Characteristics of Dry and Wet Climate in Shandong Province Based on Standardized Precipitation Index

Based on the monthly precipitation data of 116 meteorological stations in Shandong Province during 1970-2021,standardized precipitation index(SPI)was calculated,and the methods of linear fitting,mutation test and Morlet wavelet analysis were used to analyze the change trend and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of SPI index in the past 52 years.The results show that there were more normal years in Shandong Province,and the frequency reached 38.46%.There was severe drought in the 1980s and more wet years after 2003.SPI index showed an upward trend in spring,summer and winter but a weak arid trend in autumn.In addition,intense dry weather was more frequent in summer.Spatially,the climate was normal or humid in most areas of Shandong Province.The regions with more wet years were located in the central and northeast Shandong and the peninsula,while the climate was normal in the southwest and north of Shandong.The areas with more dry years were mainly located in the northwest of Shandong Province.There was mainly local and global drought in Shandong Province,and the arid area showed a decreasing trend.In the past 52 years,Shandong Province experienced quasi-4 times of alternation between dry and wet climate.The long period of 21 a was the first main period,and the climate would be still wet in Shandong Province in the future.In terms of mutation,the climate in Shandong Province became humid after 2003,and 2003 was the mutation point.After the abrupt change,the climate changed from gradually drying to wetting.

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Drought and Flood in Quanzhou Based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in Recent 55 Years

To analyze the characteristics of drought and flood variations in Quanzhou during recent 55 years, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF) were calculated by using the monthly precipitation data from 6 meteorological bureaus across Quanzhou for 1960-2014. Results showed that: 1) During 1960-2014, the drought and flood showed Periodic variation characteristics in Quanzhou, the specific period of frequent drought was 1963-1972, 1977-1986 and 2009-2011, and the specific period of frequent flood was 1961-1962, 1972-1975, 1990-1992 and 1997-2007;the drought and flood did not have significant tendency of variation in Spring and Summer, and the drought and flood showed a non-significant downward trend in Autumn and Winter. 2) The drought and flood variation had relatively consistent trend in Quanzhou, but there was a big difference on the northwest mountainous area, the middle semi-mountainous area and the southeast coast area in some periods. 3) The precipitation cell and distribution in every season were Nan’an and Anxi, but there was a big difference in rainfall less area: it was Yongchun and Dehua in Spring, Chongwu and Jinjiang in Summer, Chongwu in Autumn, Dehua and Chongwu in Winter.

Spatiotemporal analysis of drought variability based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index in the Koshi River Basin, Nepal

Drought is an inevitable condition with negative impacts in the agricultural and climatic sectors,especially in developing countries.This study attempts to examine the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought and its trends in the Koshi River Basin(KRB)in Nepal,using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI)over the period from 1987 to 2017.The Mann-Kendall test was used to explore the trends of the SPEI values.The study illustrated the increasing annual and seasonal drought trends in the KRB over the study period.Spatially,the hill region of the KRB showed substantial increasing drought trends at the annual and seasonal scales,especially in summer and winter.The mountain region also showed a significant increasing drought trend in winter.The drought characteristic analysis indicated that the maximum duration,intensity,and severity of drought events were observed in the KRB after 2000.The Terai region presented the highest drought frequency and intensity,while the hill region presented the longest maximum drought duration.Moreover,the spatial extent of drought showed a significant increasing trend in the hill region at the monthly(drought station proportion of 7.6%/10 a in August),seasonal(drought station proportion of 7.2%/10 a in summer),and annual(drought station proportion of 6.7%/10 a)scales.The findings of this study can assist local governments,planners,and project implementers in understanding drought and developing appropriate mitigation strategies to cope with its impacts.

