Letter from Li Peng Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, To China Society for Human Rights Studies

China Society for Human Rights Studies, I would like to extend my warm greetings to the launch of your Human Rights magazine. Enjoying human rights fully is a lofty goal long pursued after by human race. Over the years when they carried out revolution, construction and reforms, the Chinese people have struggled indomitably and strived incessantly to achieve this goal. Progress made in this regard has caught worldwide attention. When struggling for, safeguarding, promoting and developing human rights, the Chinese people have always combined the universality prin-

Tibet:14 Years of Brilliant, Extraor Achievements——An interview with Raidi, vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

Tremendous changes have takenplace in Tibet under the state policy of reform andopening up to the outside world, especially over thepast 14 years since the Fourth Plenary Session of the13th Central Committee of the Chinese CommunistParty. Unprecedented are the development of the localeconomy, and so are the changes in the outlook ofcities and countryside in the region, and life of ethnicTibetan has kept improving.Raidi, vice-chairman of the Standing Committee ofthe National People's Congress (NPC), is a mostqualified eyewitness to these changes. He was born intoa serf's family before the Democratic Reform in thelate 1950s, and had worked on various leading posts inTibet before he was elected to NPC, China's highestlegislature. In July 1990, Jiang Zemin, then generalsecretary of the CPC Central Committee, cited Raidi asan example when speaking on the question of humanrights during an inspection tour of Lhasa. Said he,'What do human rights mean? Comrade Raidi, aformer serf, now works as the second most seniormember of the Chinese Communist Party Committee ofTibet Autonomous Region, his experiences bring outthe meaning of human rights. Aren't we justified topublicize that?'Following is a slightly abridged text of an interviewgiven by Raidi to our staff reporter on the eve of theNew Year's day, in which he talked about theachievements Tibet has made over the past 14 yearsand the Party's policy in Tibet.

Testative Discussion on how to be an Eligible Interpreter--Based on the People’s Republic of China of the National People’s Congress and Committee of the People’s Political Consultative Conference from 2012 to 2014

In recent years,with the rapid development of the Chinese economy,the“two sessions”in March of every year which sponsored by the ministry of foreign affairs attract more and more journalists from all over the world.The press conference in the“two sessions”likes an important window to show China’s policies and claims to the world.Meanwhile,the premier who answers questions in the press conference,respectively,shows the world the eloquence and polite manners of China’s premier,such as Premier Wen Jiabao and Premier Li Keqiang.Their astute response,excellent,and emotional expression makes a deep impression on audiences.Moreover,as a bridge between the speaker and the listeners,the interpretation once is incorrect will cause some mistakes even conflicts.Therefore,the interpreter plays a most important role in the press conference.How to improve the interpretation level in the press conference is a significant topic.The thesis mainly introduces the content of press conference interpreting from 2012 to 2014.At present,the practical study of press conference interpretation is far from enough.The last part gives the summary of the study and points out the main findings for the further study.

The Transformation of Environmental Governance from the Point of the Interaction between Government and National People's Congress

Taking cadmium pollution in X River as an example, the interaction between National People＇s Congress and local government was de- scribed. How the local government transforms its role in environment protection with the help of several deputies to National People＇s Congress was expounded from the angle of social construction, which also enlightened the way to build an environment protection road with Chinese characteristics.

Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Regarding the Severe Punishment of Criminals Who Abduct and Traffic in or Kidnap Women or Children

With a view to severely punishing criminals who abduct and traffic in or kidnap women or children so as to protect the personal safety of women and children and maintain the public security order, the relevant provisions of the Criminal Law are supplemented or amended as follows: 1. Whoever abducts and traffics in a woman or a child shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than five years and not more than ten years, and shall concurrently be punished with a

Congratulations from Prof.Han Qi-de,Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress,Chairman of China Association for Science and Technology

It is of my great pleasure to learn that the Third World Integrative Medicine Congress is about to be held in Guangzhou. rm writing to express my highest congratulations to the successful opening of the congress, as well as my cordial welcome to the experts and scholars around the world.

