Preparation and characterization of resistant starch type 3 from yam and its effect on the gut microbiota

Background:Yam(Dioscorea opposita Thunb.)has been consumed as a food and used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years.Resistant starch(RS)3 is of particular interest because it is heat-resistant,safe and non-toxic,and retains good nutritional benefits;it is therefore used in a wide range of traditional and emerging foods as a heat-stable prebiotic ingredient.In our previous study,we found that yam RS includes strong lipid-lowering and anti-constipation activities.Methods:Yam RS3 was prepared by autoclaving-retrogradation and pullulanase debranching to yield autoclaving-retrogradation yam RS and pullulanase debranching yam RS,respectively.First,the physicochemical properties of both RS3s were analyzed.Second,the structures of the RS3s were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray powder diffraction,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Finally,the regulatory effects of the RS3s on the gut microbiota were evaluated using an in vitro fecal fermentation model.Results:The RS content of the RS3s decreased after processing,but was higher in pullulanase debranching yam RS(35.67%)than in autoclaving-retrogradation yam RS(28.71%).Compared with native yam starch,RS3s lost their original granular shapes and instead exhibited irregularly shapes with continuous phases.The crystalline structure of the RS3s was completely altered,with pullulanase debranching yam RS exhibiting B-type patterns.Both RS3s,and especially pullulanase debranching yam RS,promoted a significant increase in short chain fatty acid content after in vitro fermentation(all P<0.05).Moreover,pullulanase debranching yam RS significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria and decreased the abundance of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia and Shigella(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Our findings show that yam RS3s can regulate the composition of the gut microbiota and promote the production of short chain fatty acid,especially butyric acid.Pullulanase debranching was a more effective method for producing functional yam RS3.

Formation and Developmental Characteristics of A- and B-Type Starch Granules in Wheat Endosperm

Wheat grain natural transverse sections of 12 periods were observed and analyzed using scanning electron micrographs technology and Bio-Quant system IV image analyzer in order to detect the developing process of A- and B-type starch granules. In addition, the chemical composition and starch granule-bound proteins （SGPs） of A- and B-type starch granules were tested and analyzed. The results showed that A-type starch granules in wheat began from 3 d post anthesis （DPA） till grain maturing and B-type starch granules occured after 15 DPA till grain maturing. Approximately 98.5% of chemical compositions in both A- and B-type starch granules were amylose and amylopectin, and more than half of which were amylopectin. The amylopectin contents, average chain length, and chain length distribution （degree of polymerization〉 40） of amylopectin in A-type starch granules were significant higher than that of B-type starch granules. SGP-145, SGP-140, and SGP-26 kD were associated with A-type starch formation in wheat grain.

Changes in the Activities of Enzymes Involved in Starch Synthesis in the Kernel During Grain Filling in Winter Wheat Cultivars of Different Spike Types

Two winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)cultivars, large-spike type Yumai66 and small-spike type Yumai49, were used to study the activities of enzymes involved in starch synthesis in the kernel during grain filling. Starch accumulated faster in the kernel of Yumai49 than Yumai66 up to 25 d after anthesis, thereafter starch accumulated faster in the kernel of Yumai66. Starch accumulation in Yumai66 peaked at 20 -25 d after anthesis, while in Yumai49 starch accumulation peaked at 15 -20 d after anthesis and 25 -30 d after anthesis. The first peak was much higher than that of the second. Sucrose content and sucrose synthase activity peaked at 20 and 15 d after anthesis in Yumai66 and Yumai49, respectively. The sucrose content and sucrose synthase activity in Yumai66 were higher than that in Yumai49 during grain filling. ADP-glucose pyro-phosphorylase and starch branching enzyme activity in the kernel of Yumai66 peaked at 20 d after anthesis. while soluble starch synthase activity peaked at 10 and 20 d after anthesis. The second peak was much higher than that of the first.

Characterization of A-and B-type starch granules in Chinese wheat cultivars

Starch is the major component of wheat flour and serves as a multifunctional ingredient in food industry. The objective of the present study was to investigate starch granule size distribution of Chinese wheat cultivars, and to compare structure and functionality of starches in four leading cultivars Zhongmai 175, CA12092, Lunxuan 987, and Zhongyou 206. A wide variation in volume percentages of A- and B-type starch granules among genotypes was observed. Volume percentages of A- and B-type granules had ranges of 68.4–88.9% and 9.7–27.9% in the first cropping seasons, 74.1–90.1% and 7.2–25.3% in the second. Wheat cultivars with higher volume percentages of A- and B-type granules could serve as parents in breeding program for selecting high and low amylose wheat cultivars, respectively. In comparison with the B-type starch granules, the A-type granules starch showed difference in three aspects：（1） higher amount of ordered short-range structure and a lower relative crystallinity,（2） higher gelatinization onset（To） temperatures and enthalpies（ΔH）, and lower gelatinization conclusion temperatures（Tc）,（3） greater peak, though, and final viscosity, and lower breakdown viscosity and pasting temperature. It provides important information for breeders to develop potentially useful cultivars with particular functional properties of their starches suited to specific applications.