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Drought in the North-Eastern Coastal Region of Vietnam Using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)

Spatio-temporal analysis of drought provides valuable information for drought management and damage mitigation. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index at the time scale of 6 months (SPI-6) is selected to reflect drought conditions in the North-Eastern coastal region of Vietnam. The drought events and their characteristics from 1981 to 2019 are detected at 9 meteorological stations and 10 Chirps rainfall stations. The spatio-temporal variation of drought in the study region is analyzed on the basis of the number, duration, severity, intensity, and peak of the detected drought events at the 19 stations. The results show that from 1981 to 2019 the drought events mainly occurred with 1-season duration and moderate intensity and peak. The number, duration, severity, and peak of the drought events were the greatest in the period 2001-2010 and were the smallest in the period 2011-2019. Among the 19 stations, the drought duration tends to decrease at 11 stations, increase at 7 stations, and has a slight variant at 1 station;the drought severity tends to decrease at 14 stations, increase at 4 stations, and has not a significant trend at 1 station;the drought intensity tends to decrease at 17 stations, increase at 1 station, and has a slight variant at 1 station;and the drought peak tends to decrease at 18 stations and increase at 1 station.

Drought trend analysis in a semi-arid area of Iraq based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Water Index and Standardized Precipitation Index

Drought was a severe recurring phenomenon in Iraq over the past two decades due to climate change despite the fact that Iraq has been one of the most water-rich countries in the Middle East in the past.The Iraqi Kurdistan Region(IKR)is located in the north of Iraq,which has also suffered from extreme drought.In this study,the drought severity status in Sulaimaniyah Province,one of four provinces of the IKR,was investigated for the years from 1998 to 2017.Thus,Landsat time series dataset,including 40 images,were downloaded and used in this study.The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)were utilized as spectral-based drought indices and the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)was employed as a meteorological-based drought index,to assess the drought severity and analyse the changes of vegetative cover and water bodies.The study area experienced precipitation deficiency and severe drought in 1999,2000,2008,2009,and 2012.Study findings also revealed a drop in the vegetative cover by 33.3%in the year 2000.Furthermore,the most significant shrinkage in water bodies was observed in the Lake Darbandikhan(LDK),which lost 40.5%of its total surface area in 2009.The statistical analyses revealed that precipitation was significantly positively correlated with the SPI and the surface area of the LDK(correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.72,respectively).The relationship between SPI and NDVI-based vegetation cover was positive but not significant.Low precipitation did not always correspond to vegetative drought;the delay of the effect of precipitation on NDVI was one year.

Drought and flood characteristics in the farmingpastoral ecotone of northern China based on the Standardized Precipitation Index

The farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China(FPENC)provides an important ecological barrier which restrains the invasion of desert into Northwest China.Studying drought and flood characteristics in the FPENC can provide scientific support and practical basis for the protection of the FPENC.Based on monthly precipitation data from 115 meteorological stations,we determined the changes in climate and the temporal and spatial variations of drought and flood occurrence in the FPENC during 1960-2020 using the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Morlet wavelet transform,and inverse distance weighted interpolation method.Annual precipitation in the FPENC showed a slightly increasing trend from 1960 to 2020,with an increasing rate of about 1.15 mm/a.The interannual SPI exhibited obvious fluctuations,showing an overall non-significant upward trend(increasing rate of 0.02/a).Therefore,the study area showed a wetting trend in recent years.Drought and flood disasters mainly occurred on an interannual change cycle of 2-6 and 9-17 a,respectively.In the future,a tendency towards drought can be expected in the FPENC.The temporal and spatial distribution of drought and flood differed in the northwestern,northern,and northeastern segments of the FPENC,and most of the drought and flood disasters occurred in local areas.Severe and extreme drought disasters were concentrated in the northwestern and northeastern segments,and severe and extreme flood disasters were mainly in the northeastern segment.Drought was most frequent in the northwestern segment,the central part of the northeastern segment,and the northern part of the northern segment.Flood was most frequent in the western part of the northwestern segment,the eastern part of the northeastern segment,and the eastern and western parts of the northern segment.The accurate evaluation of the degrees of drought and flood disasters in the FPENC will provide scientific basis for the regional climate study and critical information on which to base decisions regarding environmental protection and socio-economic development in this region.