审议促监督的转化机制——以Y市空间规划监督工作为例

人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度,各级人民政府由人大产生,对人大负责,受人大监督。人大监督是规制现代政府公权力,避免其异化的重要环节。既有研究重在监督权力的配置与归属,研究对象较为传统,监督工具的缺失致使监督权力的运行过程还较为模糊。审议是地方人大对规划行政实施监督的重要工具,然而从工具的使用到监督效能的转化,其过程机制还有待揭示。为此,文章以Y市为基础,以访谈文本的扎根分析为依托,对审议全过程进行研究。研究发现,现阶段人大对规划的审议,更多表现为工具理性,监督价值有待引入。地方人大要实现对空间规划的有效监督必须考虑审议议题、审议程序和审议结果三要素,并且让审议三要素分别在压力机制、追责机制和赋能机制的主导下发挥效用。

On the Budgetary Supervision of Local People's Congress in China

Strengthening the budgetary supervision of the local People＇s Congress is essential not merely to the deepening of budgetary reform but also to the improvement of the People＇s Congress system and socialist democracy. Budgetary supervision by the People＇s Congress comprises three elements： information, dialogue and enforcement. A national questionnaire survey based on these three elements shows that with the deepening of budgetary reform, the budgetary supervision of the People＇s Congress has undergone a shift from procedural to substantive oversight. Nevertheless, it still faces a number of challenges at local level. In the forthcoming reforms, budgetary supervision by the People＇s Congress should be strengthened to make local governments more accountable to the people.

理一分殊:全国人大及其常委会宪法监督权的差异化构造

对全国人大及其常委会宪法监督权的同质化理解忽略了宪法文本的差异,也会造成“实效性难题”与“冗余性难题”。全国人大相对其他国家机关具有政治上的优越地位,其宪法监督权建基于最高国家权力机关的地位与民主集中制原则。全国人大可通过多种方式监督其他国家机关的工作,宪法监督是其中一项,在类型上属于政治控制型监督。全国人大常委会是最高国家权力机关的常设机关,相对其他国家机关具有相对的优越地位,也有权开展政治控制型的宪法监督。1982年《宪法》特别授予全国人大常委会“解释宪法,监督宪法的实施”的权限,使得常委会得以独占性地开展合宪性审查。合宪性审查属于规范控制型宪法监督,它的依据是宪法的规范效力。应注重两机关宪法监督权的性质差异,推进政治控制型监督与规范控制型监督共同保障宪法实施。

地方各级人大常委会规范性文件备案审查工作调研分析——以H省为例

规范性文件备案审查是维护法律尊严、保障法律实施、保证国家法制统一和维护人民群众合法权益的宪法性制度。宪法、法律和相关地方性法规从不同层面为地方各级人大常委会规范性文件备案审查提供了制度遵循。文章在对H省各级人大常委会规范性文件备案审查工作开展跟踪调研的基础上,剖析了省、市、县不同层面在备、审、纠不同环节存在的问题,并就完善地方各级人大常委会规范性文件备案审查工作机制提出了对策建议。

彭真指导《民法通则》制定中的立法经验

《民法通则》的制定过程充满各种曲折、争议,作为组织者的彭真,一方面要从整体上制定符合时代需要的法律,另一方面也要平衡各种利益、需求以及不同观点。在立法中坚持一切从实际出发、发扬民主、与中央保持一致、发挥全国人大常委会的作用是几个重要的立法经验。这些立法经验对今天的立法工作仍有重要现实意义。

议事结构视角下的地方人大常委会行政化问题研究——基于S省市县两级人大的实证考察

在当前我国地方人大常委会的实际运作中,行政管理制度主导了议事权的运作,形成了封闭式的等级化议事结构。议题来源单一,议程设置呈现层层下达与逐级汇报双向结合的特点。议事权以自上而下的方式推进,非机关的常委基本被排斥在外。这种行政化特征严重抑制了地方人大常委会的代议制功能,并形成了其制度变迁的路径依赖。只有改变人大常委会行政化的议事结构,重塑地方人大常委会的运作逻辑,才能充分发挥其代议机关的制度效能。

Xu Jialu: Chinese Culture Should Shoulder Its Own World Responsibilities

Xu Jialu,Vice Chairman of the Ninth and the Tenth Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, is also a world-famous linguist and famed cultural scholar. He celebrated his 80th birthday in June this year. The author paid a special visit to the old scholar and talked about hot topics like Chinese culture, the global situation, the “Belt and Road” initiative etc. with him.

