knowledge and compliance score were compared before and after intervention.Results:The studied nurses had higher level of knowledge(85.3%)and compliance(92.8%)regarding infection control standard precautions after the educational program compared to before the program.The results revealed statistically significant difference between before and after the program regarding nurses’knowledge score(15.5±2.9 vs.17.1±1.6,P<0.001)and compliance score(58.5±13.2 vs.74.3±5.1,P<0.001).In addition,there was insignificant relation between nurses’knowledge and compliance with standard precautions both before(r=0.952,P=0.474)and after educational program(r=0.164,P=0.223).Conclusion:The nurses’level of knowledge and compliance regarding infection control standard precautions was significantly improved after the program.Therefore,it is recommended that periodical educational programs regarding the standard precautions of infection control are essential for nurses at maternity hospital.

Midwives and Nurses Compliance with Standard Precautions in Palestinian Hospitals

Midwives and nurses should use the standard precautions as the basic level of infection control precautions when delivering care to all patients, regardless of their presumed infection status. Therefore midwifes and nurses should have sound knowledge and compliance with standard precaution. Aim of the study: The study aimed to assess the level of the compliance of standard precautions among the midwives and nurses in the Palestinian Hospitals. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted from May to June 2015 on 81 midwives and nurses from Palestinian hospitals. The data were collected from labor rooms and postpartum departments of Palestinian hospitals. Data were collected using pretested questionnaire on 81 midwives and nurses selected by convenience sample. Results: The current study showed that the average of standard precautions knowledge level and compliance are 74.6% and 83.8% respectively. There are an association between age, education, work experience, and compliance with standard precautions at p p < 0.05 (0.191). Conclusion: The midwives and nurses in the current study for both knowledge and compliance have high level regarding standard precautions. There is an association between age, education, work experience, and compliance with standard precautions. Recommendations: Knowledge of midwives and nurses should be updated;the importance of latest evidence-based practices of infection control in continuing education/training program should be emphasized;and training programs for newly midwives and nurses about standard precaution and at regular intervals should be provided.

Compliance of Physicians with Standard Precautions of Handling Patients with Infectious Respiratory Disease

Background: Standard precautions (SPs) are the minimum infection prevention practices that aim to protect Health care workers (HCWs) including physicians and prevent them from transmitting the infections to their patients. Purpose: To assess the level of compliance of physicians with standard precautions of handling patients with infectious respiratory disease. Method: A cross sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted in two tertiary level hospitals named M Abdur Rahim Medical College and Hospital, Dinajpur, Bangladesh and Rajshahi Medical College and Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh to assess the level of compliance of physicians with standard precautions. Purposive sampling technique was applied as per inclusion criteria and data was collected by face to face interview from 285 physicians. Statistical analysis of the results was done by SPSS and a p value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Result: The study revealed that maximum physicians (76.5%) handling patients with infectious respiratory disease had a moderate level of compliance with standard precautions. 78.6% of the physicians had moderate level of awareness about standard precautions. Only 20.35% of the physicians had training on infection control. 94.4% of the respondents didn’t know the component of standard precaution and most of the physicians were not aware of the sequence of wearing and removing the different components of PPEs. Conclusion: The study result implies that with increased awareness, the compliance of the physicians with standard precautions increased. The main reasons of non-compliance with standard precautions were found to be lack of resources, lack of regular training and excess workload.

Health Facilities Readiness to Implement Standard Precautions for Infection Prevention and Control in Tanzania: Lesson Learnt from SARA Reports

Introduction: Standard Precautions are a set of measures applied in the care of all individuals/patients regardless of their infectious status aiming at preventing healthcare workers and patients from infections, preventing environmental contamination and spread of infections to the community. Many health facilities have not implemented them to an acceptable level. The purpose of the study is to report progress of improvement in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions for infection prevention and control based on SARA reports. Methods: We generated mean scores of all standard precautions each year and calculated their standard deviations, variances and confidence intervals. One-way ANOVA was used to determine if the mean scores were equal. Finally, the trend of improvement in health facilities readiness to implement the standard precautions was generated. Results: A total of nine standard precautions were reported in SARA reports for 2012, 2017 and 2020. The mean scores of the standard precautions were 52.22% in 2012, 64.55% in 2017 and 69.66% in 2020. The overall trend showed an increase in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions, although the mean scores were not statistically different (p-value 0.3217). Conclusion: SARA surveys conducted in Tanzania in 2012, 2017 and 2020 have shown an overall increase in health facilities readiness to implement standard precautions. Safe final waste disposal was being done in fewest facilities while single-use or auto-disable syringes were in most facilities that were sampled in all years. SARA surveys may be a useful way to evaluate Infection Prevention and Control adherence in health facilities.