Characteristics of Drought and Humidification Based on Standardized Precipitation Index in Weifang City during the Past 50 Years

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the evolution characteristics and occurrence patterns of droughts and floods in Weifang City. [Method] Based on the monthly precipitation data during 1961-2010 obtained from nine meteorological sta- tions of Weifang City, by using standardized precipitation index, monthly SPI index of Weifang City during the past 50 years was calculated to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of drought and humidification in Weifang City. [Result] The results showed that the variation of drought and humidification had stage characteristics in Weifang City, which was relatively humid in the 1960s and 1970s and developed from extremely humid in early 1960s to dry in late 1970s, persistent drought was observed throughout the range of Weifang City in the 1980s, and the variation tended to be smooth during the 1990s-2000s. Spatial distribution of drought and humidification in Weifang City showed certain regional characteristics. In the 1960s, the mid-west region of Weifang City was relatively humid, while the southeastern region was relatively dry; in the 1970s, there was little difference among the drought and humidification extent in each region; in the 1980s, each region of Weifang City was generally dry, specifically, drought in the southeastern region was the most severe, while drought in the northern region was the slightest; in the 1990s and 2000s, variation of drought and humidification in each region of Weifang City was basically the same. The uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipi- tation led to abnormal distribution of drought and humidification in some areas, such as the abnormal phenomenon in 1999; the spatial distribution of drought and humidi- fication duration in each generation had their own characteristics, which brought diffi- culties to the unified deployment of drought and flood control departments. [Conclu- sion] This study provided theoretical basis for the drought resistance, waterlogging prevention and disaster reduction in Weifang City under the background of climate change.

Meteorological Drought Detection and Forecast Using Standardized Precipitation Index and Univariate Distribution Models: Case Study of Bamako, Mali

As an extended period of unusually dry weather conditions without sufficient rain, drought poses enormous risk on societies. Characterized by the absence of precipitation for long periods of time, often resulting in water scarcity, droughts are increasingly posing significant environmental challenges. Drought is therefore considered an important element in the management of water resources, especially groundwater resources during drought. This study therefore sought to investigate the rainfall variability and the frequency of drought for the period 1991 to 2020 in Bamako based on monthly rainfall data from Bamako-Senou gauge station. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) for 12-month, 6-month and 3-month timescales and the SPI for annual totals were used to characterized drought in the study area (Bamako). Univariate parametric probability distributions such as Normal, Log-normal, Gumbel type I and Pearson type III (P3) distributions were fitted with drought variables (severity and duration) for future planning and management. Non-parametric test such as Mann-Kendall trend test was also used to detect trend in annual rainfall data. The results showed that based on 12-month SPI, Bamako experienced two (02) extreme droughts one in July 2002 (SPI = -2.2165) and another in June 2015 (SPI = -2.0598 QUOTE SPI=-2.0598 ). Drought years represented 46.67% for the overall periods according to the SPI for annual totals. The result further indicated that based on the goodness of fit test, the P3 distribution represents the best fitted distribution to both drought severity and duration over Bamako. Bamako is expected to experience several severe severities with higher and shorter duration in the future. Severities with 1, 2, 6, and 10-month duration had return periods ranged from 2.4 to 3.8 years, while 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, and 100-year return periods had 18.51, 26.08, 33.25, 35.50, 42.38, and 49.14 severities, respectively, and durations associated to these severities were 19.8, 26.9, 33.5, 35.6, 42, and 48.2 months, respectively.

基于SPI-RRV指数中国气象干旱及其风险时空演变特征研究

为全面揭示变化环境下我国多维气象干旱特征,耦合气象干旱指数(SPI)和可靠性-回弹性-脆弱性(RRV)指数,提出了一种基于SPI-RRV指数的干旱风险评价方法,定量评价了中国气象干旱及其风险的时空演变特征。结果表明:SPI-RRV指数具有特征稳定和时空可比性强的特点,能够较为准确地评估气象干旱风险时空演变特征;南方平均干旱栅格比、干旱月占比和频次大于北方,湿润区和半湿润区干旱历时短、烈度大,半干旱区和干旱区干旱历时长、烈度相对较小;干旱高风险区转移具有显著年代际变化规律,空间上从西北向西南地区转移。