马铃薯新品种春薯12号的选育

春薯12号是以78-11-7为母本,以冀张薯8号为父本,通过系统选育而成的鲜食、淀粉加工兼用型马铃薯新品种。中晚熟,生育期89 d(天)左右,植株直立,平均株高65 cm;块茎卵圆形,大而整齐,表皮略麻,芽眼稀少,薯皮黄色,薯肉浅黄色,商品薯率较高,干物质含量24.95%,淀粉含量19.30%,粗蛋白含量1.66%,耐贮藏、运输,抗马铃薯X病毒(PVX)和马铃薯Y病毒(PVY),每667 m^(2)产量3000 kg左右,适宜吉林、黑龙江和内蒙古东部地区春季种植。

不同加工型马铃薯块茎中淀粉含量及其理化特性差异分析

马铃薯淀粉是重要工业原料,因其优异的理化特性在原料市场需求量稳定。为探究不同马铃薯品种淀粉理化特性差异,以6个马铃薯品种为研究对象,比较淀粉含量及理化特性,结合其在生育期和贮藏期的动态变化进行综合评价。结果表明,不同马铃薯品种淀粉理化特性在基因型间存在显著差异。生育期间淀粉含量整体呈升高趋势;直链淀粉含量呈阶梯式下降趋势;透明度呈逐步下降趋势;冻融稳定性在苗后70 d最佳。贮藏期间淀粉含量和淀粉析水率主要受贮藏温度影响;直链淀粉含量和淀粉透明度受贮藏温度和贮藏时间的共同调控;淀粉粒径分布因品种而异。通过主成分分析得出,生育期综合表现较好的是延薯5号和东农317,贮藏期综合得分较高的是东农317和克新27。

大豆蛋白对不同晶型淀粉理化特性的影响

以3种晶型的淀粉即大米淀粉(A型)、马铃薯淀粉(B型)、豌豆淀粉(C型)为原料,探究大豆蛋白对不同晶型淀粉理化特性的影响。采用扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪、快速黏度分析仪和差示量热扫描仪、模拟体外消化等手段分析处理前、后淀粉的结构、功能及消化特性。结果表明,大豆蛋白对不同晶型的淀粉作用后,O-H伸缩振动的吸收峰向更高方向偏移,T0、Tp的值均增加,糊化温度均升高。与大豆蛋白作用后,大米淀粉的RDS含量下降至37.56%,马铃薯淀粉的RDS含量下降至7.48%,豌豆淀粉的RDS含量下降至9.23%。整体表现为颗粒聚集程度加强,热稳定性提高,结构稳定性增强和消化性降低。不同晶型淀粉间结构的差异性为:A型淀粉表现出结晶区有序性更高,不易老化的特性;B型淀粉表现出更易糊化,消化性降低幅度更大的特性;C型淀粉表现为复合后形成类似“丝状”的结构。上述结果说明,蛋白对不同晶型淀粉作用后对特性的改善起到了作用,且不同晶型淀粉之间的表现存在差异。

FACE条件下臭氧浓度升高对不同筋型小麦籽粒品质的影响

为深入研究不同筋型小麦籽粒品质对地表臭氧(O_(3))浓度升高的响应,本研究依托于开放式O_(3)浓度增加系统(O_(3)-FACE),于2021年和2022年分别以13个(4个强筋品种、5个中筋品种、4个弱筋品种)和12个(4个强筋品种、6个中筋品种、2个弱筋品种)小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为供试材料,设置环境O_(3)浓度(AA)和1.5倍环境O_(3)浓度(E-O_(3))处理,研究不同筋型小麦对O_(3)浓度升高的响应差异。结果表明:O_(3)浓度升高下2021年Ca元素含量显著升高24.8%,2022年直链淀粉含量显著降低8.1%。不同筋型小麦籽粒品质对O_(3)响应存在显著差异,强筋和中筋小麦2022年直链淀粉含量显著降低8.6%和7.6%,2021年Ca元素含量显著升高24.7%和27.2%,弱筋小麦2021年淀粉含量显著降低6.7%,两年蛋白质含量增幅较强筋和中筋小麦更大。根据不同筋型小麦籽粒品质标准,高浓度O_(3)将会有利于中筋和强筋小麦品质形成,而不利于弱筋小麦籽粒品质形成。高浓度O_(3)对所有供试小麦均有重要影响,其中宁麦13、扬麦33和扬麦22对O_(3)敏感。