Challenges and Adherence to Standard Precautions for Prevention of Percutaneous Injuries and Exposure to Blood Borne Pathogens in Clinical Practice: A Review

Background: Standard Precautions (SP) was introduced by Centre for Disease Control to minimise the risks of disease transmission in the process of healthcare. Many factors are thought to influence the knowledge and the practice of these measures. Objective: To review challenges and adherence to SP for the prevention of percutaneous injuries and exposure to patients’ blood in clinical practice. Methods: The World Wide Web sites such as, Pub Med central, Google scholar were searched using key words such as percutaneous, needle stick injuries, standard precautions, adherence. Relevant articles were reviewed and included based on defined criteria. Results: The prevalence of needle stick injuries (NSI) varies among health care workers (HCWs) and across countries and is as high as 73% among some groups. The knowledge of SP varied among HCWs in different nations;however the practice of SP was noted to be lower than knowledge across most studies. Majority of HCWs in developing countries that sustained NSI failed to report the incident to appropriate authorities. Adherence to Standard Precautions is influenced by lack of proper training, poor supplies, low commitment of HCWs and health facility managers etc. Conclusion: Needle stick injuries and exposure to patients’ blood remain a risk for disease transmission among HCWs. Despite appreciable knowledge of standard precautions, the practice has remained low across the globe. Factors that had positive influence on practice of SP such as use of devices with safety features, adherence to infection control guideline, comfortable working environment, repeated and intense training etc. should be adopted and promoted.

Factors Associated with Compliance with Infection Control Guidelines in the Management of Labour by Healthcare Workers at Mulago Hospital, Uganda

Globally, infections acquired during childbirth contribute to one tenth of the maternal deaths annually [1] [2]. Factors predisposing to high risks of puerperal infections include non-compliance with Standard Precautions of Infection Control (SPIC), unhygienic births by unskilled birth attendants, multiple vaginal examinations, prolonged labour and premature rapture of membranes [1]. The main purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with compliance to standard precautions of infection control the management of labour by healthcare workers in Mulago Hospital to generate information, which may be used in infection control and prevention practices. A cross-sectional study utilizing a quantitative approach was conducted among 115 healthcare workers. Consecutive sampling was done to include respondents in the study. Data were collected by direct observation and researcher administered questionnaires. Data were coded and entered into the computer using SPSS version 20 with programmed quality control checks. Descriptive data analyses, frequencies, cross tabulations and logistic regression analysis were the major statistical methods used. 103 healthcare workers were involved in the study, where 74% were females. Overall compliance was at 52%, although it varied across domains. The majority of the healthcare workers (95.1%) did not comply with hand hygiene. Being a male was associated with low compliance scores a cross most domains. One of the hospital factors which was significantly associated with compliance to hand hygiene was having had an in-service training with p = 0.008 and p = 0.012 at multivariate analysis. Overall compliance to standard precautions of infection control was low compared to the Centre for Disease Control (CDC) recommendation. The findings in this study provide insight into individual and hospital related factors associated with compliance with standard precautions of infection control in the management of labour. There is an urgent need to put up interventions to improve on compliance with SPIC in management of labour among all healthcare workers.

Assessing the Application of Intemational Accounting Standards （IAS） in Jordan： Factors Explaining Non-compliance

The main objective of this study is to assess the application of International Accounting Standards （IAS） in Jordan. The main purposes of this study are to： （1） present an analyzed study of the general concepts of IAS; （2） clarify the suitability of the IAS in Jordan and the possibility of using them as guidelines in adapting local standards; and （3） state the deficiency aspects and difficulties facing Jordanian firms in applying these standards in local businesses. A questionnaire is designed for these purposes. The sample is restricted to accountants, financial executives, and professional members of the Jordan Association of Accountants and Auditors. We used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences （SPSS） to analyze the data and answer the research questions. Descriptive statistics are the main tests used in this study. The results indicate that lASs are necessary to be applied by Jordanian companies, since the advantages of applying IAS in Jordan are seen to be more than its disadvantages, mainly in the scene of improving the information content of financial statements. The results also indicate that the compliance with IAS will be of great benefits to shareholders and the stock market comparing to its benefits to top management and board members. Auditors, accountants, and financial executives argue that government agencies in Jordan should enforce and supervise the implementation of IAS in Jordan.