基于标准化降水指数(SPI)的宁夏中部干旱带旱灾危险性时空演变特征

[目的]揭示宁夏中部干旱带旱灾危险性的时空特征,为宁夏中部干旱带农业生产、农业灾害防治、种植结构调整和农业灌溉指导提供科学依据。[方法]收集宁夏中部干旱带的沙坡头区、中宁县、同心县、盐池县、海原县5个气象站点的气象观测资料,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)分析了近39年(1981—2019年)干旱等级的时空变化,并结合GIS技术评价其旱灾危险性时空演变特征。[结果]SPI 12结果表明代际干旱趋势呈波动中加剧趋势(趋势线斜率范围为-0.004~0.003)。SPI 3结果表明季尺度旱灾危险性时空分布异质性明显,空间上呈现出南低北高的特征,而时间上则表现为连旱特征突出。春冬两季旱灾发生频率高于45%;夏、秋两季干旱现象不显著,干旱发生频率处于10.26%~43.59%之间;旱灾危险性时空演变特征评价结果表明代际旱灾危险性呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势。季尺度旱灾危险性时空差异明显,空间上表现为旱灾危险性由南向北升高,时间上表现为春冬两季旱灾危险性较高,而夏、秋两季旱灾危险性较低。[结论]宁夏中部干旱带季尺度旱灾危险性时空异质性明显,沙坡头区、中宁县旱灾危险性高,未来应加强春、秋、冬三季的旱灾防治。

基于SPI的福建省干湿特征与ENSO的关联性分析

根据福建省17个气象站点1970—2019年的逐月降水数据,计算了不同时间尺度的标准化降水指数(Standardized Precipitation Index,SPI),并利用Mann-Kenddall检验、相关性分析等方法,分析了福建省干湿时空变化特征,及其与El Ni1o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)事件的关联性。结果表明:近50年来,福建省以正常为主,轻旱与轻湿次之,发生频次最少的是特旱与特湿。年尺度上,福建省整体呈湿润化趋势,但季节变化差异较大,其中,春季呈明显的干旱趋势,夏季呈较为明显的湿润趋势,秋、冬季变化趋势不显著。福建省沿海及闽北山区易出现旱涝极值,中间地带干湿分布以轻级、中级和正常为主。ENSO事件的强度与SPI的变化呈正相关,ENSO冷暖事件对降水的影响具有滞后性,ENSO冷事件对福建省SPI影响的滞后时间为5个月,ENSO暖事件的滞后时间为0~5个月。

Effects of temperature and precipitation on drought trends in Xinjiang, China

The characteristics of drought in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(Xinjiang),China have changed due to changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of temperature and precipitation,however,the effects of temperature and precipitation—the two most important factors influencing drought—have not yet been thoroughly explored in this region.In this study,we first calculated the standard precipitation evapotranspiration index(SPEI)in Xinjiang from 1980 to 2020 based on the monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature.Then the spatiotemporal characteristics of temperature,precipitation,and drought in Xinjiang from 1980 to 2020 were analyzed using the Theil-Sen median trend analysis method and Mann-Kendall test.A series of SPEI-based scenario-setting experiments by combining the observed and detrended climatic factors were utilized to quantify the effects of individual climatic factor(i.e.,temperature and precipitation).The results revealed that both temperature and precipitation had experienced increasing trends at most meteorological stations in Xinjiang from 1980 to 2020,especially the spring temperature and winter precipitation.Due to the influence of temperature,trends of intensifying drought have been observed at spring,summer,autumn,and annual scales.In addition,the drought trends in southern Xinjiang were more notable than those in northern Xinjiang.From 1980 to 2020,temperature trends exacerbated drought trends,but precipitation trends alleviated drought trends in Xinjiang.Most meteorological stations in Xinjiang exhibited temperature-dominated drought trend except in winter;in winter,most stations exhibited precipitation-dominated wetting trend.The findings of this study highlight the importance of the impact of temperature on drought in Xinjiang and deepen the understanding of the factors influencing drought.