淀粉种类及预处理温度对藏羊肉糜凝胶品质特性的影响

为研究不同淀粉种类及其预处理温度对藏羊肉糜凝胶品质特性的影响。本试验以藏羊肉糜凝胶为研究对象,分别将绿豆(LD)、玉米(YD)、马铃薯预糊化淀粉(MD)加入藏羊肉糜中制作成淀粉藏羊肉糜凝胶,以淀粉种类和预处理温度为变量,测定不同处理条件下藏羊肉糜凝胶的出品率、品质特性和感官特性等变化。结果表明:三种淀粉处理的藏羊肉糜凝胶,在80℃时出品率均为最小值(P<0.05);在70℃时pH最低(P<0.05),色度变化也最明显,说明70℃是影响藏羊肉糜凝胶风味及品质、改善肉糜凝胶色泽的最佳预处理温度条件。同时,YD组透光率最低,老化程度和蒸煮损失最大;MD组肉糜凝胶的保水性和乳化稳定性最好;LD组的质构特性最好,硬度、黏性、咀嚼性数值最大(P<0.05),且肉糜凝胶在60℃处理时产品的储能模量最大,总体可接受度最好。因此,不同种类淀粉及其预处理温度均对改善藏羊肉糜凝胶食用品质的潜在应用价值上有着不同方面的影响作用。

基于静电纺丝的不同来源淀粉与风味成分的纤维膜结构及负载效果

将马铃薯、玉米、山药淀粉与聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(Polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP)、风味物质通过静电纺丝制备PVP-淀粉-风味物质纤维膜,在结构表征的基础上比较不同淀粉纤维膜对风味物质的负载效果。结果发现,本法制备的纤维膜完整、形貌良好,淀粉使纤维丝直径增加至2 277.5~2 324.5 nm,淀粉、风味物质与PVP以氢键形式形成纤维膜,淀粉、风味物质会降低PVP纤维膜结晶度和热解峰值温度,且玉米和马铃薯淀粉与PVP、风味物质的纤维膜亲水性强,山药淀粉的略差。山药淀粉-PVP-风味物质纤维膜对风味成分负载效果最好,3种淀粉对链式风味成分负载效果均优于杂环化合物,尤其是E-2-癸烯醛负载最高,3种纤维膜中质量分数分别达到了1 757.3、2 188.3、 6 111.1μg/g。

QTL mapping of starch granule size in common wheat using recombinant inbred lines derived from a PH82-2/Neixiang188 cross

Starch is a crucial component determining the processing quality of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)-based products. Wheat starch generally contains A-type and B-type starch granules, having different effects on starch properties and end-use qualities. In the present study, 240 recombinant inbred lines(RILs) derived from a PH82-2/Neixiang 188 cross were grown in Anyang, Henan, China, during three cropping seasons. A-type and B-type granule contents were determined using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer, defined as the percentage of total starch volume. A total of 195 SSR and STS markers were used to construct a genetic map. QTL analysis was performed by composite interval mapping. Three QTL for A-type starch granule content were mapped on chromosomes 1DL, 7BL and 4AL, explaining5.6%, 5.2% and 3.8% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. These results provide useful information for improving starch quality in common wheat.

淀粉颗粒类型及其比例在小麦品质特性形成与改良中的作用

小麦面粉主要由蛋白质和淀粉组成,面筋蛋白尤其是高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基是影响面团品质的关键因素并受到育种家的广泛关注,而淀粉的组分及其理化特性对面团品质的贡献往往被育种家忽视。小麦淀粉粒度呈双峰分布,根据颗粒大小分为直径大于10μm的A型淀粉颗粒和直径小于等于10μm的B型淀粉颗粒,不同类型淀粉颗粒的理化特性存在差异,因此淀粉的粒度分布会影响小麦总淀粉的理化特性、面筋蛋白的网络结构、面筋与淀粉的相互作用,进而影响面团的流变学特性和加工特性。本文从淀粉粒度分布的角度出发,综述A型和B型淀粉颗粒的发育和调控机制、理化特性以及对品质和产量的贡献并提出未来的强筋小麦品质改良策略,即在育种中重视淀粉特性的选择与提升,筛选B型淀粉颗粒比例高、面筋与淀粉相互作用强的种质并加以利用,旨在为优质强筋小麦新品种选育提供参考。