Performance and Safety Improvement of Induction Motors based on Testing and Evaluation Standards

The induction motor,which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy,has been recognized as the cornerstone of industrialization.The rotor of an induction motor can be either a squirrel cage rotor or a wound-type rotor,both existing as magnetless topologies.Three-phase squirrel cage induction motors are frequently utilized in industrial drives because they are dependable,have high starting torque,are selfstarting and affordable.Single-phase induction motors,on the other hand,are commonly used for small loads such as domestic appliances in form of modest fans,pumps and electric power tools.In South Africa,there have been reports of fires and explosions resulting in live and property loss because of induction motors that have not been thoroughly tested or are incorrectly labelled in terms of ratings,electrical safety and performance.The goal of this study is targeted at preventing end-user injuries and failures caused by non-compliant induction motors,by evaluating locally manufactured/imported induction motors based on tests and evaluation from standards(IEC and SANS).The study is conducted using experimental procedures at the Explosion Prevention Technology and Rotating Machines(EPT and RM)laboratory,South African Bureau of Standards(SABS),South Africa.The main finding from the study shows differences in the nameplate characteristics of various induction motors which could have detrimental effects such as production and operational downtime in their end-use industries,at later stages.

Disinfection byproducts in drinking water and regulatory compliance： A critical review

Disinfection by-products （DBPs） are regulated in drinking water in a number of countries. This critical review focuses on the issues associated with DBP regulatory compliance, including methods for DBP analysis, occurrence levels, the regulation comparison among various countries, DBP compliance strategies, and emerging DBPs. The regulation comparison between China and the United States （US） indicated that the DBP regulations in China are more stringent based on the number of regulated compounds and maximum levels. The comparison assessment using the Information Collection Rule （ICR） database indicated that the compliance rate of 500 large US water plants under the China regulations is much lower than that under the US regulations （e.g. 62.2% versus 89.6% for total trihalomethanes）. Precursor removal and alternative disinfectants are common practices for DBP regulatory compliance. DBP removal after formation, including air stripping for trihalomethane removal and biodegradation for haloacetic acid removal, have gained more acceptance in DBP control. Formation of emerging DBPs, including iodinated DBPs and nitrogenous DBPs, is one of unintended consequences of precursor removal and alternative disinfection. At much lower levels than carbonaceous DBPs, however, emerging DBPs have posed higher health risks.

Cancer Pain with Standardized Nursing

Background: The incidence of cancer pain in patients with malignant tumors is relatively high, and pain control is poor, which is closely related to many factors, especially the nursing way. Objective: To explore the effect of standardized nursing model on pain control in patients with malignant tumors. Methods: 50 patients with malignant tumors treated in the Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College from January to December in 2021 were randomly divided into 25 cases in the control group and 25 cases in the observation group. The pain control and medication compliance of the two groups were compared. Results: There was no difference in the corresponding score of admission pain between the two groups (P > 0.05), and the pain score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (P P Conclusion: Standardized cancer pain nursing can ease the pain of patients, and the medication compliance is better.

论中国数据跨境制度的现状、问题与纾困路径

中国已经建立了以“安全评估、标准合同、保护认证”为核心、以行业规定为配套的数据跨境制度体系,形成了既保安全又促发展的中国方案。但在具体立法中,该制度在理论与实践上存在双重失衡,在理论上缺乏完善的基础理论支撑,在实践中未能形成系统完整的制度体系,且其在适用关系上出现龃龉,与国际规则之间也存在割裂导致难以衔接,致使数据处理者在合规实践中面临较大成本,难以获得预期成效。不同于美国的“市场话语”和欧盟“权利本位”的数据跨境理论基础,中国应当基于国情明确利益平衡体系下的数据主权理论建构数据出境制度体系,矫正实践中过度保障安全的规制思路,通过单列安全评估、制定行业性与地方性特殊制度等措施,完善相关制度之间、国内法与国际规则之间的适用衔接,着力降低合规成本,保障制度落到实处。