基于SPI的1961—2020年昌吉地区作物生长季气象干旱时空特征研究

基于昌吉地区1961—2020年的气象资料分析作物生长季标准化降水指数(SPI-7)的年际和年代际变化特征,揭示作物生长季干旱发生频率和强度。结果表明:1961—2020年昌吉地区作物生长季水分呈增加趋势,标准化降水指数以0.08/10 a的速率增加。气象干旱呈干—湿—干的年代际变化趋势,其中在1981年发生突变。干旱强度呈增加趋势,干旱发生面积呈弱减少趋势。东部地区是干旱高发区,但以轻旱为主;西部地区则是中旱、重旱和特旱高发区。昌吉地区的气象干旱存在6、9、16 a的周期震荡,与历史灾情具有很好的吻合性。

基于SPI指数的漳州市季节性旱涝特征分析

文章利用漳州市10个国家级气象观测站近30年逐月降水资料,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)和相关分析的方法对漳州市旱涝特征进行分析。研究结果表明:春季整体有偏旱趋势,其中1990s和2010s偏涝,2000s和2020s前期偏旱;夏季整体往偏旱发展,其中1990s和2000s偏涝,2010s和2020s前期夏季偏旱;秋季往偏涝趋势发展,1990s秋季和2020s前期偏旱,2010s偏涝;冬季整体有偏旱的趋势,其中1990s秋季偏涝,2000s和2020s前期冬季偏旱。

1961-2009年西北地区基于SPI指数的干旱时空变化特征

利用西北五省区137个测站的1961-2009年逐月降水量资料计算标准化降水指数(SPI),统计了逐月、春末夏初、初夏、夏季及秋季的干旱、重旱、特旱的频率及面积率,分析其时空变化特征.结果表明:新疆北部、青海的中部及甘肃河西是西北地区干旱频率较高的区域,干旱频率在15个月以上,新疆南部除个别月份干旱发生频率较高外,总体干旱发生频率较低;干旱发生区域随月份有由南到北、由西向东变化的趋势;除新疆、青海、及甘肃个别区域重旱频率超过5月外,其他区域基本上都在5月以下;新疆南部重旱频率仍然较低;夏季发生范围高于其他季节;新疆北部、甘肃河西是特旱的高发区.不同等级的月及季节干旱面积率其逐年变化具有相似的特征,西北干旱面积率的变化总体上可以分为3个阶段:1961-1980年干旱面积率比较高,平均在35%左右;1981-1990年为转折期,干旱面积率下降到15%左右;而1991-2009年为稳定期,干旱面积率变化不大.全球气候变暖导致西北地区降水量、冰川融水量、河川径流量增加和湖泊水位上升、面积扩大,是1987年以来干旱面积率下降的原因.

基于SPI的近41年(1965-2005)河北省旱涝时空特征分析

河北省是旱涝频发地区之一。本文基于1965-2005年河北省84个气象站的逐月降水数据,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)、正交经验分解函数和旋转正交经验分解函数等方法,分析了近41a河北省旱涝时空变化分布特征。结果表明:河北省旱涝总体上呈阶段性变化特征,1965-1972年和1997-2005年干旱比较频繁,1973-1996年干旱频率较低;20世纪70年代和90年代前中期为雨涝比较频繁阶段。春秋季干旱呈减轻趋势,夏季干旱呈加剧趋势(不显著),冬季旱涝变化趋势不明显,但90年代以来河北省极端季节旱涝事件比较频繁。在空间上,河北省旱涝分布可分为东部、北部、南部和西部四个不同的区域,四个区域的旱涝总体上具有相对一致的大趋势,但在某些时段也表现出一定的南北差异和东西差异。河北省全省20世纪90年代后期旱涝变率最大,70年代前期和末期变率也较大,80年代变率最小;四个区域总体上表现出与全省大致相同的趋势,只是2000年以后南部地区旱涝变率持续较高。

基于SPI指数的近50年重庆地区干旱时空分布特征

[目的] 揭示重庆地区年和季度干旱发生的频率和强度的演变特征，为该区应对干旱灾害，制定针对性减灾措施提供科学依据和参考。[方法] 基于重庆地区34个气象观测站1964-2011年逐月降水数据，采用标准化降水指数（SPI）干旱指标方法进行研究。[结果] 干旱强度频率方面，重庆地区干旱发生的频率具有较明显的区域性和季节性；其中年、春、夏和冬季干旱发生频率相差不大，在25.9%~35.1%范围，秋季的发生频率范围幅度较大，介于16.7%~40.0%之间。干旱强度方面，在年和季节尺度上整体呈现一定的增加趋势，其中秋季和年度相对趋势更明显，近50 a研究区年度和四季主要以轻旱和中旱为主，整体上夏季和秋季干旱强度比另外两个季度和年度表现更强一些。[结论] 标准化降水指数（SPI）适用于重庆地区，可以作为气候变化的监测指标；重庆地区干旱发生的频率具有较明显的区域性和季节性。