贮藏条件对不同类型甘薯品种外观和品质性状的影响

为了探讨不同贮藏条件下鲜食型和淀粉型甘薯品种外观和品质性状变化差异,以鲜食型甘薯品种‘泰薯14’和淀粉型甘薯品种‘泰薯15’为试验材料,测定冷库贮藏[(12±0.5)℃,(85%±5%)RH]和室温贮藏[(18±1)℃,(30%±5%)RH]条件下不同贮藏期块根外观及品质性状变化。结果表明,室温贮藏90 d后,‘泰薯14’较‘泰薯15’薯肉色明显加深,冷库贮藏条件下薯皮色和薯肉色变化较小;室温贮藏30 d后,甘薯块根失重率迅速增大,干率显著增加,‘泰薯15’失重率小于‘泰薯14’,冷库贮藏失重率和干率变化较室温贮藏相对较小;室温贮藏60 d后,块根腐烂率明显增大,‘泰薯14’腐烂率明显大于‘泰薯15’,冷库贮藏腐烂率明显小于室温贮藏;可溶性糖含量在贮藏60 d达到峰值,冷库贮藏大于室温贮藏,淀粉含量在室温贮藏条件下微弱上升,冷库贮藏条件下保持相对稳定。综上所述,室温贮藏60 d后块根品质明显下降,且鲜食型甘薯较淀粉型甘薯块根品质下降更明显,冷库贮藏有利于甘薯块根的优质安全贮藏。

水化时间对V型结晶淀粉及其麝香草酚复合物结构的影响

将V型结晶淀粉在不同水化时间下处理后复合麝香草酚,从而探究水化程度对V型淀粉及其复合物结构的影响。采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、差示量热扫描仪(DSC)对V型淀粉及其复合物进行表征,并通过气相色谱仪测定麝香草酚含量。结果表明,麝香草酚与V型结晶淀粉成功形成复合物,且复合物均在118℃左右出现吸热峰,水化72 h的复合物吸热峰最高,焓值为(7.31±0.29)J/g。XRD结果显示,随着水化时间由0 h延长至72 h,V型结晶淀粉结晶度由35.2%增加至41.1%。水化处理72 h后,淀粉中水分达到内外平衡,颗粒表面的水涂层逐渐消失,粗糙度变大。气相色谱表明复合物中麝香草酚含量与水化时间呈正相关关系。研究结果为开发天然高分子材料的微胶囊壁材提供理论基础。

基于DIA LC-MS的高淀粉型与低淀粉型粉葛叶片的定量蛋白质组学差异

[目的]寻求粉葛生长发育的蛋白调控机制。[方法]以高淀粉型赣葛1号(鲜葛根含淀粉20%,干葛根含淀粉35%)和低淀粉型赣葛2号(鲜葛根含淀粉14%,干葛根含淀粉25%)为材料,采用基于全扫描数据非依赖性采集高分辨率色谱-质谱(DIA LC-MS)的定量蛋白质组学技术得到差异蛋白质,并对差异蛋白进行GO富集、KEGG通路和KOG分析。[结果]2个不同粉葛叶片中有178个蛋白(101个上调和77个下调)存在显著差异,主要涉及分子功能,但|log2(FC)|>5.0的差异蛋白仅占11.2%。GO富集分析表明,差异蛋白主要富集在代谢过程、催化活性、水解酶活性、细胞部分、细胞内部分、细胞质部分和细胞内细胞器类别。KEEG富集代谢途径集中在苯丙氨酸生物合成、植物体内的MAPK信号通路、次生代谢物生物合成、丙酮酸代谢和脂肪酸代谢。KOG分析显示,差异蛋白功能主要归为核苷酸转运和代谢、核糖体结构和生物发生、能量产生和转换、信号转导以及翻译后蛋白修饰、周转和伴侣机制。差异程度极大的蛋白依次为上调的类LHCⅡ型1叶绿素a-b结合蛋白、kunitz家族胰蛋白酶和蛋白酶抑制剂前体、凝集素类蛋白和几丁质酶同源物及下调的类溶酶体Pro-X羧肽酶、预测的类dCTP焦磷酸酶1、富含半胱氨酸的受体类蛋白激酶25和色氨酸转氨酶相关蛋白4。[结论]研究结果为粉葛的生长发育、营养成分和活性物质的合成及调控、遗传改良及分子育种等提供数据支撑和技术途径。