地方人大常委会备案审查制度的功能检视与内容调试——基于对制度逻辑的分析

我国地方人大常委会对规范性文件备案审查的制度要求与审查实践遵循并强化着“个案纠错”的制度逻辑,重视个案文件的纠错结果,存在以个案效力限缩整体监督权能的问题。审查能力悖论导致实践中全面审查客观不能、撤销权虚置使得制度刚性被削弱、倚重客观法秩序而公民权利保障功能发挥受限等现实困境的存在,使得现有制度设计难以高效发挥“整体监督”的应然功能。因此,应尝试合理扩展备案审查制度的监督权能,进一步厘清维护法制统一、权力监督与制约、公民权利保障等多元功能的内涵并理顺其关系。进而,据其调试现行制度内容,通过优化审查方式、增强制度刚性以及加强信息公开等,保障地方人大常委会备案审查制度的有效运行和实效提升。

省级人大常委会在合宪性审查工作中的宪制角色

省级人大常委会是连接全国人大和其他各级地方人大之间关系的纽带,在合宪性审查工作中具有重要地位,但是否具有合宪性审查权却在制度上不明确,学术上有争议,实践中不统一。根据我国的宪制安排和合宪性审查的功能需求,省级人大常委会作为宪法遵守和执行的保证者与地方性法规的批准者,并不具有合宪性审查权,也不适宜从事合宪性审查工作。省级人大常委会应在其职责中穷尽合法性审查、必要时提出合宪性审查报告或要求,做好有关立法事实的搜集、甄别和认定等工作协助全国人大常委会开展合宪性审查,并及时将全国人大常委会的合宪性审查决定落到实处。

论《香港国安法》的原意解释

《香港国安法》被列入《香港基本法》附件三全国性法律在香港地区特别行政区以公布方式实施,全国人大常委会依照宪法和法律在实施中作出关于《香港国安法》第14条和第47条的解释。《香港国安法》明确规定了全国人大常委会的法律解释权,而且全国人大常委会作出的法律解释同法律具有同等效力,其解释内容是特别行政区法律制度的重要组成部分。在内地法律解释体制中,原意解释是全国人大常委会作出法律解释时通常使用的方法,这是由法律解释的制度功能所决定的。在实践中,全国人大常委会也是以原意解释方法作出关于《香港国安法》相关条文的解释。

新时代地方变通立法的创新与规制——以授权上海制定浦东新区法规为视角

浦东新区法规是全国人大常委会通过授权决定创设的新型地方性法规,旨在比照经济特区法规,在非经济特区的浦东变通适用法律和行政法规,为我国地方变通立法制度开创了重要先例。从创设依据看,尽管在授权时缺少《立法法》的直接依据,但总体上遵循了宪法的职权范围和央地国家机构职权划分原则,与宪法序言精神相契合,因而具备必要的合宪性基础。鉴于变通立法与法制统一原则的内在紧张关系,法规的制定应当严控准入门槛,准确把握权限范围与变通幅度,建立健全备案审查和自我监督机制,着力实现预留创新空间、严守法治底线的总体目标与核心要求。

法律询问答复的类型与适用控制——对《立法法》第69条的解释

传统观点认为法工委的法律询问答复与全国人大常委会的立法解释存在功能混同的问题,使得该制度在民主正当性与治理有效性之间存在一定张力。但上述立场难以成立。在职权属性上,二者具有本质区别。前者是人民代表大会制度下兼顾民主与效率的结果,具有决策咨询属性;后者是全国人大常委会监督法律在不同法域实施与司法解释的重要手段,具有监督权属性与终局性。在功能类型上,法律询问答复虽大多以“解释法律”为基本表征,但其主要用于协调组织事务、调控立法争议以及为执法、司法活动提供参照等法政实践,是司法解释难以涉猎与立法解释无需介入的领域。为规范法律询问答复的具体适用,应从法解释学的角度明确制度展开的管辖范围、程序规范及监督机制三项要素。而无需诉诸制度废除或主体变更等根本性改革方案。

中国宪法委员会制度初论

依宪治国和依宪执政背景下,加强宪法实施、维护法制统一、建设中国特色社会主义法治体系内在地需要有专门的宪法监督机关。设立宪法委员会,将其作为全国人大的常设机关,专门负责监督宪法实施,能够有效破解全国人大及其常委会"自我监督"的尴尬悖论和"无暇监督"的现实问题。宪法委员会的核心职能是违宪审查和解释宪法。建立宪法委员会制度应当处理好宪法委员会与党的领导、全国人大、改革开放三者的关系,确立党内法规不审查、基本法律不审查、特别授权立法不审查的原则。