基于SPI的石羊河流域气候干湿变化及干旱事件的时空格局特征研究

利用石羊河流域4个气象站1960—2013年逐月降水量资料,应用标准化降水指数(SPI)、游程理论等方法,分析石羊河流域近54年的气候干湿变化及不同时间尺度干旱事件时空演变特征。结果表明:1不同时间尺度SPI对降水量变化的敏感程度存在较大差异,时间尺度越小,SPI对一次降水的反应越明显。2石羊河流域年代际、年际和季的SPI在波动中均呈增加趋势,其中,冬季湿润化速度最快,对年湿润化过程的贡献最显著。31960—2013年,石羊河流域不同时间尺度干旱事件持续时间、干旱程度和干旱强度均呈减少趋势,且波动渐趋平缓;石羊河流域农业干旱和水文干旱最严重的时期分别为1964—1965年和1962—1964年。4两种时间尺度干旱事件持续时间的减少速度从上游至下游均逐渐变慢,上游乌鞘岭地区是农业干旱持续时间最长区域,永昌和下游民勤地区是水文干旱持续时间较长区域;两种时间尺度干旱事件干旱程度减少速度最快区域均在上游乌鞘岭地区;武威和民勤地区3月尺度干旱强度稍有上升,其它地区不同时间尺度干旱事件干旱强度均呈下降趋势,永昌地区是多尺度干旱事件干旱强度较大区域。

基于SPI指数的内蒙古地区干旱演变特征及趋势预测

为探明内蒙古地区历年干旱演变特征及其趋势,利用内蒙古地区43个测站51 a(1960—2010年)的逐日降水资料计算各站的标准化降水指数,在此基础上分析了全年及各季节的干旱发生频率、干旱站次比及干旱强度的年际变化,并通过Hurst指数对内蒙古地区的干旱化趋势进行预测.结果表明:年尺度上干旱频率在10.46%~33.66%,其中呼伦贝尔的干旱频率最高,位于阿拉善盟的额济纳干旱频率最低,干旱发生不明显,各月、季与年的干旱频率基本一致.年尺度干旱站次比最高为45.74%,最低为15.50%,51 a中分别有11,26和14 a发生区域性、部分区域性和局域性干旱.干旱强度以轻度干旱和中度干旱为主,其中有15 a出现中度干旱,干旱强度最大值是1.14.内蒙古地区春季、夏季和秋季干旱发生频率相对较高,平均为30%左右,冬季干旱频率平均为25.41%,并且冬旱各测站干旱频率分布不均,额济纳等4个测站冬旱的干旱频率为0.干旱站次比夏季和秋季分别以0.177/10 a和0.006/10 a的趋势增加,春季和冬季以0.033/10 a和0.156/10 a的趋势减少.季尺度干旱强度的变化趋势与干旱站次比变化趋势基本一致.内蒙古地区的SPI序列呈明显的Hurst现象,指数值0.568 7大于0.500 0,表明该区干旱化程度还有可能持续一段时间,中旱及以上发生的频率有减少趋势.

基于PDSI和SPI的综合气象干旱指数研究

在总结对比已有气象干旱指数的基础上,结合帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)和标准化降水指数(SPI)的优点,提出综合气象干旱指数DI,并对综合气象干旱指数与区域干旱受旱/成灾面积和径流丰枯的相互关系进行分析,结果表明:综合气象干旱指数能够较好地反映区域干旱受旱/成灾范围,以及河道径流的丰枯状况。并且综合气象干旱指数还同时考虑了月季降水量的异常和一段时间的水分亏缺,比单个气象干旱指数更能反映农业干旱和水文干旱。