淀粉型甘薯RS3制备工艺及体外抗消化特性

以淀粉型甘薯为原料,利用单因素试验研究不同淀粉乳质量浓度、pH值、压热温度、压热时间及冷却回生时间对甘薯三型抗性淀粉(resistant starch type 3,RS3)得率的影响,并通过响应面设计优化制备工艺。结果显示,响应面试验得出的最优制备条件为淀粉乳浓度13%、pH5.5、压热温度110℃、压热时间35 min,此时RS3得率为37.94%,与预测值仅相差0.92%,响应面模型与实际情况拟合良好。甘薯抗性淀粉RS3的体外抗消化特性研究表明,RS3的酶解率和模拟消化道的消化率低,展示很强的抗酶解、抗消化特性。电镜结果显示,RS3颗粒呈不规则块状,表面凹凸不平;结晶型以B型为主,颗粒有序度降低,双螺旋程度和结晶度提高,与原淀粉相比结构更加紧密,这些结构特性可以解释甘薯RS3的抗消化特性。

高吸油率V型多孔淀粉的制备工艺研究

本研究通过在乙醇水溶液中酶解V型颗粒态淀粉(V-type granular starch,VGS)得到了一种具有高吸油率的V型多孔淀粉(V-type porous starch,VPS)。以吸油率和V型结晶度为指标,优化了VGS的制备条件,在50%乙醇水溶液中,100℃下反应得到的VGS吸油率最高(176.23%);探究了在50%乙醇溶液中,酶解时间、反应温度和转速对VGS水解度以及VPS得率和吸油率的影响,通过单因素和正交得到了高吸油率VPS的制备条件:酶解时间4 h,反应温度25℃,反应转速300 r/min,VPS吸油率高达550.28%;比较了普通玉米淀粉、传统A型多孔淀粉、VGS和新型VPS的结晶结构、颗粒形态、比表面积以及堆积密度的差异,发现VPS颗粒呈现独特海绵状不规则的密集蜂窝结构,比表面积最高(39.94 m2/g),堆积密度最低(0.19 g/cm3),这是其高吸油率的原因。

A型与B型小麦淀粉不同质量比对煎炸面糊品质的影响

以A型与B型小麦淀粉为原料,探究小麦淀粉不同质量比对煎炸面糊制品食用品质的影响。结果显示:随着A型小麦淀粉占比的增大,糊粉的持水性下降,而挂糊率上升,制品外壳的水分含量下降,脂肪含量先下降后上升,L*值增加,a*值和b*值降低;此外,制品外壳的硬度和脆性在总体上增大。当A型与B型小麦淀粉质量比在1.80∶1时,制品外壳的色泽较好,脂肪含量较低,硬度适中,具有较好的酥脆性。

微晶丁酸酯豌豆淀粉对糖尿病小鼠的影响

以豌豆淀粉为原料制备微晶丁酸酯豌豆淀粉(MBPS),通过链脲佐菌素(STZ)和高脂饲喂结合的方法,建立2型糖尿病小鼠模型,研究不同取代度的MBPS对糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖、口服葡萄糖耐受量、血清生化水平以及肝、肾病理切片指标的影响。结果表明:喂食MBPS 21 d,可以使糖尿病小鼠的空腹血糖值得到改善;喂食MBPS 28 d可以使糖尿病小鼠的血清生化水平、口服葡萄糖耐受量以及肝、肾损伤得到改善。随着淀粉取代度的增加,其对糖尿病小鼠的调节作用也随之增强。研究证明MBPS对糖尿病有改善作用。

淀粉型甘薯新品种在阜阳地区的适应性初探

选用苏薯24、商薯9号、商薯12、漯薯10号、郑红23、阜薯24、皖薯7号、鄂薯6号、湘薯98这9个淀粉型甘薯品种为试验材料,在安徽省阜阳市颍泉区阜阳市农业科学院试验田开展淀粉型甘薯优良品种筛选评价试验,以期筛选适应阜阳地区栽种的淀粉型甘薯品种,为当地甘薯产业发展提供优良品种。结果表明:9个参试品种均为淀粉专用型甘薯品种,综合评价各参试品种的主要农艺性状、产量、外观和口感等因素,商薯12、漯薯10号和郑红23这3个品种表现突出,鲜薯和淀粉产量高,薯形和食味较好,建议在阜阳地区推广种植。