标准化护理干预在糖尿病肾病患者护理中的应用

目的:探讨标准化护理干预对2型老年糖尿病肾病患者血糖控制效果的影响。方法:2021年1月到2022年3月,选取100例糖尿病肾病患者为对象,每组50例,分别是观察组、对照组,前者实施标准化护理,后者实施常规护理。结果:观察组生理职能、生理机能、躯体疼痛、健康状况、精力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康等方面评分均优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组的满意度高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:对糖尿病肾病患者实施标准化护理,能够有效提升患者的生活质量以及护理满意率,临床应用价值显著。

临床药师对住院高血压患者实施标准化管理的实践

高血压是一种常见慢性病,若未及时有效治疗,可损伤心、脑、肾这些重要脏器的结构和功能,其导致的临床并发症不仅致残、致死率高,且消耗很多的医疗和社会资源,给家庭和社会造成巨大的负担。高血压患者通常需要长时间的标准化治疗方能达到控制血压,延缓、降低靶器官损害及临床并发症发生等目的;但由于患者难以得到科学、系统、标准化的药学服务,因此该类患者对疾病、药物治疗知识认知不足,不合理用药情况多见,存在大量误区,导致药物治疗的依从性差,最终无法达到降压目标,影响整体治疗效果。基于以上原因,笔者在住院高血压患者标准化管理方面进行了研究并进行总结,旨在探索建立针对高血压患者的药学服务模式,为今后临床药师开展慢病管理工作提供参考。

基于合规标准的政府合规管理体系构建路径初探

合规管理是推进全面依法治国的重要组成部分,是落实习近平法治思想的生动实践,也是营造高质量发展法治环境的有力抓手,能够为构建合规政府提供有效路径。本文分析了我国政府合规管理的现状与问题,对合规及政府合规的定义与内涵进行了阐释,概述了对GB/T 35770—2022/ISO 37301:2021《合规管理体系要求及使用指南》标准的认知、适用、应用领域及主要内容。针对我国官员腐败问题、依法行政能力弱、决策程序规范化程度低及行政监督制约机制不健全等问题,提出通过标准化落实加强政府合规管理的建议,一是政府部门基于合规标准建立合规管理体系;二是政府部门制定统一的监管标准;三是政府部门形成尽职免责的激励机制保护公务人员。

脑梗死患者标准化治疗的依从性与复发的关系分析

目的:探讨脑梗死患者接受标准化治疗时的依从性以及疾病复发的相关性。方法:选择2022年3月至2023年3月蚌埠医科大学第二附属医院收治的60例脑梗死患者作为案例。所有患者在住院期间均接受基于《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2021》的生活指导与用药干预,同时在出院时提供规范指导用药,治疗依从性和复发的相关性。结果:出院后3月、6月、12月时患者使用降压药物、降糖药物的依从性相对较高,服用抗血小板药物、他汀类药物依从性较差。60例患者总复发率16.67%。出院后3月、6月、12月脑梗死复发和用药依从性高低有较大数据差异,P<0.05。结论:脑梗死患者在临床中仍然存在部分药物使用率较低的现象,治疗依从性和疾病复发有着密切关联,临床中应当注重标准化治疗的依从性管理,值得推广。

以问题为导向的系统化互动达标理论干预对缺血性脑卒中患者的影响

目的 探讨以问题为导向的系统化互动达标理论干预在缺血性脑卒中(IS)患者中的应用效果。方法 选择2021年1月至2022年12月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的IS患者98例,依据随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各49例。对照组接受院内常规护理,研究组在院内常规护理基础上接受以问题为导向的系统化互动达标理论干预。比较两组的肢体运动功能、日常生活自理能力、负面情绪、伤残接受度、生活质量。结果 干预后,两组的焦虑自评量表评分、抑郁自评量表评分均低于干预前,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,两组的Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分量表评分(FMA)、巴氏指数评分、伤残接受度量表评分、脑卒中专用生活质量量表评分均高于干预前,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 以问题为导向的系统化互动达标理论干预能提高IS患者的肢体运动功能、日常生活自理能力、伤残接受度、生活质量,且利于缓解其负性情绪。

气候风险视阈下上市公司高管合规义务新探

ESG运动背景下气候变化的复杂性及不确定性带来前所未有的风险和挑战,气候诉讼使得气候侵权责任救济及上市公司信披合规与监管问题愈加凸显。为此,通过聚焦气候变化引发的治理风险及高管气候合规义务扩展的困局分析,提出如下解决之道:(1)基于私法分配正义理论,合理切分“牺牲责任的边界”,将公司法信义义务一般条款适当延伸,形成“忠实+勤勉+ESG合规”义务三元化的制度框架。(2)气候信息披露规范化方面不宜“一刀切”,披露主体方面可根据不同行业不同市值规模企业予以差异化配置,即针对碳排放达到一定域值和达到一定市值的上市公司予以强制性规范配置,为高管合规经营提供刚性标尺;针对中小型上市企业气候信披仍以倡导性、自愿性规范配置为主;披露内容上应从注重企业对环境产生的影响转向对企业可持续发展影响,可借鉴财务披露的重大性标准完善非财务性信息披露规则,完善双重重要性原则;披露实施机制方面注重发挥软法“遵守与解释”模式的优势(完善市场声誉惩戒机制)。(3)为加强“漂绿”行为监管,应完善“漂绿”行为的定义和问责标准,现阶段仍以配置适度的行政责任和高管职业保险机制为应对气候风险之上策。(4)为激励公司治理绿色转型,应在公司法绿色条款的硬法体系建设基础上加强ESG合规之规的软法供给,譬如可设立本土化的“安全港规则”,以为司法豁免/减免高管责任裁判提供参佐。

入网规范管理系统在OA网的应用

为了保证鞍钢股份有限公司鲅鱼圈钢铁分公司OA网络安全,确保接入网络的终端符合安全管理要求,杜绝内网终端违规外联,在分公司OA网的汇聚层安装入网规范管理系统。安装该系统后只有经过认证的终端方可接入网络,有效避免非法用户的接入,达到了终端网络准入控制(NAC即Network Access Control)的目的,保证网络安全可靠、稳定运行。

粉沙质海岸航道运维期骤淤防治标准研究

黄骅港处于淤泥粉沙质海岸,港区航道的骤淤防治重现期为10年。黄骅港煤炭港区建成20余年来,其吞吐量逐年增加,作为煤炭枢纽港的重要性进一步凸显。煤炭港区航道进入运维期后,疏浚维护力量得到加强,航道淤积特点也发生一定变化,泥沙淤积资料进一步完善,航道骤淤防治标准具备进一步提升的条件,以加强航道抗风险能力。本文通过对泥沙淤积实测数据的分析,提出除防治航道一次大风骤淤外,需关注连续多频次低重现期大风骤淤,其造成的累加骤淤量不可忽视。根据环境条件变化及淤积特点,提出了黄骅港煤炭港区航道运维期骤淤防治标准,可作为航道备淤深度确定依据,以及其他粉沙质海岸航道运维期骤淤防治标准确定的参考。

基于达标理论的康复护理对老年膝关节镜术患者锻炼依从性及膝关节功能的影响

目的探讨互动达标理论指导下的康复护理对老年膝关节镜术患者锻炼依从性及关节功能的影响。方法将2021年6月-2022年12月我院疼痛康复科收治的行膝关节镜术的老年患者78例作为研究对象,采用随机数字法分为观察组及对照组各39例。对照组采取常规护理模式,包括健康宣教、围术期健康指导、疼痛管理、心理指导、出院随访指导;观察组在对照组的基础上以达标理论为指导,通过人际间互动,全面了解患者的需求,医患康护共同制定个体化的康复护理方案并实施。分别在出院时及术后1个月评价2组患者膝关节Lysholm评分、膝关节活动度(ROM)及功能锻炼依从性,同时比较2组患者术前及术后1个月的改良Barthel指数(MBI)。结果出院及术后1个月时,观察组的膝关节功能Lysholm评分、ROM及功能锻炼依从性均高于对照组(P<0.05),术后1个月MBI明显高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论基于达标理论的康复护理可提高老年患者的锻炼依从性及关节活动度,改善关节功能,促进日常生活能力恢复,值得临床借鉴。